Processing the Scientific Tentativeness of Medical Research: An Experimental Study on the Effects of Research News and User Comments in Online Media

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 745-770 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danny Flemming ◽  
Ulrike Cress ◽  
Joachim Kimmerle
Author(s):  
Svenja Schäfer ◽  
Michael Sülflow ◽  
Liane Reiners

Abstract. Previous research indicates that user comments serve as exemplars and thus have an effect on perceived public opinion. Moreover, they also shape the attitudes of their readers. However, studies almost exclusively focus on controversial issues if they explore the consequences of user comments for attitudes and perceived public opinion. The current study wants to find out if hate speech attacking social groups due to characteristics such as religion or sexual orientation also has an effect on the way people think about these groups and how they think society perceives them. Moreover, we also investigated the effects of hate speech on prejudiced attitudes. To explore the hypotheses and research questions, we preregistered and conducted a 3 × 2 experimental study varying the amount of hate speech (none/few/many hateful comments) and the group that was attacked (Muslims/homosexuals). Results show no effects of the amount of hate speech on perceived public opinion for both groups. However, if homosexuals are attacked, hate speech negatively affects perceived social cohesion. Moreover, for both groups, we find interaction effects between preexisting attitudes and hate speech for discriminating demands. This indicates that hate speech can increase polarization in society.


Evaluation ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 318-324
Author(s):  
Axel Kaehne

In the battle between experimental study designs and realist approaches, Ray Pawson has fired the next shot. This time evidence based medicine is in his aim. He argues that evidence based medicine is becoming more appreciative of specific circumstances of interventions and hence medical research may be approximating realist evaluation’s approach. He illustrates his argument with the history of cancer where the disease increasingly looks like it is playing ‘cat and mouse’ with researchers. In the paper I try to disentangle the epistemological and methodological dimensions of Pawson’s claim. I argue that, what may look similar on a narrative level, may not be consequential for the different types of epistemologies that sustain medical and policy impact research.


2019 ◽  
pp. 107769901988658
Author(s):  
Teresa K. Naab ◽  
Thorsten Naab ◽  
Jonas Brandmeier

In an experimental study ( n = 213), we vary the incivility of a user comment below a mock news post on the Facebook page of a German news outlet. We investigate determinants of the users’ intention to engage in corrective actions and their support for restrictions by Facebook and law enforcement. We test an integrated model and find that incivility of a comment affects users’ support for restrictive and intention for corrective actions, whereas the presumed influence of the comment does not have an effect. The users’ commitment to free speech decreases and paternalism increases their support for authoritative restrictions.


2019 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 487-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Asker ◽  
Elias Dinas

Abstract How do online media increase opinion polarization? The “echo chamber” thesis points to the role of selective exposure to homogeneous views and information. Critics of this view emphasize the potential of online media to expand the ideological spectrum that news consumers encounter. Embedded in this discussion is the assumption that online media affects public opinion via the range of information that it offers to users. We show that online media can induce opinion polarization even among users exposed to ideologically heterogeneous views, by heightening the emotional intensity of the content. Higher affective intensity provokes motivated reasoning, which in turn leads to opinion polarization. The results of an online experiment focusing on the comments section, a user-driven tool of communication whose effects on opinion formation remain poorly understood, show that participants randomly assigned to read an online news article with a user comments section subsequently express more extreme views on the topic of the article than a control group reading the same article without any comments. Consistent with expectations, this effect is driven by the emotional intensity of the comments, lending support to the idea that motivated reasoning is the mechanism behind this effect.


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayodeji O. Awobamise ◽  
Yosra Jarrar

A review of literature suggests that very few studies have examined how selection, deletion and inclusion of comments in news articles affect audience perception of news credibility, newsworthiness and trustworthiness. Using an experimental methodology, this study seeks to understand how journalistic use of UGCs influences audience perception of news credibility, newsworthiness and trustworthiness. The study also sought to espouse on the two-step flow theory and its relevance to online media; with particular reference to news selection. Four hundred participants from selected Nigerian universities constitute the sample of this study and the findings showed that comments use influenced audience perception of news credibility, newsworthiness and trustworthiness. Also, the findings lent credence to developing research that seeks to prove that the two-step flow story is relevant to online media. The findings of this study showed evidence of the two-step flow of information.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Orlando

In an increasingly saturated market economy, creating a ‘human’ brand is imperative to the sustained salience of a company over time. Today and in prior years, successful brands are able to foster a relationship with consumers that resembles one between humans— at times influencing consumers’ anthropomorphized perception of brands. Online media have changed the way humans are perceived as being ‘present’ and ‘real’ in digital contexts, forcing brands to adapt their effort to create affective and humanized content. Through a case study of Lululemon Athletica, this Major Research Paper (MRP) examines how empirically tested strategies from brand humanization research apply to a previously under-examined domain— Instagram. The latter half of this study examines how user comments on Lululemon’s Instagram platform reflect a human-like brand-consumer relationship bond— that which may, in some ways, reflect an anthropomorphized perception of Lululemon. While the aim of this study is not to prove a humanized perception of Lululemon, the quality of engagement in posts’ comments frequently mirrors dialogue that would occur between humans, and further mirrors a human-like relational bond between the consumer and brand. Findings emphasize the value in brands depicting meaningful identity narratives that represent ‘deeper’ beliefs and values, engaging users in an interactive dialogue, and portraying relatable human experiences for users to identify with, internalize, and aspire.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Orlando

In an increasingly saturated market economy, creating a ‘human’ brand is imperative to the sustained salience of a company over time. Today and in prior years, successful brands are able to foster a relationship with consumers that resembles one between humans— at times influencing consumers’ anthropomorphized perception of brands. Online media have changed the way humans are perceived as being ‘present’ and ‘real’ in digital contexts, forcing brands to adapt their effort to create affective and humanized content. Through a case study of Lululemon Athletica, this Major Research Paper (MRP) examines how empirically tested strategies from brand humanization research apply to a previously under-examined domain— Instagram. The latter half of this study examines how user comments on Lululemon’s Instagram platform reflect a human-like brand-consumer relationship bond— that which may, in some ways, reflect an anthropomorphized perception of Lululemon. While the aim of this study is not to prove a humanized perception of Lululemon, the quality of engagement in posts’ comments frequently mirrors dialogue that would occur between humans, and further mirrors a human-like relational bond between the consumer and brand. Findings emphasize the value in brands depicting meaningful identity narratives that represent ‘deeper’ beliefs and values, engaging users in an interactive dialogue, and portraying relatable human experiences for users to identify with, internalize, and aspire.


Author(s):  
J. D. Hutchison

When the transmission electron microscope was commercially introduced a few years ago, it was heralded as one of the most significant aids to medical research of the century. It continues to occupy that niche; however, the scanning electron microscope is gaining rapidly in relative importance as it fills the gap between conventional optical microscopy and transmission electron microscopy.IBM Boulder is conducting three major programs in cooperation with the Colorado School of Medicine. These are the study of the mechanism of failure of the prosthetic heart valve, the study of the ultrastructure of lung tissue, and the definition of the function of the cilia of the ventricular ependyma of the brain.


Author(s):  
Norio Baba ◽  
Norihiko Ichise ◽  
Syunya Watanabe

The tilted beam illumination method is used to improve the resolution comparing with the axial illumination mode. Using this advantage, a restoration method of several tilted beam images covering the full azimuthal range was proposed by Saxton, and experimentally examined. To make this technique more reliable it seems that some practical problems still remain. In this report the restoration was attempted and the problems were considered. In our study, four problems were pointed out for the experiment of the restoration. (1) Accurate beam tilt adjustment to fit the incident beam to the coma-free axis for the symmetrical beam tilting over the full azimuthal range. (2) Accurate measurements of the optical parameters which are necessary to design the restoration filter. Even if the spherical aberration coefficient Cs is known with accuracy and the axial astigmatism is sufficiently compensated, at least the defocus value must be measured. (3) Accurate alignment of the tilt-azimuth series images.


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