Social life and social death: Inclusion, ostracism, and rejection in groups

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 693-706 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric D. Wesselmann ◽  
Kipling D. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Social Experiences ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Social Death ◽  
Social Animals ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Primary Focus

Humans are social animals and they depend upon social relationships to fortify their physical and psychological well-being. Various types of social experiences can threaten these relationships, making individuals feel excluded: separated from others physically or emotionally. Social exclusion experiences can be further broken down into two subcategories: rejection- and ostracism-based experiences. We provide a brief summary of the research on social exclusion, rejection, and ostracism, focusing particularly on theory and research on ostracism, given that is the primary focus of our research programs. We close with some key suggestions on how future research on different types of social exclusion can become increasingly integrated theoretically.

scholarly journals Selective suppression of rapid eye movement sleep increases next-day negative affect and amygdala responses to social exclusion

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert W. Glosemeyer ◽  
Susanne Diekelmann ◽  
Werner Cassel ◽  
Karl Kesper ◽  
Ulrich Koehler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Affect ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Neural Processes ◽  
Neural Underpinnings

Abstract Healthy sleep, positive general affect, and the ability to regulate emotional experiences are fundamental for well-being. In contrast, various mental disorders are associated with altered rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, negative affect, and diminished emotion regulation abilities. However, the neural processes mediating the relationship between these different phenomena are still not fully understood. In the present study of 42 healthy volunteers, we investigated the effects of selective REM sleep suppression (REMS) on general affect, as well as on feelings of social exclusion, cognitive reappraisal (CRA) of emotions, and their neural underpinnings. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging we show that, on the morning following sleep suppression, REMS increases general negative affect, enhances amygdala responses and alters its functional connectivity with anterior cingulate cortex during passively experienced experimental social exclusion. However, we did not find effects of REMS on subjective emotional ratings in response to social exclusion, their regulation using CRA, nor on functional amygdala connectivity while participants employed CRA. Our study supports the notion that REM sleep is important for affective processes, but emphasizes the need for future research to systematically investigate how REMS impacts different domains of affective experience and their neural correlates, in both healthy and (sub-)clinical populations.

scholarly journals IMPLICATIONS OF RELATIONSHIPS WITH FAMILY, FRIENDS, AND NEIGHBORS FOR WOMEN'S WELL-BEING IN LATE LIFE

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S213-S213
Author(s):  
Heather Fuller ◽  
Heather Fuller ◽  
Masahiro Toyama
Keyword(s):  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Social Network ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Hierarchical Regression ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Younger Women ◽  
The Social ◽  
Aging Study ◽  
Lower Life Satisfaction

Abstract Social support is well documented as promoting women’s well-being across the lifespan, yet implications vary depending on the source and type of support. The present study examined whether relationships with family, friends, and neighbors (both satisfaction with and number in social network) affected well-being over two years. Midwestern women (N=188, mean age = 80) were sampled from two waves of the Social Integration and Aging Study (2013, 2015). Hierarchical regression models indicated that satisfaction with friends predicted better life satisfaction, but satisfaction with family and neighbors did not predict well-being. In contrast, number of neighbors in social network predicted lower life satisfaction and greater stress, while number of family and friends were not associated with well-being. Moreover, differential effects emerged between older and younger women. Findings highlight unique facets of older women’s social relationships and suggest that future research and interventions addressing age and the source of support are warranted.

scholarly journals Coping with peer aggression and bullying: Antecedents, processes, and outcomes.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon C. Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Coping Strategies ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Emotional Reactions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Peer Aggression ◽  
Psychological Well Being ◽  
Coping Process ◽  
Challenge Control ◽  
Different Types

Conflicting results from published school-based anti-bullying initiatives have prompted psychologists to suggest that advances in tackling bullying will rely upon developing a greater understanding of the psychological processes underpinning bullying behaviour. This thesis aimed to address this issue by attempting to clarify the coping processes engaged in by pupils experiencing peer aggression or bullying. In order to achieve this aim, pupils’ use of coping strategies was examined within a transactional coping framework, where coping was conceptualised as a dynamic interaction between the person and their environment. Participants were 837 pupils (318 P5s, 306 S1s, 213 S2s; 48.4% male) attending mainstream Primary and Secondary schools in Scotland. Pupils completed a range of measures, at five different points in time, over a period of approximately 18 months. Variables measured at more than one data point included victimisation, appraisals (threat, challenge, control), coping strategy use, and psychological well-being (depression, self-esteem). Variables measured once included sociometric status of P5 pupils, self-efficacy of S1 and S2 pupils, bullying behaviour and emotional reaction to peer aggression.Five separate studies are reported, each focusing on a different aspect of the coping process: the stability and persistence of bullying; how pupils cope with different types of bullying; how pupils’ appraisals, emotions and coping strategies are related; the self-efficacy and hostile attribution biases of pupils involved in bully-victim problems; and the efficacy of coping strategies for maintaining psychological well-being and preventing subsequent bullying. Findings support the utility of the transactional coping model for examining coping among bullied pupils, and highlight the need to incorporate appraisals of, and emotional reactions to, bullying when researching coping responses. Furthermore, results indicate that different types of bullying are coped with in different ways, and that a “vicious circle” may operate where by victimisation leads to further victimisation. Such findings are discussed in relation to their potential impact upon future intervention strategies, while suggestions for future research examining pupils’ coping strategies are also considered.

Reducing Loneliness with an Interactive Live Video Intervention: Experiment (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin T. Kaveladze ◽  
Robert R. Morris ◽  
Rosa Victoria Dimitrova-Gammeltoft ◽  
Amit Goldenberg ◽  
James J. Gross ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Initial Study ◽  
Social Experiences ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Live Video ◽  
Interactive Control ◽  
Study Materials ◽  
Psychosocial Wellbeing ◽  
Interactive Experience

BACKGROUND Loneliness, especially when chronic, can substantially reduce one’s quality of life. Positive social experiences might help to break cycles of loneliness by promoting more prosocial cognitions and behaviors. Internet-mediated live video communication platforms (eg, Zoom and Twitch) may offer an engaging and accessible medium to deliver such positive social experiences to people at scale. Despite their widespread use, there is a lack of research into how these newer platforms’ socially interactive elements affect loneliness-related aspects of users’ psychosocial well-being. OBJECTIVE We aimed to experimentally evaluate whether a socially interactive live video experience improved loneliness-related outcomes to a greater extent than a non-interactive control experience. METHODS We recruited participants from an online survey recruitment platform and assigned half to participate in a socially interactive live video experience with strangers and the other half to a non-interactive control experience that was designed to be identical in all other regards. Participants completed several baseline measures of psychosocial wellbeing, participated in an hour-long live video experience, and then completed some of the baseline measures again. Four weeks later, we followed up with participants to evaluate their change in trait loneliness since baseline. We pre-registered our hypotheses and analysis plan and provide our data, analysis code, and study materials online. RESULTS 249 participants completed the initial study and met inclusion criteria, 199 of whom also completed the 4-week follow-up. Consistent with our predictions, we found that directly after the more socially interactive experience, participants’ feelings of connectedness increased more (p<.001), positive affect increased more (p=.002), feelings of loneliness decreased more (p<.001), social threat decreased more (p=.006), and negative affect decreased more (p=.003) than they did after the less interactive experience. However, the extent of change in trait loneliness between baseline and 4 weeks later did not differ between conditions (p=.853). Future research is needed to examine how these effects might generalize across different contexts and populations, particularly in instances where participants have an expectation of future interaction. CONCLUSIONS Including socially interactive components in live video experiences can improve loneliness-related psychosocial outcomes for a short time. Future work should explore how these benefits can be leveraged towards longer-term prosociality.

Introduction: Themed Section on Exploring Multiple Exclusion Homelessness

2011 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 495-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Dwyer ◽  
Peter Somerville
Keyword(s):  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Homeless People ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Life Chances ◽  
Meaningful Involvement ◽  
The Welfare State

Many of New Labour's welfare initiatives were underpinned by a stated desire to combat social exclusion among disadvantaged sections of the population. Allied to this, a commitment to end street homelessness/rough sleeping was an enduring feature of their term in office (for example SEU, 1998; DCLG, 2008). Of course, concerns about social exclusion predate New Labour, and a lack of meaningful involvement in many key areas of wider social life (for example, democratic and legal systems, the labour market, the welfare state, familial and (local) community networks) have long been identified as symptomatic of social exclusion (Commins, 1993). Previous research has also noted that homelessness rarely occurs in isolation and that many homeless people often carry with them a variety of other problems and experiences. It is clear that many homeless people experience ‘exclusion across more than one domain or dimension of disadvantage, resulting in severe negative consequences for [their] quality of life, well-being and future life chances’ (Levitas et al., 2007: 9), and, as such, can be viewed as experiencing multiple and/or deep social exclusion. This situation has been recognised by Carter (2007) who, noting a lack of resources, rights and opportunities, adopts the phrase ‘multiple exclusion homelessness’ (MEH) as a shorthand term to characterise the reality of many homeless peoples’ lives.

Mindfulness and Motivation: A Process View Using Self-Determination Theory

2021 ◽  
pp. 096372142110095
Author(s):  
Richard M. Ryan ◽  
James N. Donald ◽  
Emma L. Bradshaw
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
Self Determination Theory ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Fields Of Study ◽  
Process View ◽  
Different Types

Mindfulness and motivation are both highly researched topics of great consequence for individual and social wellness. Using the lens of self-determination theory, we review evidence indicating that mindfulness is differentially related to different types of motivations, playing a facilitating role for highly autonomous forms of motivation, but not for externally controlled or introjected (self-controlling) forms of motivation. A key contribution of this review is our contention that mindfulness confers a range of intra- and interindividual benefits (e.g., well-being and prosociality) in part through its relation to autonomous motivations, a claim for which we outline preliminary evidence. Finally, we discuss how future research connecting mindfulness and motivation is important for both fields of study, for applied practices in areas such as psychotherapy and business, and for enhancing understanding of the processes underlying human wellness.

scholarly journals Critical incidents in the development of (multi)ethnic-racial identity: Experiences of individuals with mixed ethnic-racial backgrounds in the U.S.

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 1653-1672
Author(s):  
Megan E. Cardwell ◽  
Jordan Soliz ◽  
Lisa J. Crockett ◽  
Gretchen L. Bergquist
Keyword(s):  
Racial Identity ◽  
Identity Development ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Critical Incidents ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
Development Models ◽  
Optimal Outcomes ◽  
The U.S

Secure ethnic-racial identity (ERI) is tied to well-being, especially for minority individuals; however, there is still little consensus on the key processes and optimal outcomes of various multiethnic-racial (ME-R; i.e., individuals with parents from different ethnic-racial groups) identity development models. In this study, we examine the critical incidents in personal and social relationships that are central to ME-R identity development. Twenty-nine ME-R individuals provided retrospective accounts of incidents and conversations they self-perceived to be critical to their ERI development. Four major themes emerged: incidents and conversations surrounding intergroup contact, confrontation, heritage, and appearance were all recalled as critical to ME-R identity development. These findings highlight the importance of studying the ways that ERI is constituted through interaction with others. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.

scholarly journals On the promotion of human flourishing

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (31) ◽  
pp. 8148-8156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tyler J. VanderWeele
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Biomedical Sciences ◽  
Human Flourishing ◽  
The Social ◽  
Mental And Physical Health ◽  
Specific Disease State

Many empirical studies throughout the social and biomedical sciences focus only on very narrow outcomes such as income, or a single specific disease state, or a measure of positive affect. Human well-being or flourishing, however, consists in a much broader range of states and outcomes, certainly including mental and physical health, but also encompassing happiness and life satisfaction, meaning and purpose, character and virtue, and close social relationships. The empirical literature from longitudinal, experimental, and quasiexperimental studies is reviewed in attempt to identify major determinants of human flourishing, broadly conceived. Measures of human flourishing are proposed. Discussion is given to the implications of a broader conception of human flourishing, and of the research reviewed, for policy, and for future research in the biomedical and social sciences.

scholarly journals Sexuality perceptions of people with schizophrenia: preliminary results in a portuguese sample

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 1438-1438 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.J. Marques ◽  
T. Santos ◽  
C. Queiros
Keyword(s):  
Intimate Relationships ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Sexual Life ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Social Dimensions ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Emotional Intimacy ◽  
Beliefs And Attitudes

IntroductionSexuality is an important dimension of life. To promote the well-being and quality of life of people with Schizophrenia, they must experience their sexuality in healthy ways. However, the lack of studies about this topic makes difficult to develop interventions in this area.AimsUnderstand the knowledge, beliefs and attitudes related with sexuality of schizophrenic individuals.MethodsData were collected using a questionnaire intentionally prepared for this study, with questions related to biologic, emotional and social dimensions of sexuality, evaluating: knowledge, beliefs and attitudes about sexuality; sexual activity; emotional intimacy, friendship and social life. The sample was composed by 35 individuals with Schizophrenia: 83% male and 17% female; mean age 41 years.ResultsThe data revealed that 86% of the sample is single and only 6% have an affective relationship. They have difficulties to have friends, to have a satisfactory social life, and only 20% have a job. Despite the correct knowledge about sexuality, they reveal difficulties in fulfilling emotional or intimate relationships, they feel lonely and unsatisfied about their sexual life. They also feel negative effects of anti-psychotic drugs, often neglected by health professionals, views as non-preoccupied with the quality of the sexual life of the patients.ConclusionsThe sample valorized being asked about their sexuality, revealing that this topic is forgot by the professionals. It seems necessary to develop interventions regarding the sexuality of those individuals. Our future research is to ameliorate the questionnaire, preparing it to be useful when professionals discuss sexuality with schizophrenic individuals.

Rethinking Social Relationships in Adulthood: The Differential Investment of Resources Model

2022 ◽  
pp. 108886832110670
Author(s):  
Oliver Huxhold ◽  
Katherine L. Fiori ◽  
Tim Windsor
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Theoretical Development ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Living Situation ◽  
Social Exchanges ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
The Social ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Time And Energy

Empirical evidence about the development of social relationships across adulthood into late life continues to accumulate, but theoretical development has lagged behind. The Differential Investment of Resources (DIRe) model integrates these empirical advances. The model defines the investment of time and energy into social ties varying in terms of emotional closeness and kinship as the core mechanism explaining the formation and maintenance of social networks. Individual characteristics, acting as capacities, motivations, and skills, determine the amount, direction, and efficacy of the investment. The context (e.g., the living situation) affects the social opportunity structure, the amount of time and energy available, and individual characteristics. Finally, the model describes two feedback loops: (a) social capital affecting the individual’s living situation and (b) different types of ties impacting individual characteristics via social exchanges, social influences, and social evaluations. The proposed model will provide a theoretical basis for future research and hypothesis testing.

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