Non-binary gender markers: Mobility, migration, and media reception in Europe and beyond

2021 ◽  
pp. 135050682110248
Author(s):  
C L Quinan ◽  
Mina Hunt

Although European Union legal frameworks tend to conceive of sex and gender in binary terms, a growing number of countries in Europe and around the world have been increasingly allowing for third gender markers and non-binary possibilities in identity documents, passports, and public registries, of which the X marker in the sex or gender field has become the most common. However, initiatives like the X, which may initially signal trans-friendliness, must be considered alongside heightened border surveillance. As more and more European countries begin to follow this trend of expanding possibilities for registering (non-binary) gender (e.g. Malta, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands), we look here to some illustrative examples (e.g. Nepal, Canada, Pakistan) that have been at the forefront of non-binary legal recognition to interrogate the complications and conundrums that these developments may provoke in European contexts.

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 507-514
Author(s):  
Ivan Vuković

In this paper we researched European Union starting with the Agreement from Maastrich from year 1992, even though the European Union has a long traditional history and its origin is founded on regulations of economical integrations in Europe beginning from the 1950’s through the Roman treaty from year 1957 and the forming of the European Union Committee in year 1965. Further we follow her expansion and introduction of the European economic and monetary policy, to last, the joining perspective of Croatia. According to the Agreement from Maastrich, European Union lies on three posts: 1) Legal-political and regulative post, 2) Economical post, where the forming of European economical and monetary policy is in the first plan, especially the introducing of Euro as the unique European currency, 3) Post of Mutual foreign security policy within European Union. In that context we need to highlight the research conducted here and in European Union, including the world, regarding development of European Union and its economical, legal, political and cultural, as well as foreign diplomatic results, which are all perspectives of European Union. All the scientists and researches which were involved in exploring the development of EU with its modern tendencies and development perspective, agree that extraordinary results are achieved regards to economical, legal, political, foreign-security and diplomatic views, even tough many repercussions exist in progress of some particular members and within the EU as a whole. The biggest controversy arises in the perspective and expanding of European Union regarding ratification of the Constitution of EU from particular country members, but especially after the referendum was refused from two European countries, France and Netherlands. According to some estimates, the Constitution of EU would have difficulty to be adopted in Switzerland and some other Scandinavian countries, but also in Great Britain and other very developed countries. However the European Community and European Union were developing and expanding towards third European countries, regardless of Constitutional non-existence, where we can assume that if and when the Constitution of EU will be ratified, the EU will further develop as one of the most modern communities. This will enable economical development, especially development of European business, unique European market and free trade of goods and services, market of financial capital and labour market in free movement of labour. Being that EU has become one of the most largest dominating markets in the world, it offers a possibility to all new members to divide labour by using modern knowledge and high technology which insure economical, social and political prosperity. This results to forming a society of European countries which will guarantee all rights and freedom of development for all nations and ethnic groups. As well as, all European countries with somewhat less sovereignty, but in international relations will be stronger and significant, not only in sense of economics, but also in politics and military diplomatic relations. Therefore, Croatia has no choice and perspective if she does not join the European Union till year 2010, but until than it needs to create its strategy of economical and scientific-technological development, including demographic development, which will insure equal progress of Croatia as an equal member of European Union.


Author(s):  
Maria Sarmento ◽  
Diego Galego ◽  
Marta Alexandra da Costa Ferreira Dias ◽  
Marlene Amorim

ICT competences still represent a “stigma” attached to gender around the world. This chapter focuses an analysis on the gender gaps and ICT competences to the access workforce, by analyzing data collected in four European countries (Portugal, Poland, Lithuania and Cyprus) in the scope of a Project “EU Youth: From theory to action (ActYouth).” Within the purpose of answering the hypothesis in understanding, the youth employability, and gender division in the labor market in different regions in Europe, statistical methods were selected and tested. The 537 responses were acquired by questionnaires and interviews and analyzed concerning ICT competences. Data shows that students self-assessment and employer's perspectives of important competences for entry in the labor market. Therefore, an importance performance analysis (IPA) was performed considering the four competences, comparing importance (employers) with performance (students) of competences, and then presented by gender for each analyzed country.


Author(s):  
Johana Chylíková

The aim of this chapter is to illustrate the application of the quasi-simplex model (QSM) for reliability estimation in longitudinal data and to employ it to obtain information about the reliability of the European Union—Survey on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) data collected between 2012 and 2017. Reliability of two survey questions is analysed: one which asks respondents about the financial situation in their households, and one which requests information about respondents’ health. Employing the QSM on the two items resulted in 80 reliability estimates from 17 and 11 European countries, respectively. Results revealed statistically significant differences in reliability between post-communist Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries and the rest of Europe, and similar patterns of the size of reliability estimates were observed for both items. The highest reliability (i.e. reliability over 0.8) was observed in CEE countries such as Bulgaria, Romania, Czechia, Poland, and Hungary. The lowest reliability (i.e. reliability lower than 0.7) was observed for data from Sweden, Slovenia, Norway, Spain, Portugal, Austria, Italy, and the Netherlands. The remarkable variation in longitudinal reliability across culturally and historically different European regions is discussed both from substantive and methodological perspectives.


2020 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-119
Author(s):  
Lisanne Jeannine van Hagen ◽  
Maaike Muntinga ◽  
Yolande Appelman ◽  
Petra Verdonk

1994 ◽  
Vol 150 ◽  
pp. 73-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valerie Jarvis

This article compares how vocational guidance is provided in schools in Britain and three Continental European countries. The comparisons are based on classroom observations and interviews with teachers in some two dozen secondary schools in Germany, Switzerland, the Netherlands, together with a similar number in Britain. Careers guidance on the Continent begins earlier, is taught by careers specialists in separate lessons devoted to the topic, and is geared specifically to providing youngsters with detailed information on the content and requirements for particular types of work. The lack of focus on occupationally-specific information in ‘careers guidance’ in British schools, particularly in the now-widespread ‘Personal and Social Education’ (PSE) courses, leaves many British youngsters at a distinct disadvantage in making a successful transition to the world of work. The article suggests a number of relatively simple measures which could significantly improve careers education in British schools.


2022 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 120-129
Author(s):  
Nataliia Bezrukova ◽  
Larysa Huk ◽  
Hanna Chmil ◽  
Liudmyla Verbivska ◽  
Olena Komchatnykh ◽  
...  

Transformation of economies with the application of information and communication technologies not only strengthens the competitiveness of countries in the international market, but also helps optimize and improve business processes in the international business environment. The purpose of the academic paper is to study the impact of digitalization on the development of the world economy on the example of the economies of the European Union member states. The following methods have been used, namely: analysis, description, generalization, induction, deduction, tabular representation, graphical representation, correlation analysis, systematization and grouping. Results: The positions of the European Union member states that are actively implementing the Digital Single Market strategy have been analyzed. It has been established that according to The Digital Economy and Society Index (DESI), Finland, Sweden, Denmark, the Netherlands and Malta have been among the top 5 leaders with the highest level of digitalization of the economy in 2020. Based on the study of The IMD World Digital Competitiveness Ranking, it has been found that the European Union member states, which are among the top 10 leading countries, such as: Denmark, Sweden and the Netherlands, have a high level of ability and readiness to research and implement digital technologies in order to achieve economic transformation and business transformation. The results of the correlation analysis have revealed the interrelationship between the values of Digital single market – promoting e-commerce for individuals and Enterprises that have provided training to develop / upgrade ICT skills of their personnel (%). It has been proved that Sweden, Malta and Estonia show a very high positive correlation, which indicates that these countries are actively implementing digital technologies in the development of economic processes.


Author(s):  
Olivier Maquaire

Western European countries are subject to natural phenomena that can cause disasters. Their origins are various: geophysical (earthquakes), hydrometeorological (sea storms, floods, and avalanches), or geomorphologic (landslides). They are fairly widespread but less frequent and of relatively low intensity compared with other regions of the world; for example, an earthquake in France or Belgium is not likely to be as violent as in Greece or Japan. Some of the countries concerned, such as France and Germany, are subject to all the hazards mentioned above, while Denmark and The Netherlands are seldom exposed to earthquakes and never to avalanches because they have no mountains. Man is not responsible for phenomena such as earthquakes, but contributes significantly to the onset and aggravation of other hazards, and is sometimes largely responsible for the direct and indirect consequences, having built and maintained installations in ‘risk’ sectors. The number of victims and the cost of the damage may be high, depending on the circumstances, the intensity, and the duration of the phenomenon. Western European countries have experienced real natural disasters in the distant or recent past. Floods following a storm wave in The Netherlands in 1953 were responsible for some 2,000 deaths and damage amounting to over 3 billion Euros. Two hundred people died in the most destructive flood ever known in France in 1930 in the Tarn (Ledoux 1995). Natural phenomena such as these can recur with at least the same intensity but may entail much greater damage because of increased human occupation in the sectors concerned: the flooding submerges zones which are much more urbanized than they were in the nineteenth century. Whether prevention measures are taken depends on the level of risk which the populations concerned are prepared to accept. These measures should be associated with spatial and temporal forecasts and preceded by an analysis of the processes for these phenomena to be fully understood. In order to remove the ambiguities and the inaccuracies of terminology that are observed all too often, it is necessary in the first instance to define ‘geomorphic hazards and natural risks’, particularly in terms of the notions of risk, hazards, and vulnerability.


2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 198-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcel Hanegraaff ◽  
Andrea Pritoni

Although many interest groups work together perpetually, most academic studies agree that coalition formation does not lead to more influence. In this article, we try to explain these puzzling findings. While former research generally tends to frame the decision of forming an interest group coalition as a strength, in this paper, we argue that coalition building should be considered as a ‘weapon of the weak’. Interest groups fearing that they are insufficiently influential, and whose very existence as an organisation is at risk, are more likely to coalesce. This theoretical framework is tested on a sample of around 3000 interest groups in six European countries – Belgium, Italy, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Slovenia and Sweden – and the European Union. Empirical findings clearly demonstrate that perceived fears – oriented towards both organisational survival and policy influence – have an effect on how likely it is that an interest group will decide to build a coalition.


2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arjan D. Uilenreef

Summary Embassies of the Netherlands within the European Union operate in another political and diplomatic environment than Dutch embassies in other parts of the world. There is a lack of comprehensive studies on the change dynamics of bilateral diplomacy within the EU. This article aims to contribute to the study of intra-EU diplomacy by looking at one of the key tasks of embassies abroad, namely reporting back to the capital. An analysis of the addressees, the type of reporting, and the interlocutors of embassy staff across Europe, reveals characteristics of the work of representations in a ‘post-Westphalian’ order. The results show that the diplomatic environment of Dutch bilateral embassies within the European Union does in several important ways indeed differ from that of Dutch embassies outside the Union.


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