From textual orality to oral textuality: The case of voice queries

Author(s):  
Oren Soffer

This study analyzes the phenomenon of digital voice search queries against the background of the fluid and changing balance in the orality–literacy osmosis of different historical eras. In attempting to theoretically conceptualize the unique oral characteristics of this new digital feature, this article argues that as the result of technological considerations, voice querying manifests an attempt to discipline oral words – to pronounce them while thinking of their written form. The article also considers the oxymoron of ‘looking up’ information through spoken words; the effect of an interface that stresses the use of the oral words as an event; the devocalization of queries, as they transform into a written form; and the implications of browsing the Internet through oral word searches, especially for young children. It concludes that the integration of these oral features can be explained by the affordances of digital media on the one hand and the ‘revival’ of intuitive preprint features attempting to ease the cognitive demands of print culture on the other hand.

Author(s):  
Francis L.F. Lee ◽  
Joseph M. Chan

Chapter 8 discusses the impact of digital media on collective memory. The chapter examines both the positive and negative impact of digital and social media. On the one hand, the analysis notes how digital media provided the channels for memory mobilization and the archives for memory transmission. On the other hand, the analysis examines the problematics of memory balkanization. It explicates how political forces have shaped the development of digital and social media in Hong Kong and how competing representations of the Tiananmen Incident and commemoration activities are articulated and reinforced within distinctive memory silos.


2019 ◽  

There has hardly been any other development that has changed our everyday lives as significantly as digitalisation, and there is hardly anything as commonplace as neighbourship. Despite the links between these two concepts growing, they have been neglected in social science research in Germany so far. The prevailing sentiment is that the Internet and social media sites have no connection to the real world, but there are countless neighbourship groups on Facebook, Twitter hashtags named after neighbourhoods or entire websites, such as ‘nebenan.de’, which endeavour to strengthen local community bonds through digital means. In short, the social developments in this respect are already considerably more advanced than the knowledge that exists about it. This anthology makes a fundamental contribution to the sociological debate on digitalisation and neighbourship by aiming to provide an overview of the relationship between digitalisation and neighbourship on the one hand, and open up avenues for further research on the other. It therefore examines and systematises attempts to strengthen local community bonds using digital media from different perspectives.


Author(s):  
Ana Clara Lima Rodrigues

Considerando-se o letramento e sua relação com as mídias digitais, entendendo que essa discussão tem encontrado espaço no uso da internet e na multimodalidade contemporânea, são necessárias as investigações acerca do letramento nas escolas e as possibilidades de utilização das tecnologias, o que justifica social e academicamente este trabalho. Assim, o presente artigo objetivou apontar possiblidades de uso das mídias e tecnologias digitais em sala de aula como ferramenta auxiliar na construção do conhecimento, partindo da aplicabilidade do Stop Motion. A metodologia utilizada é qualitativa, na medida em que, primeiro, explora, bibliograficamente, informações trazidas por diversos estudiosos dos campos de conhecimento abordados; e, em segundo lugar, realizou-se uma oficina com professores, na intenção de duplicar a metodologia de utilização do Stop Motion. Além disso, foram respondidos questionários pelos participantes da oficina, cujas respostas aportam um panorama em torno da problematização aqui apresentada. Os resultados da realização da oficina foram satisfatórios, haja vista que trouxeram um novo horizonte para os educadores, além de ter levantado entre eles discussões em torno da utilização das novas tecnologias em sala de aula como suporte no desenvolvimento autônomo dos estudantes, em suas relações com a construção do conhecimento e do pensamento crítico. Concluiu-se que, por um lado, o uso das tecnologias ainda é moderado e, muitas vezes, visto como um mecanismo de ilustração, não como formador do sujeito; e, por outro lado, que a técnica de Stop Motion é aplicável e não envolve problemas incontornáveis enquanto suporte e incentivo à investigação autônoma dos alunos. Palavras-chave: Educação. Multimodalidade. Tecnologias. Letramento. AbstractConsidering literacy and its relationship with digital media, understanding that this discussion has found space in the internet and in contemporary multimodality, it is necessary to investigate literacy in schools and the possibilities of using technologies, which justifies the elaboration of this work socially and academically. Thus, the present article aimed to point out possibilities of using digital media and technologies in the classroom as an auxiliary tool in the construction of knowledge, starting from the applicability of Stop Motion. The methodology used is qualitative in the means that, first, it explores, bibliographically, information brought by several authors from the fields of knowledge addressed; and, secondly, a workshop was held with teachers, with the intention of duplicate the methodology of using Stop Motion. In addition, questionnaires were answered by workshop participants, whose answers provide an overview of the problem presented here. The results of the workshop were satisfactory, as they brought a new horizon for the educators, besides having raised among them discussions about the use of the new technologies in the classroom as support in the autonomous development of the students, in their relations with the construction of knowledge and critical thinking. It was concluded that, on the one hand, the use of technologies is still moderate and often seen as a mechanism of illustration, not as a person trainer; and, on the other hand, that the Stop Motion technique is applicable and does not involve inescapable problems as support and encouragement for the students' autonomous research. Keywords: Education. Multimodality. Technologies. Literacy.


Author(s):  
U. Peter

The accessible design of e-government ensures that these offers can also be used by people with disabilities (accessibility). Moreover, experience shows that clarity and comprehensibility of the offers benefit from their careful and deliberate design and structuring while keeping in mind accessibility requirements. Therefore, accessibility is useful for all citizens who want to attend to their administrative issues via the Internet (universal design). Accessibility as a cross-sectional subject has to be considered holistically: On the one hand, following the “universal design” principle, it becomes clear that all users benefit from an accessible solution, independent of their abilities and independent of their situation, environment or conditions. On the other hand, especially in e-government, the complete business process has to be considered: An offer accessible in itself may not be usable if an installation routine or plug-in has to be loaded from a non-accessible page or if the work procedure involves a media break.


Author(s):  
Mariateresa Garrido

To be a journalist in Venezuela is very dangerous. In the past decade, there has been an increase of attacks against media and their personnel. On the one hand, attacks against journalists include harassment (physical, digital, legal), illegal detentions, kidnapping, and assassination. On the other hand, digital media have experienced blockages (DNS), internet shutdowns and slow-downs, failures in the connection, and restrictions to access internet-based platforms and content. Since 2014, the situation is deteriorating and limitations to exercise the right to freedom of expression have increased. However, this issue remains understudied; hence, this chapter considers primary and secondary data to analyze the types of limitations experienced by Venezuelan digital journalists from 2014 to 2018, explains the effects of ambiguous regulations and the use of problematic interpretations, and describes the inadequacies of national policies to promote freedom of the press.


Author(s):  
Sam Alexander

The internet safe harbour created by section 230 of the Communications Decency Act has been described as one of the laws that built Silicon Valley. Australia does not have an equivalent law. The closest available is clause 91(1) of schedule 5 of the Broadcasting Services Act 1992 (Cth) (BSA Immunity), a law described by the NSW Department of Justice as of limited ‘utility'. The purpose of this chapter is to conduct a comparative analysis of section 230 and the BSA Immunity. On the one hand, the chapter seeks to outline how section 230 has helped develop some of the world's most successful platforms while, on the other hand, the chapter argues that the BSA Immunity's lack of utility has had a ‘chilling effect' on internet businesses in Australia. Following this comparison, the chapter discusses potential reforms to the BSA Immunity, which could assist in the development of future Australian start-ups.


Author(s):  
Anastasiya O. Drozdova ◽  
◽  
Vladimir V. Petrov ◽  

On the Internet, readers of Russian literature create online communities (fandoms), in which users experiment with classical literature and construct their own versions of source texts. Although each separate fandom is dedicated to a particular classical work, authors (ficwriters) compare different classical texts and construct a common artistic space based on those. The article deals with the content and boundaries of the online corpus of amateur works based on Russian classical literature. The research subject is fanfics in which artistic worlds of several classical works are combined (crossovers). There are distinguished two forms of modeling a common artistic space in fandoms dedicated to Russian classical literature: 1) through the character's outlook and transformation of the traditional loci; 2) through the narrator’s outlook and creation of an unstable space. The first form involves separating space into ‘public’ and ‘intimate’; the second form is based on the division of space into ‘sacred’ and ‘ordinary’. To describe the connection of fanfics based on classical literature but published in different fandoms, we use the concept ‘superfandom’, which is a corpus of fanfics based on different classical works where texts are united by the types of transformation of original sources and by common strategies of readers’ reception. This binary typology of space reflects the features of perception of Russian classical literature in communities originally created by popular literature fans. On the one hand, ficwriters regard classical literature as an object of honoring; on the other hand, they use the poetics of space from different classical sources to show their own artistic preferences, including acceptance or rejection of Russian classical literature.


Author(s):  
JAKUB CZOPEK

Jakub Czopek, Opowieść transmedialna jako przykład kreacyjnych możliwości fandomu [Transmedia story as an example of creative possibilities of fandom]. Interdyscyplinarne Konteksty Pedagogiki Specjalnej, nr 23, Poznań 2018. Pp. 191-202. Adam Mickiewicz University Press. ISSN 2300-391X. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14746/ikps.2018.23.11 The subject of the article is the creative activity of fan communities (fandom), with particular emphasis on the transmedia storytelling, i.e. the story told simultaneously within various media. The development of the Internet in the Web 2.0 formula has opened a number of possibilities for the creation of fandoms centered around a particular series, movies, books or games. The main manifestations of the activity of these groups can be reduced on the one hand to analyzing and commenting on a given text of culture, and on the other hand, to develop it, by adding new stories, often using other medium than the one originally used.


Author(s):  
Poorna Mysoor

This chapter describes certain fundamental aspects of applying implied licences to the internet. It begins by dividing the content on the internet between, on the one hand, that which is placed by or with the consent of the copyright owner and, on the other hand, that which is placed on the internet without the copyright owner’s consent. In the former category, it also examines the consequences of placing terms of use in relation to the content on the internet. This facilitates an orderly analysis since the bases on which a licence may be implied will differ, as also the arguments presented in support of these two categories. This classification is essential also because it lays the common structure and foundation to address browsing, hyperlinking, and indexing in each of the successive chapters.


2020 ◽  
pp. 219-239
Author(s):  
Iris Berent

Woody Allen has famously said he is not afraid of dying; he just doesn’t want to be there when it happens. It’s no wonder his words struck a chord—“not being” is a scary proposition. Yet many Americans believe that their psyches will persist after the demise of their bodies. And it’s not only religious devotees who believe in the afterlife; young children say the same, and so do adults and children in other societies, including even those who are self-described “extinctivists.” Our afterlife beliefs, however, are remarkably inconsistent. On the one hand, we state that some aspects of our minds are immaterial, inasmuch as they survive our bodies. But on the other hand, we believe that some of these seemingly immaterial properties of the dead act like matter; for example, they are contagious, much like germs or excrement. Chapter 14 considers our views of what happens once we are no more. We will see that the collision between Dualism and Essentialism—the twin forces that stir up our misconceptions about our origins—are also responsible for these mistaken beliefs about our demise.


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