scholarly journals Public Sector Capacity to Prevent and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases in Twelve Low- and Middle-Income Countries Based on WHO-PEN Standards: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 117863292098623
Author(s):  
Ahmed Hassan Albelbeisi ◽  
Ali Albelbeisi ◽  
Abdel Hamid El Bilbeisi ◽  
Mahmoud Taleb ◽  
Amirhossein Takian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Essential Medicines ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
The Public ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Optimal Target ◽  
And Control ◽  
Basic Equipment ◽  
Diagnostic Investigations

This review was conducted to assess the capacity of the public sector to prevent and control noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) in low-and middle-income countries (LMIC) based on WHO-PEN standards. A PRISMA systematic search appraisal of PubMed, Scopus, and Embase was conducted during May-2020 for original articles conducted in LMIC and reported the capacity of the public sector to prevent and control NCDs. The country readiness score was calculated as the mean score of items for each domain. The indices were compared to an agreed cutoff at 80% the WHO optimal target of availability of affordable essential medicines and basic technologies required to treat NCDs. The literature search yielded 5 original studies, conducted in twelve countries, and surveyed 304 public health facilities. All countries failed to reach the WHO optimal target of availability of affordable essential medicines and basic technologies. The readiness index score according to WHO-PEN standards among countries in terms of essential medicines, diagnostic investigations, and basic equipment were range from 13.5% to 51%, 0.0% to 59.4%, and 29.2% to 51.2% respectively. This review revealed critical gaps in the twelve LMIC public sector capacity to prevent and control of NCDs in terms of essential medicines, basic equipment, and diagnostic investigations.

scholarly journals Availability, prices, and affordability of selected essential cancer medicines in a middle-income country – the case of Mexico

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Moye-Holz ◽  
Margaret Ewen ◽  
Anahi Dreser ◽  
Sergio Bautista-Arredondo ◽  
Rene Soria-Saucedo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Insurance ◽  
Public Sector ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Public Hospitals ◽  
World Health ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
The Public ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Public And Private Sector

Abstract Background: More alternatives have become available for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer in low- and middle-income countries. Because of increasing demands, governments are now facing a problem of limited affordability and availability of essential cancer medicines. Yet, precise information about the access to these medicines is limited, and the methodology is not very well developed. Objective: To assess the availability and affordability of essential cancer medicines in Mexico, and compare their prices against those in other countries of the region. Methods: We surveyed 21 public hospitals and 19 private pharmacies in 8 states of Mexico. Data were collected on the availability and prices of 49 essential cancer medicines. Prices were compared against those in Chile, Peru, Brazil, Colombia and PAHO’s Strategic Fund. Results: Of the various medicines, mean availability in public and private sector outlets was 61.2% and 67.5%, respectively. In the public sector, medicines covered by the public health insurance “People’s Health Insurance” were more available. Only seven (public sector) and five (private sector) out of the 49 medicines were considered affordable. Public sector procurement prices were 41% lower than in other countries of the region. Conclusions: The availability of essential cancer medicines, in the public and private sector, falls below World Health Organization’s 80% target. The affordability remains suboptimal as well. A national health insurance scheme could serve as a mechanism to improve access to cancer medicines in the public sector. Comprehensive pricing policies are warranted to improve the affordability of cancer medicines in the private sector.

Better Late Than Never?! Five Compelling Reasons for Putting Physical Activity in Low- and Middle-Income Countries High Up on the Public Health Research Agenda

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
Katja Siefken ◽  
Andrea Varela Ramirez ◽  
Temo Waqanivalu ◽  
Nico Schulenkorf
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Physical Activity ◽  
Health Research ◽  
Research Agenda ◽  
Public Health Research ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
The Public ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Since 2020, the world has been navigating an epidemiologic transition with both infectious diseases (COVID-19) and noncommunicable diseases intertwined in complex and diverse ways. In fact, the pandemics of physical inactivity, noncommunicable diseases, and COVID-19 coincide in a tragically impactful ménage à trois with their detrimental long-term health consequences yet to be determined. We know that people in low- and middle-income countries not only have the highest risk of developing chronic diseases, they also develop the diseases at a younger age, they suffer longer, and they die earlier than people in high-income countries. This commentary features 5 compelling reasons for putting physical activity in low- and middle-income countries high up on the public health research agenda and calls for more commitment to inclusive and context-specific public health practices that are paired with locally relevant promotion and facilitation of PA practice, research, and policymaking.

Noncommunicable Diseases

2019 ◽  
pp. 287-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramla Benmaamar ◽  
Madeleine Smith ◽  
Derek Yach
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Chronic Respiratory Disease ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Prevention And Health Promotion ◽  
Societal Changes ◽  
Global Norms ◽  
And Control

Social justice impacts on the occurrence, the severity, and the mortality due to noncommunicable diseases. Four noncommunicable diseases account for almost two-thirds of all deaths globally: cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic respiratory disease, and diabetes mellitus. Almost 80% of deaths due to noncommunicable diseases occur in low- and middle-income countries. This chapter addresses the occurrence of these four noncommunicable diseases and how social injustice impacts on their occurrence. The chapter addresses what needs to be done, including implementing policies that reach the poorest people in all countries, placing greater emphasis on prevention and health promotion, strengthening capacity and mobilizing resources, developing global norms that benefit low-income countries (such as the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control), promoting broader societal changes, and building on the prevention and control of infectious disease.

scholarly journals Geographical distribution and profile of medical doctors in public sector hospitals of the Limpopo Province, South Africa

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel T. Ntuli ◽  
Edwin Maboya
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Limpopo Province ◽  
Medical Doctors ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Unequal Distribution ◽  
The Public ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Population Ratio

Background: The shortage and unequal distribution of medical doctors in low- and middle-income countries continues to be a public health concern.Objective: To establish the geographical distribution and demographic profile of medical doctors in public sector hospitals of the Limpopo Province, South Africa.Method: The PERSAL system was used to obtain information on the number of medical doctors employed in public sector hospitals of the Limpopo Province. Data were exported from PERSAL’s database and then analysed using STATA version 9.0.Result: The mean age of the 887 medical doctors was 40.1 ± 11.2 years (range 24–79 years). Sixty per cent of the doctors were male, 66% were aged ≤ 45 years and 84% were African. Most of the doctors (86%) were medical officers, of which 55% had < 5 years working experience. Overall, the doctor-to-population ratio for the five districts in the province was 16.4/100 000, with Capricorn (33.7/100 000) and Waterberg (20.2/100 000) recording the highest ratios. A large proportion (43%) of medical officers are employed in the Capricorn District, of which 71% were practising at the tertiary hospital.Conclusion: This study demonstrated a shortage and maldistribution of medical doctors in the public sector hospitals of the Limpopo Province. This has a potentially negative effect on the delivery of an appropriate and efficient healthcare service to the population and requires urgent attention.

scholarly journals Availability, Prices and Affordability of Selected Essential Cancer Medicines in a Middle-Income Country: The Case of Mexico

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement 2) ◽  
pp. 220s-220s
Author(s):  
D. Moye Holz ◽  
M. Ewen ◽  
A. Dreser ◽  
S. Bautista ◽  
R. Soria ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Insurance ◽  
Public Sector ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Public Hospitals ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
The Public ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Public And Private Sector ◽  
Dose Form

Background: More alternatives are becoming available for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer in low- and middle-income countries. Yet, because of increasing demands, many governments are now facing the dilemma of making essential cancer medicines available to all while keeping them affordable. Precise information about current access to these medicines is limited, and there's no systematic methodology in place to do so. Aim: To assess the availability and affordability of essential cancer medicines in Mexico, and compare their prices (public sector procurement and patient prices) against those in other countries of the region. Methods: We adapted the WHO/HAI methodology. We surveyed 21 public hospitals and 19 private pharmacies in 8 states of Mexico. Data were collected on the availability and prices of 49 essential cancer medicines (each strength and dose-form specific). Prices were compared against those in Chile, Peru, Brazil, Colombia and PAHO's Strategic Fund. Results: Of the various medicines, mean availability in public and private sector outlets was 61.2% and 67.5%, respectively. In the public sector, medicines covered by the public health insurance “People's Health Insurance” (SPS) were slightly more available. Only 7 (public sector) and 5 (private sector) out of 49 medicines were deemed affordable. Overall, public sector procurement prices were 41% lower than in other countries of the region. Conclusion: The availability of essential cancer medicines, in the public and private sector, falls below WHO's 80% target. The affordability remains suboptimal as well. A national health insurance scheme could serve as a mechanism to improve access to cancer medicines in the public sector. Comprehensive pricing policies are warranted to improve the affordability of cancer medicines in the private sector.

scholarly journals Availability, prices, and affordability of selected essential cancer medicines in a middle-income country – the case of Mexico

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Moye-Holz ◽  
Margaret Ewen ◽  
Anahi Dreser ◽  
Sergio Bautista-Arredondo ◽  
Rene Soria-Saucedo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Insurance ◽  
Public Sector ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Public Hospitals ◽  
World Health ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
The Public ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Public And Private Sector

Abstract Background: More alternatives have become available for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer in low- and middle-income countries. Because of increasing demands, governments are now facing a problem of limited affordability and availability of essential cancer medicines. Yet, precise information about the access to these medicines is limited, and the methodology is not very well developed. Objective: To assess the availability and affordability of essential cancer medicines in Mexico, and compare their prices against those in other countries of the region. Methods: We surveyed 21 public hospitals and 19 private pharmacies in 8 states of Mexico. Data were collected on the availability and prices of 49 essential cancer medicines. Prices were compared against those in Chile, Peru, Brazil, Colombia and PAHO’s Strategic Fund. Results: Of the various medicines, mean availability in public and private sector outlets was 61.2% and 67.5%, respectively. In the public sector, medicines covered by the public health insurance “People’s Health Insurance” were more available. Only seven (public sector) and five (private sector) out of the 49 medicines were considered affordable. Public sector procurement prices were 41% lower than in other countries of the region. Conclusions: The availability of essential cancer medicines, in the public and private sector, falls below World Health Organization’s 80% target. The affordability remains suboptimal as well. A national health insurance scheme could serve as a mechanism to improve access to cancer medicines in the public sector. Comprehensive pricing policies are warranted to improve the affordability of cancer medicines in the private sector.

scholarly journals Availability, Price, and Affordability of Essential Medicines to Manage Noncommunicable Diseases: A National Survey From Nepal

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
pp. 004695801988757 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saval Khanal ◽  
Lennert Veerman ◽  
Margaret Ewen ◽  
Lisa Nissen ◽  
Samantha Hollingworth
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Noncommunicable Disease ◽  
Essential Medicines ◽  
World Health ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Future Health ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Facilities ◽  
Significant Difference

The aim of this study was to evaluate the availability, price, and affordability of essential noncommunicable disease (NCD) medicines in Nepal. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Nepal in 2015 using World Health Organization/Health Action International (WHO/HAI) methodology. We collected data on the availability and price of 60 essential NCD medicines from medicine distribution outlets in both the public and private health care sectors in 6 regions. Essential NCD medicines were more available in the private sector (78%) than the public sector (60%). Furosemide tablets were the cheapest (NPR 0.6/10 tablets) and streptokinase injections were the most expensive (NPR 2200/vial) drugs. There was no significant difference ( P > .05) in availability and affordability of essential NCD medicines across the 6 survey areas. Treating selected NCD conditions with medicines was generally affordable, with 1 month of treatment costing no more than a day’s wage of the lowest paid unskilled government worker. The lower availability of NCD medicines in the public sector limits the effectiveness of the government’s policy of providing free health services at public facilities. Although NCD medicines were generally affordable, future health policy should aim to ensure improved equitable access to NCD medicines, particularly in public facilities.

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