scholarly journals Expert Versus Novice: Criminal Expertise in Sexual Burglary and Sexual Robbery

Sexual Abuse ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 107906322110242
Author(s):  
Kylie S. Reale ◽  
Eric Beauregard ◽  
Julien Chopin
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Crime Commission ◽  
Violent Offending ◽  
Latent Class Analyses ◽  
Novice To Expert ◽  
General Skills ◽  
High Degree

Although there has been considerable variation in the application of expertise to offending populations, one aspect that is widely agreed upon is that expertise is best represented on a continuum from novice to expert. The present study, therefore, investigated criminal expertise in 877 hybrid offenses that involve sexual assault and robbery (i.e., sexual robbery) or burglary (i.e., sexual burglary). Specifically, we analyzed the crime-commission processes of both these offenses using latent class analyses to determine the heterogeneity of criminal expertise among each domain. Results showed an expert to novice continuum in both domains, including a “domain-specific” expert sexual burglary subgroup who was characterized by a high degree of offense-related competencies relevant to sexual burglary. We also found an expert subgroup in sexual robbery who had more general skills (i.e., overlapping expertise) relevant to violent offending. Implications for offender decision-making, treatment, and practice are discussed.

scholarly journals Criminal Expertise and Sexual Violence: Comparing the Crime-Commission Process Involved in Sexual Burglary and Sexual Robbery

2021 ◽  
pp. 009385482110235
Author(s):  
Kylie S. Reale ◽  
Eric Beauregard ◽  
Julien Chopin
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Distinct Type ◽  
Modus Operandi ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Crime Commission

Criminal expertise relates to the notion that some individuals may develop domain-specific offending skills that differentiate them from those with less skills or experience (i.e., novices). In the expertise literature, burglary has emerged as a distinct type of “expert” offense, therefore the current study sought to determine whether criminal expertise is more evident in the crime-commission process of sexual burglary compared to sexual robbery. We used binary logistic regression to compare the pre-crime, crime, and post-crime behaviors of 870 cases of hybrid sexual assault that occurred during the commission of either a burglary ( N = 319) (or) robbery ( N = 479), both of which involved personal theft from a stranger victim. Findings suggest that the crime commission process of sexual burglary involves a more sophisticated modus operandi and greater expertise in detection avoidance (e.g., strategies to protect their identity and destroying and removing evidence) compared to sexual robbery.

Perancangan aplikasi multi criteria decision making dalam penerimaan beasiswa kepada dosen studi lanjut STMIK Balikpapan menggunakan metode SAW

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-42
Author(s):  
Muslimin B ◽  
Sumardi Sumardi
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Teaching Assistants ◽  
Multi Criteria Decision Making ◽  
Scholarship Recipients ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Application Decision ◽  
High Degree ◽  
New Student

 Interests and number of STMIK Balikpapan new student enrollments are increasing every year. The balance of the ratio of lecturers to students is one of the most important components in improving the quality and teaching and learning process of a university. Avoiding shortages in the number of lecturers can be realized by providing scholarship programs to alumni and teaching assistants. This study aims to build a multi criteria decision making application that can assist the Head of HRD in the process of receiving scholarships to advanced and effective study lecturers. The multi criteria decision making application developed in this study uses the SAW method. The implementation of the SAW method includes the process of evaluating the weighting of criteria, evaluating alternative weights, the matrix process, the results of decision making preferences, resulting in the weighting and ranking of each alternative candidate for the scholarship recipient. The results of the evaluation of multi-criteria application decision making in the study are expected to produce modeling with a high degree of accuracy. The results of the analysis carried out can provide alternative recommendations for prospective scholarship recipients to advanced study lecturers in STMIK Balikpapan.

scholarly journals Exploring patterns in psychiatric outpatients’ preferences for involvement in decision-making: a latent class analysis approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingunn Mundal ◽  
Mariela Loreto Lara-Cabrera ◽  
Moisés Betancort ◽  
Carlos De las Cuevas
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Mental Healthcare ◽  
Psychological Reactance ◽  
Psychiatric Outpatients ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Healthcare Settings

Abstract Background Shared decision-making (SDM), a collaborative approach that includes and respects patients’ preferences for involvement in decision-making about their treatment, is increasingly advocated. However, in the practice of clinical psychiatry, implementing SDM seems difficult to accomplish. Although the number of studies related to psychiatric patients’ preferences for involvement is increasing, studies have largely focused on understanding patients in public mental healthcare settings. Thus, investigating patient preferences for involvement in both public and private settings is of particular importance in psychiatric research. The objectives of this study were to identify different latent class typologies of patient preferences for involvement in the decision-making process, and to investigate how patient characteristics predict these typologies in mental healthcare settings. Methods We conducted latent class analysis (LCA) to identify groups of psychiatric outpatients with similar preferences for involvement in decision-making to estimate the probability that each patient belonged to a certain class based on sociodemographic, clinical and health belief variables. Results The LCA included 224 consecutive psychiatric outpatients’ preferences for involvement in treatment decisions in public and private psychiatric settings. The LCA identified three distinct preference typologies, two collaborative and one passive, accounting for 78% of the variance. Class 1 (26%) included collaborative men aged 34–44 years with an average level of education who were treated by public services for a depressive disorder, had high psychological reactance, believed they controlled their disease and had a pharmacophobic attitude. Class 2 (29%) included collaborative women younger than 33 years with an average level of education, who were treated by public services for an anxiety disorder, had low psychological reactance or health control belief and had an unconcerned attitude toward medication. Class 3 (45%) included passive women older than 55 years with lower education levels who had a depressive disorder, had low psychological reactance, attributed the control of their disease to their psychiatrists and had a pharmacophilic attitude. Conclusions Our findings highlight how psychiatric patients vary in pattern of preferences for treatment involvement regarding demographic variables and health status, providing insight into understanding the pattern of preferences and comprising a significant advance in mental healthcare research.

Focal Concerns and Police Decision Making in Sexual Assault Cases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 152483802199128
Author(s):  
David S. Lapsey ◽  
Bradley A. Campbell ◽  
Bryant T. Plumlee
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Campbell Collaboration ◽  
Focal Concerns ◽  
Police Decision Making ◽  
The Impact

Sexual assault and case attrition at the arrest stage are serious problems in the United States. Focal concerns have increasingly been used to explain police decision making in sexual assault cases. Because of the popularity of the focal concerns perspective and potential to inform evidence-based training, a systematic review and meta-analysis are needed to condense the literature. In this study, we assess the overall strength of the relationship between focal concerns variables and police decisions to arrest in cases of sexual assault. Our assessment of the effects of focal concerns variables on arrest decision making in sexual assault cases followed the systematic review protocols provided by the Campbell Collaboration of Systematic Reviews. Specifically, we used the Campbell Collaboration recommendations to search empirical literature and used meta-analysis to evaluate the size, direction, and strength of the impact of focal concerns variables on arrest decisions. Our search strategy detected 14 eligible studies and 79 effect sizes. The meta-analysis found several robust and statistically significant correlates of arrest. In fact, each focal concerns concept produced at least one robust arrest correlate. Overall, focal concerns offers a strong approach for explaining police decisions in sexual assault cases. Although practical concerns and resource constraints produced the strongest arrest correlates, results show the importance of additional case characteristics in officers’ decision to arrest.

Modified ridge and other regularization criteria: A brief review on meaningful regression models

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 225-227
Author(s):  
Stan Lipovetsky
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
Marketing Research ◽  
Latent Class Models ◽  
Response Models ◽  
Modeling And Analysis ◽  
Regularization Parameters ◽  
Lp Metric ◽  
Class Models

The work describes a series of techniques designed to obtain regression models resistant to multicollinearity and having some other features needed for meaningful results. These models include enhanced ridge-regressions with several regularization parameters, regressions by data segments and by levels of the dependent variable, latent class models, unitary response, models, orthogonal and equidistant regressions, minimization in Lp-metric, and other criteria and models. All the approaches have been practically implemented in various projects and found useful for decision making in economics, management, marketing research, and other fields requiring data modeling and analysis.

Understanding the Sexual Victimization of Children by Juveniles: Identifying Criminal Event Patterns

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julien Chopin ◽  
Eric Beauregard
Keyword(s):  
Latent Class Analysis ◽  
External Validity ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
Sexual Victimization ◽  
Situational Crime Prevention ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Crime Commission ◽  
Victim Assistance ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Practical Implications

The purpose of this study is to explore the crime-commission process involved in the sexual victimization of children perpetrated by juveniles. Specifically, this study aims to explore the interconnectedness of pre-crime, crime, and post-crime phases with victimological characteristics using a criminal event perspective. The sample used in this study consists of 185 cases of child sexual abuses perpetrated by juveniles. The first step of this study uses latent class analysis to explore the relationship between each step of the crime-commission process. As a second step, additional variables were used to test the external validity of our model. Results suggest that there are three different criminal event patterns: familiar sexually non-intrusive, familiar sexually intrusive, and stranger sexually non-intrusive. Moreover, we found that specific victimological characteristics were associated with each of the patterns. Practical implications in terms of situational crime prevention and victim assistance are discussed.

scholarly journals Neural Responses to Ambiguity Involve Domain-general and Domain-specific Emotion Processing Systems

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 547-557 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maital Neta ◽  
William M. Kelley ◽  
Paul J. Whalen
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Social Signals ◽  
Emotional Facial Expressions ◽  
Biologically Relevant ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Specific Emotion ◽  
On Line

Extant research has examined the process of decision making under uncertainty, specifically in situations of ambiguity. However, much of this work has been conducted in the context of semantic and low-level visual processing. An open question is whether ambiguity in social signals (e.g., emotional facial expressions) is processed similarly or whether a unique set of processors come on-line to resolve ambiguity in a social context. Our work has examined ambiguity using surprised facial expressions, as they have predicted both positive and negative outcomes in the past. Specifically, whereas some people tended to interpret surprise as negatively valenced, others tended toward a more positive interpretation. Here, we examined neural responses to social ambiguity using faces (surprise) and nonface emotional scenes (International Affective Picture System). Moreover, we examined whether these effects are specific to ambiguity resolution (i.e., judgments about the ambiguity) or whether similar effects would be demonstrated for incidental judgments (e.g., nonvalence judgments about ambiguously valenced stimuli). We found that a distinct task control (i.e., cingulo-opercular) network was more active when resolving ambiguity. We also found that activity in the ventral amygdala was greater to faces and scenes that were rated explicitly along the dimension of valence, consistent with findings that the ventral amygdala tracks valence. Taken together, there is a complex neural architecture that supports decision making in the presence of ambiguity: (a) a core set of cortical structures engaged for explicit ambiguity processing across stimulus boundaries and (b) other dedicated circuits for biologically relevant learning situations involving faces.

scholarly journals Partisan Ambivalence and Electoral Decision Making

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
Stephen C. Craig ◽  
Paulina Cossette ◽  
Michael Martinez
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
American Politics ◽  
Political Campaigns ◽  
Survey Experiment ◽  
Campaign Ads ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Negative Feelings ◽  
Democrats And Republicans ◽  
High Degree

American politics today is driven largely by deep divisions between Democrats and Republicans. That said, there are many people who view the opposition in an overwhelmingly negative light – but who simultaneously possess a mix of positive and negative feelings toward their own party. This paper is a response to prior research (e.g., Lavine, Johnson, and Steenbergen 2012) indicating that such ambivalence increases the probability that voters will engage in "deliberative" (or "effortful") rather than "heuristic" thinking when responding to the choices presented to them in political campaigns. We extend the logic of this argument to a hypothetical race for Congress, using data from a survey experiment to determine whether a high degree of ambivalence toward one's party makes voters more responsive to a negative attack against the candidate of that party. In fact, we find little evidence that partisan ambivalence promotes a deliberative response to negative campaign ads.

scholarly journals Primary students’ conceptions of the Earth: Re-examining a fundamental research hypothesis on mental models

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Vaiopoulou ◽  
George Papageorgiou
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Mental Models ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Primary Students ◽  
Latent Class Analyses ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Definite Answer ◽  
Fundamental Research

Research on pupils’ conceptions of the earth has proposed certain mental models within the theoretical perspective known as coherent or theory-like knowledge. Alternatively, the fragmented knowledge hypothesis refutes the existence of such models and proposes a different perspective. Although the relevant discussion has not been converged in to a definite answer, recently, the debate between the two theories has been brought up into consideration by the advances in methodology and statistical analysis. In this paper pupils’ conceptions of the earth were analyzed by latent class analyses. Children’s ideas (N=184, grades 1st to 3rd), were investigated using a closed-ended questionnaire, which includes illustrations corresponding to certain mental models. The results showed that pupils’ conceptions of the earth are not characterized by consistency and thus they do not support the existence of coherent mental models. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.

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