Tuberculin Testing and Treatment of Latent TB Infection Among Long–term Jail Inmates

2004 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-117
Author(s):  
Christopher H. Hayden ◽  
Bonita T. Mangura ◽  
Ileen Channer ◽  
G. Elaine Patterson ◽  
Marian R. Passannante ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Jail Inmates ◽  
Latent Tb ◽  
Tuberculin Testing ◽  
Latent Tb Infection

scholarly journals Age-Related Immunoreactivity Profiles to Diverse Mycobacterial Antigens in BCG-Vaccinated Chinese Population

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qing-yuan Yang ◽  
Yu-tong Zhang ◽  
Jia-ni Xiao ◽  
Yu-shuo Liang ◽  
Ping Ji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Elispot Assay ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Healthy Donors ◽  
Latent Tb ◽  
Latent Tb Infection ◽  
Mycobacterial Antigens ◽  
Selection Of

Long-term immunoreactivity to mycobacterial antigens in Bovis Calmette-Guérin (BCG)-vaccinated population is not well investigated. Herein, 361 volunteer healthy donors (HDs) with neonatal BCG vaccination from Shanghai region (China) were enrolled. They were subdivided into ESAT-6/CFP10- (E6C10-) and ESAT-6/CFP10+ (E6C10+) groups based on gamma-interferon release assays (IGRAs). Three mycobacterial antigens, including Rv0934, Rv3006, and Rv3841, were subjected to the determination of immunoreactivity by ELISPOT assay. The immunoreactivities to three mycobacterial antigens were firstly compared among TB patients (N=39), E6C10+ HDs (N=78, 21.61% of HDs) and E6C10- HDs (N=283, 78.39% of HDs). It was revealed that Rv3006 was dominant upon M.tb infection, while Rv3841 was likely to be more responsive upon latent TB infection. In E6C10- population, the immunoreactivity to Rv3841 maintained along with aging, whereas those to Rv3006 and Rv0934 attenuated in E6C10- HDs older than 45 years old. Our study implies the shift of dominant antigens at different infection statuses, providing the clues for the selection of mycobacterial antigens in vaccine development and precision revaccination in the future.

Unnoticed Adverse Effect of Isoniazid during Childhood Tuberculosis Preventive Treatment: Hyperuricemia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bahar Kandemir ◽  
Ipek Duman ◽  
Yasemin Durduran ◽  
Ozge Metin Akcan ◽  
Muhammed Burak Selver ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Median Duration ◽  
Preventive Treatment ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Positive Tuberculin Skin Test ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Latent Tb ◽  
Latent Tb Infection ◽  
Elevated Transaminases

Abstract Objective Isoniazid for 6 to 9 months is the most widely used form of tuberculosis (TB) preventive treatment. We aimed to assess the adverse effects of isoniazid by using the serum levels of aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), and uric acid (SUA) in children and adolescents receiving long-term isoniazid for latent TB infection. Methods The study included children ≤18 years of age who underwent TB preventive treatment with isoniazid (IPT) between 2015 and 2019 at a university hospital. Serum transaminase, SUA, urea, and creatinine levels of patients were measured before the initiation of IPT, 15th day, and once a month during treatment. Patients with ALT, AST, or SUA results above cut-off levels during treatment were evaluated. The final values in follow-up were included in the data analysis. Results A total of 141 children who underwent IPT were included. In total, 70 children had family members with confirmed TB disease, and 71 children had a positive tuberculin skin test. SUA increased above cut-off values in 16 children (11.3%), and half of them had uric acid levels over 7 mg/dL. The median duration of the development of hyperuricemia was 4.0 months. ALT or AST increased above cut-off values in 23 children (16.3%). ALT was above cut-off values in seven patients, AST was high in 20 patients. The median duration to the development of AST and/or ALT levels above cut-off was 4.0 months. Two patients had hepatotoxic transaminase levels. Three patients had both elevated transaminases and SUA levels. Conclusion Isoniazid may also cause hyperuricemia besides elevation in transaminases in children.

scholarly journals Experiences with latent TB cascade of care strengthening for household contacts in Calgary, Canada

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 126-131
Author(s):  
N. Bedingfield ◽  
L. Barss ◽  
O. Oxlade ◽  
D. Menzies ◽  
D. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Recommendation ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Ltbi Treatment ◽  
Household Contacts ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
Assessment And Treatment ◽  
Cascade Of Care ◽  
Latent Tb ◽  
Latent Tb Infection

SETTING: Identification, assessment, and treatment of latent TB infection (LTBI), collectively known as the LTBI cascade of care, is critical for TB prevention.OBJECTIVE: The objective of this research, conducted within the ACT4 trial, was to assess and strengthen the LTBI cascade of care for household contacts at Calgary TB Services, a clinic serving a predominately foreign-born population in Western Canada.DESIGN: Baseline assessment consisted of a retrospective LTBI cascade analysis of 32 contact investigations, and questionnaires administered to patients and health care workers. Four solutions were implemented in response to identified gaps. Solution impact was measured for 6 months using descriptive statistics.RESULTS: Pre-implementation, 56% of household contacts initiated treatment. Most contacts were lost to care because the tuberculin skin test (TST) was not initiated, or physicians did not recommend treatment. Evening clinics, a patient education pamphlet, a nursing workshop, and treatment recommendation guidelines were implemented. Post-implementation, losses due to LTBI treatment non-recommendation were reduced; however, the overall proportion of household contacts initiating treatment did not increase.CONCLUSION: Close engagement between researchers and TB programmes can reduce losses in the LTBI cascade. To see sustained improvement in overall outcomes, long-term engagement and data collection for ongoing problem-solving are required.

scholarly journals Peculiarities of tuberculosis in the COVID‑19 pandemic

2020 ◽  
pp. 27-34
Author(s):  
L. D. Todoriko ◽  
I. O. Semianiv
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Full Text ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Long Term Results ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Tb Control ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Latent Tb ◽  
Latent Tb Infection

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of our comprehensive analysis is to assess the prospects for the effects of the interaction between coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19) and tuberculosis (TB) and to strategize the risks of spreading TB infection in a coronavirus pandemic. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Test access to full-text and abstract databases was used. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. An analysis of the available literature has shown that a 3-month lockdown and a long 10-month recovery worldwide could lead to an additional 6.3 million TB cases and another 1.4 million TB deaths between 2020 and 2025. On average, the detection of TB in Ukraine decreased by 27.4 %, and the incidence of TB among children decreased by 34.5 %. This is an alarming figure because we know very well that within 6 months the number of patients with TB has not decreased, they simply stopped being detected. In addition, COVID‑19 may accelerate the activation of latent TB infection and thus increase the number of active cases. CONCLUSIONS. The overall incidence of TB in 2021 will increase to the level that was last observed between 2013 and 2016. The epidemiological indicators of TB control are expected to deteriorate for at least 5-8 years due to the COVID‑19 pandemic. Long-term results can be strongly affected by the rate of short-term recovery. Priority should be given to all governments, during a pandemic, to ensure the continuity of basic health care, including the implementation of national TB programs.

scholarly journals Prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection and feasibility of TB preventive therapy among Thai prisoners: a cross-sectional study

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sivaporn Gatechompol ◽  
Weerakit Harnpariphan ◽  
Ruamthip Supanan ◽  
Gompol Suwanpimolkul ◽  
Jiratchaya Sophonphan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latent Tuberculosis ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Preventive Therapy ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Ltbi Prevalence ◽  
History Of ◽  
Chest X Ray ◽  
Latent Tb ◽  
Latent Tb Infection

Abstract Background Prisons are considered as major reservoirs for tuberculosis. Preventive therapy for latent TB infection (LTBI) is an adjunctive strategy to control TB. However, LTBI data in Thai prisoners is limited. This study assessed the prevalence of LTBI and feasibility of isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT). Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among prisoners in Klong Prem Central Prison, Bangkok. Participants were screened for active TB by questionnaire and chest X-ray. LTBI was evaluated by Tuberculin skin test (TST) and QuantiFERON-TB Gold Plus (QFTP) among subgroup. Participants with positive TST or QFTP were considered to have LTBI. Participants with LTBI were offered IPT. Results From August 2018–November 2019, 1002 participants were analyzed. All participants were male with a median age of 38 (IQR 32–50) years. LTBI identified by either TST/QFTP was present in 466 (46.5%) participants. TST was positive in 359 (36%) participants. In the subgroup of 294 participants who had both TST and QFTP results, 181/294 (61.6%) tested positive by QFTP. Agreement between TST and QFTP was 55.1% (Kappa = 0.17). The risk factors associated with LTBI were previous incarceration (aOR 1.53, 95%CI, 1.16–2.01, p = 0.002), history of prior active TB (aOR 3.02, 95%CI, 1.74–5.24, p < 0.001) and duration of incarceration ≥10 years (aOR 1.86, 95%CI, 1.24–2.79, p = 0.003). Majority of LTBI participants (82%) agreed to take IPT. Three hundred and 56 (93%) participants completed treatment whereas 27 (7%) participants discontinued IPT due to the side effects of INH. Conclusion This is the first study to evaluate the prevalence of LTBI and feasibility of IPT among Thai prisoners. LTBI prevalence in male prisoners in Thailand is high. LTBI screening and treatment should be implemented together with other preventive components.

scholarly journals Ex vivo mRNA expression of toll-like receptors during latent tuberculosis infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Birhan Alemnew ◽  
Soren T. Hoff ◽  
Tamrat Abebe ◽  
Markos Abebe ◽  
Abraham Aseffa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Fold Change ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Toll Like Receptors ◽  
Relative Expression ◽  
Latently Infected ◽  
Latent Tb ◽  
Latent Tb Infection

Abstract Background Understanding immune mechanisms, particularly the role of innate immune markers during latent TB infection remains elusive. The main objective of this study was to evaluate mRNA gene expression patterns of toll-like receptors (TLRs) as correlates of immunity during latent TB infection and further infer their roles as potential diagnostic biomarkers. Methods Messenger RNA (mRNA) levels were analysed in a total of 64 samples collected from apparently healthy children and adolescents latently infected with tuberculosis (n = 32) or non-infected (n = 32). Relative expression in peripheral blood of selected genes encoding TLRs (TLR-1, TLR-2, TLR-4, TLR-6 and TLR-9) was determined with a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) using specific primers and florescent labelled probes and a comparative threshold cycle method to define fold change. Data were analysed using Graph-Pad Prism 7.01 for Windows and a p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results An increased mean fold change in the relative expression of TLR-2 and TLR-6 mRNA was observed in LTBI groups relative to non-LTBI groups (p < 0.05), whereas a slight fold decrease was observed for TLR-1 gene. Conclusions An increased mRNA expression of TLR-2 and TLR-6 was observed in latently infected individuals relative to those non-infected, possibly indicating the roles these biomarkers play in sustenance of the steady state interaction between the dormant TB bacilli and host immunity.

scholarly journals Upregulation of PD-1 expression on circulating CD8+ but not CD4+ T cells is associated with tuberculosis infection in health care workers

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cui-lin Shi ◽  
Jian-ping Zhang ◽  
Ping Xu ◽  
Jin Li ◽  
Jie Shen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Health Care Workers ◽  
Cd4 T Cells ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
Effector Memory ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
Latent Tb ◽  
Latent Tb Infection

Abstract Background Health care workers (HCWs) are at risk for occupationally acquired Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and tuberculosis (TB) disease due to repeated exposure to workplace tubercle bacilli. To determine whether continual mycobacterial stimulation correlates with increased expression of inhibitory T cell receptors, here we compared PD-1 receptor expression on surfaces of circulating T cells between naïve (uninfected) HCWs and HCWs with latent TB infection (LTBI). Result Data collected from 133 medical workers who met study selection criteria were included in the final analysis. QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-​Tube (QFT-GIT) testing yielded positive results for 32 HCWs, for an overall LTBI rate of 24.1%. Multivariate analysis identified HCW length of service > 15 years as an independent risk factor for a positive QFT-GIT result. In addition, comparisons of blood T cell subgroup profiles between QFT- and QFT+ groups indicated QFT+ subjects possessed greater proportions of mature (TM), transitional memory (TTM) and effector memory (TEM) CD4+ T cell subgroups and lower proportions of naïve T cells (TN). Moreover, the QFT+ group percentage of CD8+ T cells with detectable surface PD-1 was significantly higher than the corresponding percentage for the QFT- group. Meanwhile, no statistical intergroup difference was observed in percentages of CD4+ T cells with detectible surface PD-1. Conclusions Our data demonstrated that upregulated PD-1 expression on circulating CD8+, but not CD4+ T cells, was associated with latent TB infection of HCWs. As compared to other hospitals, occupational TB infection risk in our hospital was substantially mitigated by implementation of multitiered infection control measures.

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