scholarly journals Latent Trajectories of Cross-National Homicide Trends: Structural Characteristics of Underlying Groups

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 343-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Tuttle ◽  
Patricia L. McCall ◽  
Kenneth C. Land
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
World Health ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Latin American Region ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
National Trends ◽  
Cross National ◽  
Latent Trajectories

Relative to studies of U.S. homicide trends, few have investigated cross-national trends. We explore hidden heterogeneity across a sample of 82 nations between 1980 and 2010, and examine (a) what distinct latent trajectories are represented among these nations? and (b) what structural factors characterize these latent trajectory groups? World Health Organization mortality data were used for the trajectory analyses wherein three distinct groups were identified. Structural characteristics of each group are compared to determine which factors account for their trajectories. Characteristics that predicted group placement include a development index, divorced males, female labor force participation, and Latin American region.

scholarly journals Leukemia mortality in children from Latin America: Trends and predictions to 2030

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Smith Torres-Roman ◽  
Bryan Valcarcel ◽  
Pedro Guerra-Canchari ◽  
Camila Alves Dos Santos ◽  
Isabelle Ribeiro Barbosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
World Health ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Mortality Trends ◽  
Annual Percent Change ◽  
Universal Healthcare ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Universal Healthcare Coverage

Abstract Background: Reports suggest that Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) countries have not reduced in leukemia mortality compared to high-income countries. However, updated trends remain largely unknown in the region. Given that leukemia is the leading cause of cancer-related death in LAC children, we evaluated mortality trends in children (0-14y) from 15 LAC countries for the period 2000-2017 and predicted mortality to 2030.Methods: We retrieved cancer mortality data using the World Health Organization Mortality Database. Mortality rates (standardized to the world standard SEGI population) were analyzed for 15 LAC countries. We evaluated the average mortality rates for the last 5 years (2013-2017). Joinpoint regression analysis was used to evaluate leukemia mortality trends and provide an estimated annual percent change (EAPC). Nordpred was utilized for the calculation of predictions until 2030.Results: Between 2013 and 2017, the highest mortality rates were reported in Venezuela, Ecuador, Nicaragua, Mexico, and Peru. Upward mortality trends were reported in Nicaragua (EAPC by 2.9% in boys, and EAPC by 2.0% in girls), and Peru (EAPC by 1.4% in both sexes). Puerto Rico experienced large declines in mortality among both boys (EAPC by −9.7%), and girls (EAPC by −6.0%). Leukemia mortality will increase in Argentina, Ecuador, Guatemala, Panama, Peru, and Uruguay by 2030.Conclusion: Leukemia mortality is predicted to increase in some LAC countries by 2030. Interventions to prevent this outcome should be tailor to reduce the socioeconomic inequalities and ensure universal healthcare coverage.

scholarly journals Leukemia mortality in children from Latin America: Trends and predictions to 2030

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Smith Torres-Roman ◽  
Bryan Valcarcel ◽  
Pedro Guerra-Canchari ◽  
Camila Alves Dos Santos ◽  
Isabelle Ribeiro Barbosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
World Health ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Mortality Trends ◽  
Annual Percent Change ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Standard Population ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Treatment Abandonment

Abstract Background Reports suggest that Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) countries have not achieved the downward mortality trends in leukemia seen in other countries. However, updated trends remain largely unknown in the region. Given that leukemia is the leading cause of cancer-related death in LAC children, we aimed to evaluate mortality trends in children (0-14y) from 15 LAC countries for the period 2000–2017 and to predict mortality until 2030. Methods We retrieved cancer mortality data through the World Health Organization Mortality Database. Age-standardized (world standard population) rates were computed for LAC countries. Joinpoint regression analysis was used to examine trends in the mortality rates of leukemia and provide an estimated annual percent change (EAPC). Nordpred was utilized for the calculation of predictions until 2030. Results Between 2013 and 2017, the highest mortality rates were reported in Venezuela, Ecuador, Nicaragua, Mexico, and Peru. Upward mortality trends were reported in Nicaragua (EAPC by 1.2% in boys, and EAPC by 2.0% in girls), Panama (EAPC by 1.8% in boys, and by 2.7% in girls), and Peru (EAPC by 1.4% in both sexes). Puerto Rico experienced large declines in mortality among both boys (APC by − 9.7%), and girls (EAPC by − 6.0%). Forecasting models predicted that leukemia mortality between 2015 and 2030, will increase in Argentina, Ecuador, Guatemala, Panama, Peru, and Uruguay. Conclusion Leukemia mortality is predicted to increase unless efforts are made to intervene. Interventions include addressing the inequities in health care diagnosing cases earlier,, avoiding treatment abandonment, and proper supportive care such as infection control programs will reduce the mortality in a great proportion.

scholarly journals Leukemia mortality in children from Latin America: trends and predictions to 2030

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Smith Torres-Roman ◽  
Bryan Valcarcel ◽  
Pedro Guerra-Canchari ◽  
Camila Alves Dos Santos ◽  
Isabelle Ribeiro Barbosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
World Health ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Mortality Trends ◽  
Annual Percent Change ◽  
Universal Healthcare ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Universal Healthcare Coverage

Abstract Background Reports suggest that Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) countries have not reduced leukemia mortality compared to high-income countries. However, updated trends remain largely unknown in the region. Given that leukemia is the leading cause of cancer-related death in LAC children, we evaluated mortality trends in children (0-14y) from 15 LAC countries for the period 2000–2017 and predicted mortality to 2030. Methods We retrieved cancer mortality data using the World Health Organization Mortality Database. Mortality rates (standardized to the world standard SEGI population) were analyzed for 15 LAC countries. We evaluated the average mortality rates for the last 5 years (2013–2017). Joinpoint regression analysis was used to evaluate leukemia mortality trends and provide an estimated annual percent change (EAPC). Nordpred was utilized for the calculation of predictions until 2030. Results Between 2013 and 2017, the highest mortality rates were reported in Venezuela, Ecuador, Nicaragua, Mexico, and Peru. Upward mortality trends were reported in Nicaragua (EAPC by 2.9% in boys, and EAPC by 2.0% in girls), and Peru (EAPC by 1.4% in both sexes). Puerto Rico experienced large declines in mortality among both boys (EAPC by − 9.7%), and girls (EAPC by − 6.0%). Leukemia mortality will increase in Argentina, Ecuador, Guatemala, Panama, Peru, and Uruguay by 2030. Conclusion Leukemia mortality is predicted to increase in some LAC countries by 2030. Interventions to prevent this outcome should be tailor to reduce the socioeconomic inequalities and ensure universal healthcare coverage.

scholarly journals P087 Mortality trends from systemic lupus erythematosus in Cuba: 2001-2014

Rheumatology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 60 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Halbert Hernández Negrín
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Time Trends ◽  
Reference Population ◽  
World Health ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Systemic Lupus ◽  
Mortality Trends ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Background/Aims  There is little research on the mortality of Cuban patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), with not enough impact to recognize SLE as a health problem in the country. Our aim was to identify time trends and geographic variability in the mortality of Cuban patients with SLE. Methods  Mortality data of decedents over 15 years old were retrieved from the Cuban Ministry of Public Health mortality database, based on International Classification of Disease (ICD), Tenth Revision (ICD-10, code M32). We computed age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) for each year and province as the estimated number of deaths per million inhabitants and its 95% confidence interval (95% CI) using World Health Organization reference population. The 2001-2014 time trends were analyzed using Jointpoint software. Results  Between 2001 and 2014, 1,054 deaths from SLE were found, mostly women (89.0%), white (54.4%) with a median age of 43 years (interquartile range: 34-53). In 2014 the ASMR caused by SLE per million inhabitants was 14.4 (95% CI: 10.9 to 18.4) in women and 1.3 (95% CI: 0.5 to 3.2) in men. A growing time trend was identified in the ASMR by SLE throughout the period (average annual percentage change [AAPC]: 1.6; 95% CI: 0.6 to 2.6), highest in males (AAPC: 5.6; 95% CI: 1.7 to 9.7) than in females (AAPC: 1.2; 95% CI: 0.3 to 2.0). The highest mortality in women was concentrated in the provinces of Camagüey, Las Tunas and Granma, and in the case of men, in Havana and Ciego de Ávila. Conclusion  The variation in the magnitude of the risk of dying from SLE over time and geographic areas indicates the possible influence of biological, environmental, socioeconomic and health systems factors. The growing trend in SLE mortality in Cuba demands its recognition as an important health problem and immediate actions that help mitigate it. Disclosure  H. Hernández Negrín: None.

74 Epidemiology and Outcomes of Cooking and Cookstove-related Burn Injuries: A World Health Organization (WHO) Global Burn Registry (GBR) Report

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S51-S52
Author(s):  
Kajal Mehta ◽  
Nikitha Thrikutam ◽  
Kiran K Nakarmi ◽  
Paa Ekow Hoyte-Williams ◽  
Michael Peck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Total Body Surface Area ◽  
Burn Injuries ◽  
World Health ◽  
Common Mechanism ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Improved Cookstove ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Introduction Cooking- and cookstove-related burns (CSBs) comprise a large proportion of burn injuries globally. A cookstove is any apparatus that provides heat and is used for cooking (e.g., three-stone fire, traditional or improved cookstove). There are limited data on patterns of cooking behaviors and CSBs to inform prevention initiatives and advocacy. We aimed to describe the epidemiology, risk factors and outcomes of cooking-related burns and CSBs, specifically. Methods Patients with cooking and non-cooking related burns from 2018 to 2020 were identified in the World Health Organization (WHO) Global Burn Registry (GBR). Patient demographics, cooking arrangement, injury characteristics [mechanism, total body surface area (TBSA), revised Baux score] and outcomes were described. Differences in proportions and medians were compared. Bivariate regression was performed to identify risk factors associated with occurrence of CSB. Results GBR contained data of 6,965 burn-injured patients from 17 countries; 88% were from middle-income countries. One quarter of burn injuries (1,723 burns) were cooking-related. More than half of cooking-related burns (55%) occurred in females. Median age for cooking-related burns was 11 years (IQR 2–35). Of cooking-related burns, 22% were cookstove-related burns (CSBs; 311 burns). The most common mechanism in CSB was flame (87%), whereas the most common mechanism in other cooking burns was scald (62%). Patients with CSBs were more often female (65% vs 53%; p< 0.001) and much older than patients with other cooking burns (32 years, IQR 22–47 vs 5 years, IQR 2–30). CSBs were significantly larger in TBSA size (30%, IQR 15–45% vs 15%, IQR 10–25%; p< 0.001), had higher revised Baux scores (70, IQR 46–95 vs 28, IQR 10–25; p< 0.001) and more often resulted in death (41 vs 11%; p< 0.001) than other cooking burns (Table1). Patients with CSBs were more likely to be burned by fires (OR 4.74; 95% CI 2.99–7.54) and explosions (OR 2.91, 95% CI 2.03–4.18) than other cooking injuries. Kerosene had the highest odds of CSB than all other cooking fuels (OR 2.37, 95% CI 1.52–3.69). Conclusions Cooking-related burns are common and have different epidemiology than CSBs, specifically (e.g., more often female, older, larger burn size, higher mortality). CSBs were more likely caused by structural factors (e.g., explosion, fire) than behavioral factors (e.g., accidental movements) when compared to other cooking burns.

PERFORMANCE OF THE NURSING TEAM IN THE HUMANIZATION OF NORMAL DELIVERY

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
World Health ◽  
Normal Delivery ◽  
Normal Birth ◽  
Natural Event ◽  
Quality Of Delivery ◽  
Delivery Services ◽  
Women's Role ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Health Organization

Historically, birth was considered a natural event, respected until the sixteenth century as an exclusively female movement. From the moment that the delivery began to happen inside the hospital with the participation of doctors in the process of the same, the woman stopped being the most important person and active of that event. Therefore, in order to change in this scenario, the World Health Organization and the Ministry of Health have been guiding and implementing behaviors that should be stimulated during childbirth, such as the presence of a companion, the supply of fluids, the use of non-invasive techniques for relief of pain and freedom of choice of birth position, among others. The study aims to verify in the literature the systematization of knowledge about the awareness of the benefits of normal delivery, pointing out the behaviors performed that favor the woman's role. This is a literature review, with descriptive and explanatory character, in the databases Scientific Electronic Library (ScIELO), Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences (LILACS); And the National Library of Medicine (PUBMED, from 2008 to 2019), using the following descriptors: normal delivery, humanization, humanization in normal birth, women's role, and the result was three categories: The synthesis of the articles allowed us to understand that there are already some changes in the care of women during labor, but that there is still a lack of knowledge about the role of women in the labor market. It is concluded that in order for women to take part in labor and delivery, humanization becomes necessary, which is evidenced by the need to improve access and quality of delivery services.

scholarly journals La violencia homicida en América Latina

2009 ◽  
Vol 50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Briceño-León
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
World Health ◽  
Data Bases ◽  
Homicide Rates ◽  
Social Classification ◽  
America Latina ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Latin American Countries

RESUMEN: El artículo analiza la situación de la violencia homicida en América Latina, cuál es su ubicación en la situación mundial de violencia y cuáles serían las posibles explicaciones para el lugar que ocupa. Utilizando la base de datos de la Organización Mundial de la Salud se clasifican las regiones por su tasa de homicidios y se ubica a América Latina como la región más violenta. Los países de América Latina son clasificados en cuatro grupos de acuerdo a la relación de su tasa de homicidios con la tasa media mundial y se caracterizan socialmente las víctimas.Para interpretar esa situación se relacionan con los niveles de urbanización y pobreza y se presentan los factores que pueden originar, fomentar y facilitar el incremento o disminución de los homicidios y su potencial utilidad en las políticas públicas.ABSTRACT: This article explores the situation of homicide violence in Latin America, its position within the worlds violence situation and the possible explanations for that position. Using the data bases of the World Health Organization, regions are classified by their homicide rates, which puts Latin America as the most violent region. Latin American countries are set in four groups according to the relation of their homicide rates with the world’s rate, and a social classification of victims is built. For interpreting this situation, those factors are put in relation with the levels of urbanization and poverty, and the possible causes of the increase or decrease of homicides are presented, as well as their potential utility for public policy making.

Epidemiology and outcomes of cooking and cookstove-related burn injuries: a World Health Organization (WHO) Global Burn Registry (GBR) report

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kajal Mehta ◽  
Nikhitha Thrikutam ◽  
Paa-Ekow Hoyte Williams ◽  
Henry Falk ◽  
Kiran Nakarmi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Burn Injuries ◽  
World Health ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Patient Demographics ◽  
Electricity Use ◽  
Prevention Interventions ◽  
Cooking Fuels ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Cooking- and cookstove-related burns (CSBs) comprise a large proportion of burn injuries globally, but there are limited data on cooking behavior patterns to inform prevention and advocacy. Therefore, we aimed to describe the epidemiology, risk factors and outcomes of these injuries and highlight the potential of the World Health Organization (WHO) Global Burn Registry (GBR). Patients with cooking-related burns were identified in the WHO GBR. Patient demographics, cooking arrangement, injury characteristics and outcomes were described and compared. Bivariate regression was performed to identify risk factors associated with CSBs. Analysis demonstrated that 25% of patients in the GBR sustained cooking-related burns (n=1,723). The cooking environment and cooking fuels used varied significantly by country income level ([electricity use: LIC 1.6 vs MIC 5.9 vs HIC 49.6%; p<0.001] [kerosene use: LIC 5.7 vs MIC 10.4 vs HIC 0.0%; p<0.001]). Of cooking-related burns, 22% were cookstove-related burns (CSBs; 311 burns). Patients with CSBs were more often female (65% vs 53%; p<0.001). CSBs were significantly larger in TBSA size (30%, IQR 15-45 vs 15%, IQR 10-25; p<0.001), had higher revised Baux scores (70, IQR 46-95 vs 28, IQR 10-25; p<0.001) and more often resulted in death (41 vs 11%; p<0.001) than other cooking burns. Patients with CSBs were more likely to be burned by fires (OR 4.74; 95% CI 2.99-7.54) and explosions (OR 2.91, 95% CI 2.03-4.18) than other cooking injuries. Kerosene had the highest odds of CSB compared to other cooking fuels (OR 2.37, 95% CI 1.52-3.69). In conclusion, CSBs specifically have different epidemiology than cooking-related burns. CSBs were more likely caused by structural factors (e.g., explosion, fire) than behavioral factors (e.g., accidental movements) when compared to other cooking burns. These differences suggest prevention interventions for CSBs may require distinctive efforts than typically deployed for cooking-related injuries, and necessarily involve cookstove design and safety regulations to prevent fires and explosions.

Immunogenicity and Safety of the Measles Vaccine in HIV-Infected Children: An Updated Systematic Review

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicky J Mehtani ◽  
Lori Rosman ◽  
William J Moss
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Prevalence Ratio ◽  
Vaccine Safety ◽  
World Health ◽  
Measles Vaccine ◽  
Serious Adverse Events ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Hiv Exposed ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Reported Data

Abstract Children infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are at increased risk of measles morbidity and mortality. We searched abstracts from the PubMed, Embase, and Latin American and Caribbean Center on Health Sciences Information databases for articles published from the earliest date available through September 26, 2017. The primary outcome of interest was serological responses to measles vaccine, stratified by HIV infection status. A total of 2,858 potentially eligible articles were identified, and the final review included 12 studies published between 1992 and 2013, 9 of which reported data on vaccine safety. The studies we included represented 3,573 children, of whom at least 335 were infected with HIV, 788 were HIV-exposed but not infected, and 1,478 were unexposed to HIV. Four of the 12 studies found statistically significant reductions in seropositivity among HIV-infected children compared with HIV-uninfected children within 4 months of vaccination (prevalence ratio range, 0.44–0.70), and forest plots provided visual trends of decreasing immunity over time among HIV-infected children in 2 additional studies. No vaccine-related deaths or serious adverse events were reported. This updated review demonstrated limitations of the existing published literature but supported evidence of reduced immunogenicity of measles vaccine among HIV-infected children, supporting the World Health Organization recommendation to revaccinate HIV-infected children against measles following immune reconstitution with combination antiretroviral therapy.

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