scholarly journals Ethnic dissimilarity predicts belonging motive frustration and reduced organizational attachment

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 116-138
Author(s):  
Kawon Kim ◽  
Margaret E. Ormiston ◽  
Matthew J. Easterbrook ◽  
Vivian L. Vignoles
Keyword(s):  
Group Membership ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Naturalistic Study ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Student Groups ◽  
Organizational Attachment ◽  
Psychological Mechanisms ◽  
Group Members

Some empirical studies show negative consequences of being demographically different from one’s group, but the underlying psychological mechanisms are not well understood. To address this gap, we investigated the role of the belonging and distinctiveness motives in individuals’ experiences of being ethnically dissimilar from their group. We propose that ethnic dissimilarity satisfies group members’ need for distinctiveness whereas it frustrates members’ need for belonging, and this frustration reduces their organizational attachment. An experimental study showed that ethnic dissimilarity led to heightened arousal of the belonging motive, indicating that this motive was frustrated. In a naturalistic study of real-life student groups, ethnic dissimilarity was associated with frustrated belonging, which in turn was associated with reduced organizational attachment. This paper contributes to the literature on demographic dissimilarity in groups by closely examining the effect of demographic dissimilarity on group members’ fundamental motives and reactions to group membership.

Outcomes of talent management: the role of perceived equity

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amina R. Malik ◽  
Parbudyal Singh
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Talent Management ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Employee Outcomes ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Perceived Equity ◽  
Employee Equity ◽  
Depth Interviews

PurposeTo date, the effects of two approaches – inclusive and exclusive – to talent management (TM) on employee outcomes are largely unexplored. This paper explores the role of perceived equity and theoretically examines the process through which these TM programs impact employee outcomes.Design/methodology/approachThis paper draws on the job demands-resources model and equity theory and proposes a typology of employee outcomes in the context of different approaches to TM.FindingsBased on the theoretical framework, the paper argues that in the context of both inclusive and exclusive TM, perceived equity is a valuable resource that motivates employees and results in favourable outcomes.Research limitations/implicationsFuture empirical studies should test the propositions put forth in this paper. The multilevel research design would allow for an in-depth analysis of organisational contexts, and qualitative studies using in-depth interviews can provide greater insights into employees' experiences and perspectives of TM programs.Practical implicationsThe paper presents implications for managers and human resource (HR) and TM professionals regarding how to get the most out of their TM programs. These implications are important since employee equity perceptions can influence the effectiveness of TM programs.Originality/valueIn this paper, the authors add to the literature by examining the role of employee equity perceptions in the context of inclusive and exclusive TM and to highlight how perceived (in)equity could lead to negative consequences, even among high potential (HiPo) employees.

scholarly journals Intergroup Discrimination in Cooperation Among Moral and Non-Moral Groups

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-33
Author(s):  
Hirotaka Imada ◽  
Daniel Codd ◽  
Daqing Liu
Keyword(s):  
Group Membership ◽  
Moral Values ◽  
Group Cooperation ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Group Member

In-group favouritism is ubiquitous and previous studies have consistently found that individuals cooperate more with in-group members than out-group members in diverse contexts. Yet, there has not been much research on the role of the nature of groups in intergroup cooperation. A recent study found stronger levels of in-group favouritism amongst groups formed on the basis of shared moral values. However, it remained unclear whether the increased favouritism was caused by a greater tendency to act favourably towards the in-group or derogatorily towards the out-group. The present study thus investigated intergroup cooperation among morality-based and non-morality-based groups and examined the levels of cooperation with an in-group member and an out-group member as compared to a person whose group membership was unknown. Regardless of how groups were formed, in-group favouritism was present, while out-group derogation was absent. Furthermore, we found that the shared morality promoted in-group cooperation indirectly via low perceived out-group warmth. Our study provides further evidence that in-group favouring behaviour does not include derogating out-groups and points to the importance of further investigation into the role of the shared morality in intergroup cooperation.

scholarly journals Social Status Affects the Causal Relationship Between Prejudice, Discrimination, Personality, Subjective Well-Being, and Self-Esteem

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Valdece Sousa Bastos ◽  
Víthor Rosa Franco ◽  
Annalisa Myer
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
High Status ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Status Group ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Prejudice And Discrimination

People who repeatedly experience prejudice and discrimination are at greater risk for developing several negative consequences, such as low self-esteem (SE). However, scholars have not explored the role of social status as an important variable for this relationship, and its consequences. The current study is aimed at investigating the role of status on the relationship between self-perceived prejudice and discrimination (SPPD), subjective well-being (SWB), SE, and the Big-Five. In a Brazilian sample (N = 1,130), we found that social status affects the network structure among low- and high-status group members. We also found that not all causal relations are equal between groups, such that the influence of SPPD, SE, and neuroticism is different depending on participants’ social status. Our results demonstrate the importance of accounting for social status when crafting psychological interventions to mitigate the negative effects of prejudice and discrimination and dismantle systems of oppression for low-status group members.

Perceivers exhibit inconsistent biases when assessing pain-related facial movements by sociocultural factors

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Troy C. Dildine ◽  
Carolyn Amir ◽  
Lauren Yvette Atlas
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Sociocultural Factors ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Facial Movements ◽  
Psychological Mechanisms ◽  
Adult Participants ◽  
Assessment And Treatment ◽  
And Gender

Inequities in pain assessment and treatment are well documented; however, the psychological mechanisms underlying such biases are still poorly understood. We investigated potential perceptual biases in the judgments of faces displaying pain-related movements. Across three online studies, 541 adult participants viewed images of computer-generated faces (‘targets’) displaying pain-related facial expressions. Participants (‘perceivers’) rated whether or not a target was in pain, then rated perceived pain intensity of the target on trials rated as painful or perceived emotion on trials rated as non-painful. Target identity was manipulated across participants, and stimuli varied in features related to race (Black and White) and gender (women and men); importantly, we manipulated and matched facial action units associated with pain in empirical studies across stimuli. Contrary to well-documented inequities in the clinic, target race and gender did not consistently affect pain-related judgments. However, on trials rated as painful, participants ascribed greater pain to targets they perceived as most similar to themselves. Further, on trials rated as non-painful, participants categorized women targets as surprised or fearful more often and neutral less often than targets depicting men. Our results suggest a nuanced role of perception that may prime perceivers to see pain in targets most similar to themselves and may prime perceivers to see other emotions in women exhibiting pain-related facial movements; however, these assessments should be extended to clinical contexts to determine if these biases are present in medical providers.

scholarly journals ‘Why didn’t they see my scars?’ Critical thematic analysis of simulated participants’ perceived tensions surrounding objective structured clinical examinations

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mairead Corrigan ◽  
Helen J. Reid ◽  
Pascal P. McKeown
Keyword(s):  
Patient Safety ◽  
Medical Students ◽  
Thematic Analysis ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Clinical Encounters ◽  
Objective Structured Clinical Examinations ◽  
Power And Agency

Abstract Background Simulated participants (SPs) play an important role in simulated assessments of clinical encounters between medical students and patients, most notably in objective structured clinical examinations (OSCEs). SP contributions to OSCEs are invaluable, taking the role of a patient or carer. While SPs in some settings/contexts may rate students, their role has been problematized in the literature for their lack of agency within a standardised format of OSCEs that promotes reliability, objectivity and accountability. In this study, we explored SP experiences for tensions that result from simulated assessments and their potential implications for education. Methods Semi-structured interviews were conducted with seven SPs who were also tasked with providing a global mark for students. They were purposively selected to include women and men of different ages, occupation, education and experience as an SP. The interviews were analysed using a critical thematic analysis using a phenomenological approach. Results SP experiences directly addressed tensions and contradictions around OSCEs. SP participants described their experiences under four themes: industrialising, reducing, performativity and patient safety. OSCEs were compared to an industrial process that promoted efficiency but which bore no resemblance to real-life doctor-patient encounters. They were perceived to have a power and agency that reduced SPs to verbalising scripts to ensure that students were exposed to a standardised simulated experience that also underlined the performative role of SPs as props. These performative and reductionist experiences extended to students, for whom the mark sheet acted as a checklist, promoting standardised responses that lacked genuineness. All of this created a tension for SPs in promoting patient safety by ensuring that those medical students who passed were clinically competent. Conclusions OSCEs often form part of high-stakes exams. As such, they are governed by processes of industrialisation, accountability and standardisation. OSCEs possess a power and agency that can have unintended negative consequences. These include ‘conditioning’ students to adopt behaviours that are not suited to real-life clinical encounters and are not person-centred.

scholarly journals The Role of New Digital Technologies in a Time of Crisis

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (6) ◽  
pp. 95-106
Author(s):  
T. Rovinskaya
Keyword(s):  
Online Education ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Digital Technologies ◽  
World Order ◽  
Disabled Persons ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Current Crisis

Received 26.01.2021. The article investigates the role of new digital technologies during a crisis period on the example of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Considering the methods used by different states to prevent the spread of the virus and its consequences, the author analyzes the advantages of the impelled rapid digitalization, scrutinizes its negative aspects, and discusses perspectives. Although the digital transformation had already been taking place before the pandemic actually started (2019), the current crisis facilitates the unprecedented digitalization breakthrough in all life spheres, which will have delayed consequences. The short-run effects are already obvious: deepening of virtual communication; advancement of electronic document flow systems and online-services (including E-Government, public health service, etc.); virtualization of education, culture, sports, leisure activities; transformation of labour market towards distance employment, an outburst of electronic commerce and services, robot automation in economy; virtualization of political life (online-meetings, online-debates, online-summits, etc.), and, moreover, a transfer of power struggle and geopolitical struggle itself to digital platforms. Greater convenience and effectiveness are the most vivid advantages of digital technologies development, which plays the key role in crisis periods. Better access of disabled persons and people living in geographically remote places to medical aid, education, cultural objects, etc. also belongs to important achievements of the rapid digitalization. At the same time, there are significant negative aspects of this process, both general and specific. The violation of democratic rights and freedoms (primarily, of personal data security and individual privacy) is unavoidable in the light of the necessary “digital control” from the state to contain the spread of infection. Private IT companies participating in the process of the virus spread control due to their products (mobile applications, Internet platforms, etc.) also benefit from access to personal data. Whereas this issue is not central in authoritarian regimes like China, it becomes very challenging for democratic societies of the West. The digitalization of services gives wide room for irregularities and fraud in general. A growing “digital exclusion” is another concern: the greater dependency on technical means excludes certain parts of the population unable to use them for different reasons. An increasing individualization and solitude amid the lacking real-life communication gives rise to complicated psychological issues and mental disorders. Among specific negative side-effects of digitalization there are obstacles in personal electronic verification, worsening in the quality of remote medical assistance and online-education, unemployment growth and smashup of offline-businesses in economy, and some other. The most complicated question of the current crisis and the next “post-COVID” period is how serious the above-mentioned negative consequences of the rapid digitalization will be, to what extent they may devaluate its advantages, what sacrifice will be made by humanity to pay for comfort and effectiveness. Acknowledgements. The article was prepared within the project “Post-Crisis World Order: Challenges and Technologies, Competition and Cooperation” supported by the grant from Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation program for research projects in priority areas of scientific and technological development (Agreement № 075-15-2020-783).

scholarly journals On the Problem of Social Determination of Tool Behavior of Higher Animals: Structure and Features of "Social Contexts”

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 107-116
Author(s):  
E.Y. Fedorovich ◽  
E.E. Sokolova
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Wild Population ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Population Research ◽  
Psychological Mechanisms ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Skilled Group

The article provides a review and critical analysis of recent primate wild population research revealing the significance of social interactions ("social contexts") for the development and maintenance of tool behavior in animals from the perspective of the Vygotsky — Leontiev school. As social contexts, we consider the role of "skilled" group members, primarily maternal individuals, as well as artifacts of animal tool activity. We argue that these new data don’t contradict the main statements of cultural and activity psychology regarding the fundamental differences between the psychological mechanisms underlying the process of social determination of animal and humans tool activity: namely, "skilled" animals, unlike humans, do not teach or encourage intentionally the attempts of naive individuals to develop tool actions, nor form their specific ways of handling tools; young primates do not seek help and support in acquiring and performing these actions. In addition, artifacts are perceived by animals primarily as preferred objects that have certain physical characteristics, for example, for extracting food, in contrast to human children, who adopt socially accepted techniques for handling them.

Estimating Collaboration through Variation in Time Series from Members in Group Works

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Yuto Hattori ◽  
Fumiko Harada ◽  
Hiromitsu Shimakawa
Keyword(s):  
Pulse Wave ◽  
Feasible Solution ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Student Groups ◽  
Self Regulated Learning ◽  
Successful Group ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Pulse Waves ◽  
Better Than

In successful group works, members engage in monitoring where they guess what other members are thinking. Since monitoring promotes self-regulated learning, many teachers try to introduce group works. This paper proposes a method to inform teachers on the fly of the monitoring status of students in group works using inexpensive and less invasive sensors. In the field of education, the method enables a teacher who supervises many student groups to direct their group works to successful ones. The method collects accelerations of multiple body parts and pulse waves from each member using sensors. The method uses the singular spectral transformation (SST) to detect the relative changes of each signal in the course of time. When a significant change takes place, it is considered the members get arousal. The method considers group members engage in monitoring when significant changes appear simultaneously among them. In an experiment to detect successful discussion to integrate ideas from the members into one feasible solution, we have obtained the accuracy of over 0.7. It indicates that the simultaneity of significant changes detected by SST is effective to estimate the monitoring state. In the experiment result, acceleration often worked better than pulse wave signals. It was also found that each member has a different role in the group. The behavior of each member varies with the role of the member. These results show that the method has potential to estimate the monitoring state. They also imply examination of the acceleration of each body parts would enable us to estimate the role of the members. The method allows one teacher to lead many groups to successful group works.

The Extraordinary Relationship between Peacekeeping and Peace

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara F. Walter ◽  
Lise Morje Howard ◽  
V. Page Fortna
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Peacekeeping Operations ◽  
The World ◽  
New Research

Abstract Numerous empirical studies have examined the role of third-party peacekeeping in reducing violence around the world. Their results reveal an extraordinary relationship between peacekeepers and peace, notwithstanding a number of well-known problems. This review article has three goals. The first is to summarize the results of past empirical research to move the debate beyond the question of whether peacekeeping works to the more pressing questions of how, when and why it works. The second is to reveal the limitations of the current quantitative research in order to identify areas in which scholars can make big, new contributions to the field. The final goal is to propose a new research agenda that is heavily evaluative – one that informs policy makers about the specific practices, mission compositions, and mandates that work, and identifies the local, regional, and international conditions that amplify or diminish peacekeeping's effectiveness. This type of research could help reduce the costs of peacekeeping operations, eliminate some of the negative consequences of interventions and save even more lives.

Killing in the Name Of

Hatred ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 157-198
Author(s):  
Berit Brogaard
Keyword(s):  
Group Membership ◽  
Collective Intentionality ◽  
Fake News ◽  
Group Polarization ◽  
Joint Commitment ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Special Case ◽  
Common Target ◽  
As If

This chapter grapples with the nature of group hate and collective hate. Group hate is hate targeted at groups or individuals because of their group membership. Collective hate is hate that a group has toward a common target or that group members have toward a target on behalf of their group. Collective hate is a special case of collective intentionality, the capacity of minds to be jointly directed toward objects, people, values, or goals. Collective hatred requires a joint commitment to hate or to act as if one hates a person or group. After fleshing out the concepts of group hate and collective hate, the chapter looks at the role of propaganda, fake news, and group polarization in securing a joint commitment to hate certain groups or people who belong to those groups.

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