scholarly journals Imaging of microglial activation in MS using PET: Research use and potential future clinical application

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 496-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Airas ◽  
Eero Rissanen ◽  
Juha Rinne
Keyword(s):  
Complex Disease ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Quantitative Information ◽  
Imaging Biomarkers ◽  
In Vivo Evaluation ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex disease, where several processes can be selected as a target for positron emission topography (PET) imaging. Unlike magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), PET provides specific and quantitative information, and unlike neuropathology, it can be non-invasively applied to living patients, which enables longitudinal follow-up of the MS pathology. In the study of MS, PET can be useful for in vivo evaluation of specific pathological characteristics at various stages of the disease. Increased understanding of the progressive MS pathology will enhance the treatment options of this undertreated condition. The ultimate goal of developing and expanding PET in the study of MS is to have clinical non-invasive in vivo imaging biomarkers of neuroinflammation that will help to establish prognosis and accurately measure response to therapeutics. This topical review provides an overview of the promises and challenges of the use of PET in MS.

scholarly journals Imaging biomarkers in neurodegeneration: current and future practices

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter N. E. Young ◽  
Mar Estarellas ◽  
Emma Coomans ◽  
Meera Srikrishna ◽  
Helen Beaumont ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽  
Imaging Biomarkers ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
Multimodal Analysis ◽  
The Past ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
University College London ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
The University

AbstractThere is an increasing role for biological markers (biomarkers) in the understanding and diagnosis of neurodegenerative disorders. The application of imaging biomarkers specifically for the in vivo investigation of neurodegenerative disorders has increased substantially over the past decades and continues to provide further benefits both to the diagnosis and understanding of these diseases. This review forms part of a series of articles which stem from the University College London/University of Gothenburg course “Biomarkers in neurodegenerative diseases”. In this review, we focus on neuroimaging, specifically positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), giving an overview of the current established practices clinically and in research as well as new techniques being developed. We will also discuss the use of machine learning (ML) techniques within these fields to provide additional insights to early diagnosis and multimodal analysis.

scholarly journals PET Metabolic Biomarkers for Cancer

2016 ◽  
Vol 8s2 ◽  
pp. BIC.S27483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Etienne Croteau ◽  
Jennifer M. Renaud ◽  
Marie Anne Richard ◽  
Terrence D. Ruddy ◽  
François Bénard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pet Imaging ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Imaging Biomarkers ◽  
Substrate Consumption ◽  
Cancer Proliferation ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Pet Radiotracers ◽  
Metabolic Biomarkers

The body's main fuel sources are fats, carbohydrates (glucose), proteins, and ketone bodies. It is well known that an important hallmark of cancer cells is the overconsumption of glucose. Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging using the glucose analog 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) has been a powerful cancer diagnostic tool for many decades. Apart from surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy represent the two main domains for cancer therapy, targeting tumor proliferation, cell division, and DNA replication–-all processes that require a large amount of energy. Currently, in vivo clinical imaging of metabolism is performed almost exclusively using PET radiotracers that assess oxygen consumption and mechanisms of energy substrate consumption. This paper reviews the utility of PET imaging biomarkers for the detection of cancer proliferation, vascularization, metabolism, treatment response, and follow-up after radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and chemotherapy-related side effects.

scholarly journals Prostate Cancer Radiogenomics—From Imaging to Molecular Characterization

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (18) ◽  
pp. 9971
Author(s):  
Matteo Ferro ◽  
Ottavio de Cobelli ◽  
Mihai Dorin Vartolomei ◽  
Giuseppe Lucarelli ◽  
Felice Crocetto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Imaging Biomarkers ◽  
Clinical Value ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Molecular Features ◽  
Specific Organ ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Automated Algorithms

Radiomics and genomics represent two of the most promising fields of cancer research, designed to improve the risk stratification and disease management of patients with prostate cancer (PCa). Radiomics involves a conversion of imaging derivate quantitative features using manual or automated algorithms, enhancing existing data through mathematical analysis. This could increase the clinical value in PCa management. To extract features from imaging methods such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the empiric nature of the analysis using machine learning and artificial intelligence could help make the best clinical decisions. Genomics information can be explained or decoded by radiomics. The development of methodologies can create more-efficient predictive models and can better characterize the molecular features of PCa. Additionally, the identification of new imaging biomarkers can overcome the known heterogeneity of PCa, by non-invasive radiological assessment of the whole specific organ. In the future, the validation of recent findings, in large, randomized cohorts of PCa patients, can establish the role of radiogenomics. Briefly, we aimed to review the current literature of highly quantitative and qualitative results from well-designed studies for the diagnoses, treatment, and follow-up of prostate cancer, based on radiomics, genomics and radiogenomics research.

scholarly journals How to Modulate Tumor Hypoxia for Preclinical In Vivo Imaging Research

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sven De Bruycker ◽  
Christel Vangestel ◽  
Steven Staelens ◽  
Tim Van den Wyngaert ◽  
Sigrid Stroobants
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Hypoxia ◽  
Imaging Biomarkers ◽  
Tumor Aggressiveness ◽  
Poor Clinical Outcome ◽  
The Past ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Cancer Models ◽  
Imaging Research

Tumor hypoxia is related with tumor aggressiveness, chemo- and radiotherapy resistance, and thus a poor clinical outcome. Therefore, over the past decades, every effort has been made to develop strategies to battle the negative prognostic influence of tumor hypoxia. For appropriate patient selection and follow-up, noninvasive imaging biomarkers such as positron emission tomography (PET) radiolabeled ligands are unprecedentedly needed. Importantly, before being able to implement these new therapies and potential biomarkers into the clinical setting, preclinical in vivo validation in adequate animal models is indispensable. In this review, we provide an overview of the different attempts that have been made to create differential hypoxic in vivo cancer models with a particular focus on their applicability in PET imaging studies.

The importance of longitudinal cohort studies in understanding risk and protective factors for dementia

2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 541-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
John T. O’Brien
Keyword(s):  
Protective Factors ◽  
Risk And Protective Factors ◽  
Functional Brain Imaging ◽  
Imaging Biomarkers ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Β Amyloid ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Clinical Diagnostic Criteria

As readers of this journal will be well aware, the last decade has witnessed a transformation in our understanding of the pathophysiology of dementias, perhaps most especially Alzheimer's disease (AD), as well as a much greater understanding of the undoubtedly complex and multifactorial etiology of the AD process. An increasing number of genetic risk and protective factors have been identified, as well as potentially modifiable risk factors, including vascular factors such as hypertension and exercise, education, lifestyle, and nutrition. In parallel, there has been considerable progress in developing and validating biomarkers for AD and other dementias. These have transformed the landscape for research, allowing in vivo patient stratification according to pathology, and now have fed through to inform our clinical diagnostic criteria. Particular examples include imaging biomarkers such as characteristic atrophy patterns on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), hypoperfusion/hypometabolism on functional brain imaging, increased cortical amyloid uptake on positron emission tomography (PET), as well as CSF alterations in tau and β-amyloid. Several changes in blood have also been shown, including altered inflammatory markers, which may prove to be important biomarkers in the future.

scholarly journals Non-Invasive in vivo Imaging in Small Animal Research

2006 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 127-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Koo ◽  
P. W. Hamilton ◽  
K. Williamson
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Small Animal ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Small Animal Models ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Animal Care ◽  
In Vitro Data

Non-invasive real time in vivo molecular imaging in small animal models has become the essential bridge between in vitro data and their translation into clinical applications. The tremendous development and technological progress, such as tumour modelling, monitoring of tumour growth and detection of metastasis, has facilitated translational drug development. This has added to our knowledge on carcinogenesis. The modalities that are commonly used include Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Computed Tomography (CT), Positron Emission Tomography (PET), bioluminescence imaging, fluorescence imaging and multi-modality imaging systems. The ability to obtain multiple images longitudinally provides reliable information whilst reducing animal numbers. As yet there is no one modality that is ideal for all experimental studies. This review outlines the instrumentation available together with corresponding applications reported in the literature with particular emphasis on cancer research. Advantages and limitations to current imaging technology are discussed and the issues concerning small animal care during imaging are highlighted.

scholarly journals Clinical application of pet

2005 ◽  
Vol 48 (spe2) ◽  
pp. 179-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Lomeña ◽  
Marina Soler
Keyword(s):  
Structural Information ◽  
Imaging Modality ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Efficiency Ratio ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Pet Ct ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri

Positron emission tomography (PET) is an imaging modality that gives information on tissue metabolism and functionalism, different from other imaging techniques like computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which provide anatomical or structural information. PET has reached its development in biomedical research because of its capacity to use analogous compounds of many endogenous substance as tracers, and to measure, in vivo and in a non-invasive way, their consumption by the different organs and tissues of the mammalian body. Fluordeoxyglucose-F18 (FDG) PET has been proven to be a tracer adequate for clinical use in oncology and in many neurological diseases, with an excellent cost-efficiency ratio. The current PET-CT scanners can come to be the best tools for exploring patients who suffer from cancer.

scholarly journals Non-invasive diagnostics in fossils - Magnetic Resonance Imaging of pathological belemnites

2005 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Mietchen ◽  
H. Keupp ◽  
B. Manz ◽  
F. Volke
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Clinical Diagnostics ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Invasive Diagnostics

Abstract. For more than a decade, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) has been routinely employed in clinical diagnostics because it allows non-invasive studies of anatomical structures and physiological processes in vivo and to differentiate between healthy and pathological states, particularly of soft tissue. Here, we demonstrate that MRI can likewise be applied to fossilized biological samples and help in elucidating paleopathological and paleoecological questions: Five anomalous guards of Jurassic and Cretaceous belemnites are presented along with putative paleopathological diagnoses directly derived from 3D MR images with microscopic resolution. Syn vivo deformities of both the mineralized internal rostrum and the surrounding former soft tissue can be traced back in part to traumatic events of predator-prey-interactions, and partly to parasitism. Besides, evidence is presented that the frequently observed anomalous apical collar might be indicative of an inflammatory disease. These findings highlight the potential of Magnetic Resonance techniques for further paleontological applications.

scholarly journals Perspectives on the Role of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) for Noninvasive Evaluation of Diabetic Kidney Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2461
Author(s):  
José María Mora-Gutiérrez ◽  
María A. Fernández-Seara ◽  
Rebeca Echeverria-Chasco ◽  
Nuria Garcia-Fernandez
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Diabetic Kidney Disease ◽  
Imaging Biomarkers ◽  
Major Advance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Diabetic Kidney ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri

Renal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques are currently in vogue, as they provide in vivo information on renal volume, function, metabolism, perfusion, oxygenation, and microstructural alterations, without the need for exogenous contrast media. New imaging biomarkers can be identified using these tools, which represent a major advance in the understanding and study of the different pathologies affecting the kidney. Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is one of the most important diseases worldwide due to its high prevalence and impact on public health. However, its multifactorial etiology poses a challenge for both basic and clinical research. Therefore, the use of novel renal MRI techniques is an attractive step forward in the comprehension of DKD, both in its pathogenesis and in its detection and surveillance in the clinical practice. This review article outlines the most promising MRI techniques in the study of DKD, with the purpose of stimulating their clinical translation as possible tools for the diagnosis, follow-up, and monitoring of the clinical impacts of new DKD treatments.

scholarly journals In Vivo Imaging of Biodegradable Implants and Related Tissue Biomarkers

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 2348
Author(s):  
Leon Riehakainen ◽  
Chiara Cavallini ◽  
Paolo Armanetti ◽  
Daniele Panetta ◽  
Davide Caramella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Imaging Modality ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Tissue Remodelling ◽  
Biodegradable Implant ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Longitudinal Imaging

Non-invasive longitudinal imaging of osseointegration of bone implants is essential to ensure a comprehensive, physical and biochemical understanding of the processes related to a successful implant integration and its long-term clinical outcome. This study critically reviews the present imaging techniques that may play a role to assess the initial stability, bone quality and quantity, associated tissue remodelling dependent on implanted material, implantation site (surrounding tissues and placement depth), and biomarkers that may be targeted. An updated list of biodegradable implant materials that have been reported in the literature, from metal, polymer and ceramic categories, is provided with reference to the use of specific imaging modalities (computed tomography, positron emission tomography, ultrasound, photoacoustic and magnetic resonance imaging) suitable for longitudinal and non-invasive imaging in humans. The advantages and disadvantages of the single imaging modality are discussed with a special focus on preclinical imaging for biodegradable implant research. Indeed, the investigation of a new implant commonly requires histological examination, which is invasive and does not allow longitudinal studies, thus requiring a large number of animals for preclinical testing. For this reason, an update of the multimodal and multi-parametric imaging capabilities will be here presented with a specific focus on modern biomaterial research.

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