Memoir of Tanzania: Learning about early childhood projects in developing countries

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-90
Author(s):  
Helen Penn
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Colonial Rule ◽  
Colonial History ◽  
Initial Visit ◽  
Low Income Country ◽  
History Of ◽  
Early Childhood Interventions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Looking Back

This article considers the contribution of memoir as a method for understanding complex early childhood issues. It recounts the author’s first visit to Tanzania, a low-income country with a chequered history of independence from colonial rule. The article uses memories from that initial visit to reflect on the changing interpretations of colonial history and early childhood interventions. Looking back, it also considers the impact of that visit on the author’s own work trajectory, as an epiphany which led to new areas of work and conceptualization.

scholarly journals Evaluating the scope and intensity of the conflict trap

2017 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Håvard Hegre ◽  
Håvard Mokleiv Nygård ◽  
Ranveig Flaten Ræder
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Income Country ◽  
Low Income Country ◽  
Internal Armed Conflict ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
The Impact

Several studies show that internal armed conflict breeds conflict by exacerbating conditions that increase the chances of war breaking out again. Empirically, this ‘conflict trap’ works through four pathways: conflicts increase the likelihood of continuation, recurrence, escalation, and diffusion of conflict. Past empirical studies have underestimated the scope and intensity of the conflict trap since they consider the impact of conflict only through one of these pathways and rarely across sufficiently long time periods. This article shows that simulation and forecasting techniques are useful and indeed necessary to quantify the total, aggregated effect of the conflict trap, over long time periods and across countries. We develop a country-year statistical model that allows estimating the probability of no conflict, minor conflict, and major conflict, and the probabilities of transition between these states. A set of variables denoting the immediate and more distant conflict history of the country are used as endogenous predictors in the simulated forecasts. Another set of variables shown to be robustly associated with armed conflict are treated as exogenous predictors. We show that the conflict trap is even more severe than earlier studies have indicated. For instance, if a large low-income country with no previous conflicts is simulated to have two to three years of conflict over the 2015–18 period, we find that it will have nine more years of conflict over the 2019–40 period than if peace holds up to 2018. Conversely, if a large low-income country that has had major conflict with more than 1,000 battle-related deaths in several of the past ten years succeeds in containing violence to minor conflict over the 2015–18 period, we find that it will experience five fewer years of conflict in the subsequent 20 years than if violence continues unabated.

Impact of COVID-19 on FDIs, Remittances and Foreign Aids: A Case Study of Nepal

2021 ◽  
pp. 097639962097420
Author(s):  
Gaurav Bhattarai ◽  
Binita Subedi
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Foreign Assistance ◽  
Foreign Direct Investments ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Low Income Country ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

The global economy has been severely paralysed, owing to the unprecedented crisis triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic, and different studies have indicated that the crisis is relatively more maleficent to the lower-income and middle-income economies. Methodologically, this study relied on the review and analysis of the grey literature, media reporting and data published by the Asian Development Bank, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), United Nations (UN), World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF) among others. The article begins by describing the impact of the pandemic on low-income and middle-income countries, and it discusses how they have responded to the crisis. While discussions have surfaced regarding whether COVID-19 will reverse the process of globalization, what will be its impact on the low-income country like Nepal? The study also highlights that with foreign direct investments speculated to shrink and foreign assistance and remittance taking a hit, how is Nepal struggling to keep its economy afloat? Analysing the new budget that the government unveiled in 2020, this study concludes with a note that instead of effectively implementing the plans and policies directed by the budget, Nepal is unnecessarily engaged in political mess and is needlessly being dragged into the geopolitical complications.

scholarly journals Colonial Values and Asylum Care in Brazil: Reclaiming the Streets Through Carnival in Rio de Janeiro

2020 ◽  
pp. 155-161
Author(s):  
Julia Evangelista ◽  
William A. Fulford
Keyword(s):  
Local Community ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Colonial History ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Mental Well Being ◽  
The City

AbstractThis chapter shows how carnival has been used to counter the impact of Brazil’s colonial history on its asylums and perceptions of madness. Colonisation of Brazil by Portugal in the nineteenth century led to a process of Europeanisation that was associated with dismissal of non-European customs and values as “mad” and sequestration of the poor from the streets into asylums. Bringing together the work of the two authors, the chapter describes through a case study how a carnival project, Loucura Suburbana (Suburban Madness), in which patients in both long- and short-term asylum care play leading roles, has enabled them to “reclaim the streets,” and re-establish their right to the city as valid producers of culture on their own terms. In the process, entrenched stigmas associated with having a history of mental illness in a local community are challenged, and sense of identity and self-confidence can be rebuilt, thus contributing to long-term improvements in mental well-being. Further illustrative materials are available including photographs and video clips.

Challenges for Evidence-Based Care for Children With Developmental Delays in Nicaragua

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 226-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abraham A. Salinas-Miranda ◽  
Eric A. Storch ◽  
Robert Nelson ◽  
Claudia Evans-Baltodano
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Developmental Delays ◽  
Early Childhood Development ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Childhood Development ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Low Income Country ◽  
Evidence Based Care

Evidence of successful models for promoting early childhood development and for effectively addressing developmental delays is available, yet the adoption of evidence-based strategies is limited in low-income countries. Nicaragua, a low-income country on the Central American isthmus, faces policy-, organizational-, and community-level obstacles which prevent families from receiving the benefits of early child development programs as well as other necessary services for children at risk of or with developmental delays. Failing to address developmental delays in a timely manner leads to detrimental social and economic consequences for families and society at large. In this article, we examine existing information on early childhood development in Nicaragua and discuss some programmatic implications for the recognition and early intervention of developmental delays in Nicaragua.

The Impact of a Family History of Breast Cancer on Screening Practices and Attitudes in Low-Income, Rural, African American Women

2003 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 779-787 ◽  
Author(s):  
Delia Smith West ◽  
Paul G. Greene ◽  
Polly P. Kratt ◽  
Leavonne Pulley ◽  
Heidi L. Weiss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
African American ◽  
Family History ◽  
African American Women ◽  
Low Income ◽  
American Women ◽  
Screening Practices ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact

2011 Review of Conditionality - Technical Appendices

Policy Papers ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 (46) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Emerging Market ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Advanced Economy ◽  
Low Income Country ◽  
Credit Line ◽  
Special Drawing ◽  
Special Drawing Rights ◽  
The Impact

This section provides the background studies relating to dimensions of Fund policy on conditionality. Appendix 1 provides a review of Fund experience with coordination, both in a low-income country (LIC) setting (in African programs) and in an emerging market and advanced economy setting in the European Union (EU) and Euro Area (EA). Appendix 2 summarizes the recent changes to debt limits in LICs and provides an assessment of the implementation of this policy in the early stages (up to mid-February 2011). Appendix 3 reviews the experience of countries with the Flexible Credit Line (FCL) and Precautionary Credit Line (PCL)-supported programs. Appendix 4 examines the impact of the 2009 Special Drawing Rights (SDR) allocation on program design

scholarly journals Debt and Economic Growth in South Asia

2001 ◽  
Vol 40 (4II) ◽  
pp. 677-688 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rehana Siddiqui ◽  
Afia Malik
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Income Country ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Low Income Country ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
The Impact

After 1980s, in most developing countries, the rate of debt accumulation and increase in debt servicing are highlighted as major factors affecting the growth rate of output. Most of these countries lost their competitiveness in the international market mainly as a result of insufficient exchange rate adjustments. In addition, the weakening of terms of trade, economic mismanagement and crisis of governance also lowered growth rates in the developing countries. The downward pressure was larger in the countries facing higher debt burden as these countries faced higher interest rates, decline in the external resource inflow, lower export earnings, lower domestic output and lower imports. In case of South Asian countries, the external debt scenario has changed over time. According to World Bank (2001) Pakistan’s ranking worsened to ‘severely-indebted low income country’ from ‘moderately-indebted low income country’ in 1997, where as India’s ranking improved to ‘less indebted low income’ country from ‘moderately indebted’ in 1997. The rapid accumulation of debt, rising repayment burden and the economically and politically resource inflow or rescheduling motivated rescheduling of debt (as in case of Pakistan) has raised concerns regarding the impact of debt on the growth process of the South Asian countries.

scholarly journals The impact of socioeconomic status on emergency department outcome in a low-income country setting: A registry-based analysis

PLoS ONE ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. e0223045
Author(s):  
Vijay C. Kannan ◽  
Giannie N. Rasamimanana ◽  
Victor Novack ◽  
Lior Hassan ◽  
Teri A. Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Department ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Income Country ◽  
Low Income Country ◽  
The Impact

Contribution of Joaquín García Icazbalceta (1825-1894) to Mexican historiography

2020 ◽  
pp. 113-122
Author(s):  
Irina Veselova
Keyword(s):  
System Analysis ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Colonial History ◽  
Research Activity ◽  
Mexican History ◽  
Methodological Foundation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Writings ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
The Impact

The subject of this article is the research activity of Joaquín García Icazbalceta (1825-1894) – a historian, linguist and bibliographer who published a large number of documents on the history of Mexico, namely records on Spanish colonization of the Americas and establishment of the colonial system. Analysis is conducted the formation of scientific views of the Mexican scholar in the context of the impact of external factors, such as the political and socioeconomic situation, as well as public thought. This author reveals the historiographical and methodological foundation of the indicated concept, as well as assesses the degree of influence of the external factors upon the movement of Mexican historical science in late XIX century. Joaquín García Icazbalceta was a persevering scholar, who dedicated most of his life to collecting and publishing of the rare historical writings and documents. He is the author of a number articles, which although are not considered complete research works, are based on reputable sources and shed lights on some aspects of the ancient and colonial history of Mexico. Despite the seeming affinity for Spanish heritage in Mexican culture, Joaquín García Icazbalceta greatly contributed to research on the history of Aztecs, forming and leaving to the future generations of historians a substantial documentary base that allows discovering Mexican history of the XVI century, as well as other periods of history of the country.

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