Phenology is the dominant control of methane emissions in a tropical non-forested wetland

Tropical wetlands are a significant source of atmospheric methane (CH4), but their importance to the global CH4 budget is uncertain due to a paucity of direct observations. Net wetland emissions result from complex interactions and co-variation between microbial production and oxidation in the soil, and transport to the atmosphere. Here we show that phenology is the overarching control of net CH4 emissions to the atmosphere from a permanent, vegetated tropical swamp in the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and we find that vegetative processes modulate net CH4 emissions at sub-daily to inter-annual timescales. Without considering the role played by papyrus on regulating the efflux of CH4 to the atmosphere, the annual budget for the entire Okavango Delta, would be under- or over-estimated by a factor of two. Our measurements demonstrate the importance of including vegetative processes such as phenological cycles into wetlands emission budgets of CH4.

COMMUNICATING FIVE-YEAR BUDGETS FOR THE INDIAN ECONOMY: COMPARATIVE TEXT AND SENTIMENT ANALYSIS

The content on social media is full of useful information that helps in communicating people’s preferences and opinions. The various examples in this context are that people frequently express their opinions about films and other social issues using Twitter, Facebook, etc. In this work, Sentiment Analysis of the Annual Budget for five financial years, namely, 2017–2018, 2018–2019, 2019–2020, 2020–2021, and 2021–2022 was initiated with the help of Twitter. Firstly, the researcher applied Text Mining to extract the budget's text data documents and computed correlation to know the association of influential words. Then, in analysis section plotted the occurrence of the words and the accompanying word cloud. The analysis was performed employing R software. Finally, the sentiment score for each item was calculated and assessed. This research is crucial because conducting a comparative text and Sentiment Analysis of five-year budgets for the Indian economy would communicate the previously prevailing positive and negative forecasts and thinking, which will aid future policymakers in planning future budgets.

KOMODIFIKASI SIARAN OLAHRAGA DI TELEVISI PUBLIK: STUDI KASUS LIGA PRIMER INGGRIS DI LPP TVRI

Sport and media have a long history of mutually beneficial relationship. Sport has become a commodity. Private televisions use sport programs to gain more profits through various methods, such as advertising and paid subscription. The potential benefits that media can gain from sport have driven the competition between broadcasters to get the broadcasting rights and thus drive the broadcasting rights fees higher every season. In 2019, TVRI with limited annual budget can acquire English Premier League broadcasting rights through partnership with Mola TV. TVRI as a public service broadcaster is not allowed to be profit-oriented like private televisions. This article investigates commodification of sport in Indonesian public television, TVRI, with study case of English Premier League. Data are collected from literature study and observation, then it is analyzed from a political economy perspective. It is found that TVRI use English Premier League to gain more audiences and profits through various sport programs - similar to private televisions, but with some limitations that public television has.

Is your syringe services program cost-saving to society? A methodological case study

Background While there is a general acceptance among public health officials and policy-makers that syringe services programs can be effective in reducing HIV transmission among persons who inject drugs, local syringe services programs are often asked to provide economic justifications for their activities. A cost-effectiveness study, estimating the cost of preventing one HIV infection, would be the preferred methods for addressing this economic question, but few local syringe services programs have the needed data, staff and epidemiologic modeling resources needed for a cost–effectiveness study. We present a method for estimating a threshold value for the number of HIV infections prevented above which the program will be cost-saving to society. An intervention is considered “cost-saving” when it leads to a desirable health outcome a lower cost than the alternative. Methods The research literature on the effectiveness of syringe services programs in controlling HIV transmission among persons who inject drugs and guidelines for syringe services program that are “functioning very well” were used to estimate the cost-saving threshold at which a syringe services program becomes cost-saving through preventing HIV infections versus lifetime treatment of HIV. Three steps are involved: (1) determining if HIV transmission in the local persons who inject drugs (PWID) population is being controlled, (2) determining if the local syringe services program is functioning very well, and then (3) dividing the annual budget of the syringe services program by the lifetime cost of treating a single HIV infection. Results A syringe services program in an area with controlled HIV transmission (with HIV incidence of 1/100 person-years or less), functioning very well (with high syringe coverage, linkages to other services, and monitoring the local drug use situation), and an annual budget of $500,000 would need to prevent only 3 new HIV infections per year to be cost-saving. Conclusions Given the high costs of treating HIV infections, syringe services programs that are operating according to very good practices (“functioning very well”) and in communities in which HIV transmission is being controlled among persons who inject drugs, will almost certainly be cost-saving to society.

INSUFFICIENT RESOURCES AND THE NIGERIA TRANSPORTATION SECTOR

Nigeria with a total land area of 190,771 square kilometers and over 200 million populations requires not only a functional transportation system, but also adequate resources for development efficient operations, as well as management of transportation sector. Resources, most especially in financial context are extremely crucial to the provisions, maintenance, management and sustenance of transportation system in order to efficiently operate various socio-economic engagements in the country. Hence, government at all levels in Nigeria usually makes financial provisions, most especially through annual budget for this vital sector among other competing needs. It is in this context that this paper examined insufficient resources in relation to transportation system in Nigeria with a view to improving mobility and accessibility and enhancing investment potentials socio-economic transactions in the country. This paper relied mostly on data from secondary sources through literatures, publication and other prints materials. This paper established that the resources deployed to the transportation sector through the yearly budgetary allocation are grossly inadequate. It therefore recommended an upward review in the budgetary allocation to the transportation sector so as to meet the growing demand of Nigerian from the sector.

THE CAUSES AND IMPLICATION OF DELAYED PASSAGE OF 2018 BUDGET ON THE NIGERIAS ECONOMIC RECOVERY AND GROWTH PLAN

The study utilized descriptive techniques in the assessment of the impact of sectoral allocations of Nigerias 2018 annual budget on selected macroeconomic variables of GDP growth rate, Exchange rate, Inflation, Oil prices, Oil production, Debt servicing among others and the 2016 Nigerias Economic Recovery and Growth Plan (ERGP). We identified some gray areas in the budget, budget padding, constitutional lacuna, non-compliance with fiscal responsibility Act, late preparation and consideration of medium-term expenditure framework, political face-off between the National Assembly and the executive, lack of patriotism as the causes of the long delay in the consideration and passage of the 2018 budget by the national Assembly. The study therefore recommends amendment of the 1999 constitution, sanctioning of erring Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs) and deployment of ICT in budgeting tracking by civil society groups, communities and the general public.

MECHANISMS FOR IMPLEMENTING A DIGITAL PLATFORM IN MUNICIPAL PROPERTY MANAGEMENT

В статье рассматриваются механизмы внедрения цифровых платформ при управлении муниципальной собственностью, возникающие при этом преимущества и недостатки. Цель статьи заключается в выявлении характерных механизмов внедрения цифровых платформ в работу муниципальной власти по управлению городской собственностью. Научная новизна состоит в определении образующихся экономических отношений при оцифровке имущества и оценке важности анализа информации по цифровому изменению при публичном управлении муниципальной собственностью. Сделан вывод о необходимости увеличения темпов внедрения механизмов цифровизации процессов управления муниципальной собственностью. Практическая значимость состоит в возможности использования полученных результатов местными органами власти при формировании годового бюджета в условиях необходимости выделения денежных средств на внедрение цифровых платформ. The article describes the mechanisms for implementing digital platforms when managing municipal property, the advantages and disadvantages. The purpose of the article is to identify characteristic mechanisms for introducing digital platforms into the work of the municipal government in managing urban property. The novelty of the article consists in determining the resulting economic relations in the digitization of property and the importance of analyzing information on digital change in the public management of municipal property. Analyzing their course, the author concludes that it is necessary to increase the pace of implementation of mechanisms for digitalization of property management processes. The data given in the article can be used by local authorities in the formation of the annual budget in the conditions of the need to allocate funds for the implementation of digital platforms.

The hidden influence of communities in collaborative funding of clinical science

Every year the National Institutes of Health allocates $10.7 billion (one-third of its funds) for clinical science research while the pharmaceutical companies spend $52.9 billion (90% of its annual budget). However, we know little about funder collaborations and the impact of collaboratively funded projects. As an initial effort towards this, we examine the co-funding network, where a funder represents a node and an edge signifies collaboration. Our core data include all papers that cite and receive citations by the Cochrane Database of Systemic Reviews, a prominent clinical review journal. We find that 65% of clinical papers have multiple funders and discover communities of funders that are formed by national boundaries and funding objectives. To quantify success in funding, we use a g -index metric that indicates efficiency of funders in supporting clinically relevant research. After controlling for authorship, we find that funders generally achieve higher success when collaborating than when solo-funding. We also find that as a funder, seeking multiple, direct connections with various disconnected funders may be more beneficial than being part of a densely interconnected network of co-funders. The results of this paper indicate that collaborations can potentially accelerate innovation, not only among authors but also funders.

Cost Comparisons of Some Leading Brands of the Antidiabetic Drug, Nateglinide , Available in an Indian City.

Background: Antidiabetic drugs have to be taken for life , in majority of the patients. Price differences can lead to huge economic burden on the patients of diabetes, especially when cost considerations are not undertaken by the healthcare provider . This study was aimed to compare the annual cost a patient has to bear , of five different most commonly prescribed brands of nateglinide 60mg and four different brands of Nateglinide 120mg, in Kolhapur city. Methods: Authors purchased a strip of 10 tablets each of four leading brands of Nateglinide 120 miligrams in one city, Kolhapur,India and compared the annual cost of these four brands amonst each other . Then a strip of 10 tablets each of five leading brands of Nateglinide 60 milligrams were bought and the annual cost of these brands were compared between these five brands. These costs were compared directly as well as using percentages. The data was collected, analysed and presented. Results: The data of prices of preparations of five different bnds of a single antidiabetic drug, Nateglinide 60mg and four different brands of Nateglinide 120mg shows that the annual cost of the costliest brand among all the brands of Nateglinide 60mg is almost two times that of the cheapest brand, or it is almost 200 percent that of the cheapest brand and for Nateglinide 120mg the annual cost of costliest brand is also two times that of the cheapest brand or it is almost 200 percent that of the cheapest brand. Conclusions: There was considerable difference in the annual cost among the different brands of the drug. India being a country with majority of the population being highly price sensitive, the prescribing physician must be very careful in selecting the brands of drugs . The costliest preparation of Nateglinide can add to a significant amount on the patient’s annual budget. Thus, in a country like India, Pharmacoeconomics must have an important place while prescribing medicines.