Who is the censor? Self-censorship of Russian journalists in professional routines and social networking

Journalism ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 146488492094196
Author(s):  
Svetlana S Bodrunova ◽  
Anna Litvinenko ◽  
Kamilla Nigmatullina
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Codes Of Conduct ◽  
Public Affairs ◽  
Ethical Decisions ◽  
External Pressures ◽  
Private Citizens ◽  
Online Behaviour ◽  
Editorial Work ◽  
Restrictive Environment ◽  
Online Posting

Today’s communicative environment, including the rise of social media, makes journalists perform publicly as both professionals and private citizens. In these circumstances, practices of self-limitation and self-censorship may extend to online behaviour. In this article, we analyse what makes journalists in public affairs media limit themselves in expression, both in editorial production and in online posting. We ask whether their self-censoring is related to personal, editorial, or external factors; whether political threats triumph over personal self-branding and professional/commercial reasons and whether these factors work differently in editorial and online behaviour; and whether journalists behave differently on different social networks. To formulate the answers, we use the results of a survey of 95 journalists from 51 Russian regions and seven in-depth interviews. Our results show that, in an organisationally weak journalistic community that operates in a restrictive environment, understanding of self-censorship differs significantly from that in Western democracies. It includes both self-limiting under pressures and personal-level ethical decisions that substitute professional codes of conduct. Moreover, for online posting and editorial work, there are different dominant ‘perceived censors’. Political threats remain the most significant of all external pressures both online and offline, but personal motives lead the decision-making in posting on social networks. Russia is characterised by platform-wide echo-chambering and high differentiation between users of Facebook and the Russia-based VK.com (formerly Vkontakte). We observe this difference in journalists’ descriptions of self-limitation on these networks.

The club no one wants to join: Online behaviour on a breast cancer discussion forum

First Monday ◽  
2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann Jaloba
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Social Networks ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Discussion Forum ◽  
Online Discourse ◽  
Online Behaviour ◽  
Short Time

An analysis of the posts on a U.K.-based breast cancer discussion forum suggests that the type of online discourse found in this area is topic-led not people-led. Most participants posted for a short time and then left the forums. Pre-existing social networks played no significant role – most people who came to this breast cancer forum did so because they did not have an offline network of people in a similar situation. The nature of interactions on such forums may suggest that the best model may be one where interaction is structured by topics and information and interaction is mediated through topical hierarchies.

Nine Ethical Values of Master Therapists

2005 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Len Jennings ◽  
Ashley Sovereign ◽  
Nancy Bottorff ◽  
Melissa Pederson Mussell ◽  
Christopher Vye
Keyword(s):  
Professional Growth ◽  
American Psychological Association ◽  
Codes Of Conduct ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Consensual Qualitative Research ◽  
Ethical Values ◽  
Ethical Decisions ◽  
Professional Codes ◽  
Master Therapists

This study employed the Consensual Qualitative Research method (Hill, Thompson, & Williams, 1997) to reanalyze interview data from a previous qualitative study of the personal characteristics of master therapists (Jennings & Skovholt, 1999). Previous research has demonstrated that therapists utilize a variety of resources when making ethical decisions, including professional codes of conduct and their own values. The current study's analysis of 10 master therapists' interviews resulted in the identification of nine ethical values related to their clinical practice: (a) relational connection, (b) autonomy, (c) beneficence, (d) nonmaleficence, (e) competence, (f) humility, (g) professional growth, (h) openness to complexity and ambiguity, and (i) self-awareness. Conducting oneself ethically is a critical task of the competent therapist (American Psychological Association, 2002). Making the best ethical decisions can be extremely challenging for most therapists due to the multitude of complex ethical situations that arise in practice. The goal of this study is to examine the ethical values of therapists considered to be "the best of the best" by their professional colleagues. It is hoped that such an examination will help to illuminate the ethical values that these master therapists seem to draw upon in their work.

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF SOCIAL NETWORKS IN THE CREATION OF THE TOURISTS` ECOLOGICAL CONSCIOUSNESS

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 1753-1759
Author(s):  
Marija Kostić ◽  
Nataša Đorđević
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Codes Of Conduct ◽  
Codes Of Ethics ◽  
Environmental Implications ◽  
Tourist Destination ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Ecological Awareness ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Right

More and more clear consequences that arise in the environment due to irrational use of natural resources have made sustainable development today important. In tourism, sustainable development is also imposed as a priority and necessity, but in practice it often encounters obstacles to its implementation. The problems that arise in applying the principles of sustainable development in tourism can be a result of the conflicting interests of the key stakeholders. To avoid this, there is a need to establish an adequate system of communication between all stakeholders. An important group of stakeholders in the sustainable development of tourism are tourists who, due to their stay in a tourist destination, can achieve positive and negative environmental impacts. In order to suppress their negative environmental implications, there should be a way to influence the creation or the increase of their ecological awareness. The heterogeneity of tourist demand, i.e. different wishes, habits, attitudes, opinions, needs and beliefs of tourists makes this task difficult. Creating ethical codes and establishing codes of conduct for tourists while staying in a tourist destination can significantly contribute to sustainable development, however, it is necessary to find an adequate medium through which the message on the importance and necessity of environmental protection will be transferred in the right way and at the right time to tourists. The aim of the paper is to show the role that social networks can have in creating the ecological awareness of tourists. By developing modern technologies, social networks have become the medium through which a person most often communicates with the others, where one records information about him/herself and where one can get information about others. In tourism social networks play an important role in creating marketing strategies, because they represent an instrument that allows the destination to interact with tourists and to find out and observe their opinions, attitudes and evaluations of services in tourism. Through social networks, tourists find inspiration for new travel, share tips and experiences with other users, share travel photos, and they can be informed about the tourist destination offer. Researches show that there is an increasing number of social network users and that they spend a significant part of the day using them. By analyzing the role that social networks have in tourism marketing, it can be concluded that they are a medium by which messages that can influence the increase of the tourists` ecological awareness can be created and by which the messages about the codes of ethics and rules of tourists behavior can be transmitted even before the tourists travel to the destination. The specificity of social networks can make this message more durable and created in a way that is consistent with the heterogeneous characteristics of the tourism market. Nevertheless, in using social networks for creating tourists` ecological awareness, there should be a careful approach and there is a need for additional research on how tourists or potential tourists use social networks.

scholarly journals Influencers’ recommendations on the Internet: effects of codes of conduct

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-139
Author(s):  
Patricia Vargas Portillo
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Codes Of Conduct ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Digital World

Recommendations of goods and/or services on social networks are an increasingly widespread advertising tactic. Brands are aware of the power of persuasion that influencers in the digital world have on their followers. In this article, we analyze the particularities of this phenomenon and then focus on its regulation. Specifically, we refer to the suggestive role that self-regulation plays in this area. By virtue of the latter, codes of conduct in the influencer market are possible.

scholarly journals DRUŽBENA OMREŽJA KOT IZZIV KOMUNICIRANJA V SLOVENSKI VOJSKI

2013 ◽  
pp. 33-38
Author(s):  
NINA RADUHA
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
New Media ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Public Affairs ◽  
Communication Strategy ◽  
Public Image ◽  
Major Step ◽  
The Public ◽  
German Armed Forces ◽  
Communication Method

Slovenska vojska je na družbenih omrežjih aktivna od januarja 2013. Od takrat je naredila velik korak v komuniciranju znotraj tako imenovanih novih medijev, vendar še ne dosega ravni in načina komuniciranja zavezniških držav. Zato bo morala še veliko napora usmeriti v oblikovanje strategije komuniciranja znotraj družbenih omrežij, da bo izkoristila moč in doseg takšnega načina komuniciranja z javnostjo. Članek z analizo polletnega komuniciranja Slovenske vojske na družbenih omrežjih in s predstavitvijo dveh študij primerov, narejenih na ravni nemške vojske in Nata, potrjuje prej navedeno. Rezultati so pokazali, da je razvita komunikacijska strategija dobra, da s komuniciranjem prek družbenih omrežij Slovenska vojska bogato dopol- njuje svojo strategijo odnosov z javnostmi, da se predstavlja še bolj pregledno in da vedno bolj aktivno sodeluje z zainteresiranimi javnostmi. Najboljše komunikacijske rezultate dosega na Facebooku, medtem ko je v razvoju drugih omrežij, pridobiva- nju zaupanja organizacije in njenih zaposlenih v socialne medije ter v oblikovanju organizacijske kulture komuniciranja na teh ravneh še veliko dela, ki ga je treba opraviti. Pri tem ne smemo pozabiti, da je treba vse aktivnosti Slovenske vojske na družbenih omrežjih vnaprej in načrtno ter skladno z načrtovano celostno podobo or- ganizacije v javnosti razvijati do podrobnosti in hkrati aktivno slediti novim težnjam in aktivnemu dialogu z javnostmi. The Slovenian Armed Forces has become actively involved in social networks in January 2013. Since then, it has taken a major step in the communication within the so-called new media; however, it has still not attained the level and mode of com- munication of other allied countries. Much effort will thus have to be devoted to the development of a communication strategy within social networks in order to make use of the power and reach of such a public communication method. The article supports the above-mentioned facts with the analysis of six-month social network communication activities of the Slovenian Armed Forces and the presentation of two case studies carried out at in the German Armed Forces and NATO. The results have shown that the developed communication strategy was good; that Slovenian Armed Forces’ communication activities through social networks represent a rich comple- ment to its public affairs strategy; that such activities aid to its transparent presen- tation, and that its involvement with the interested public is becoming increasin- gly active. The best communication results have been achieved on Facebook, while there is still much to be done in the development of other networks, in building trust in social media within the organization and its employees, and in creating an orga- nizational culture of communication at these levels. In so doing, one must not forget that all Slovenian Armed Forces’ social networks activities should be thoroughly developed in advance and in a premeditated manner as well as in accordance with the planned corporate public image of the organization. At the same time, it should actively follow new trends and active dialogue with the public.

scholarly journals Classification of Arabic Twitter Users: A Study Based on User Behaviour and Interests

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdullatif Alabdullatif ◽  
Basit Shahzad ◽  
Esam Alwagait
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Networking ◽  
Interactive Media ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Social ◽  
Online Behaviour ◽  
Twitter Users ◽  
Types Of Information ◽  
Interest Similarity ◽  
A Company

Social networks are among the most popular interactive media today due to their simplicity and their ability to break down the barriers of community rules and their speed and because of the increasing pressures of work environments that make it more difficult for people to visit or call friends. There are many social networking products available and they are widely used for social interaction. As the amount of threading data is growing, producing analysis from this large volume of communications is becoming increasingly difficult for public and private organisations. One of the important applications of this work is to determine the trends in social networks that depend on identifying relationships between members of a community. This is not a trivial task as it has numerous challenges. Information shared between social members does not have a formal data structure but is transmitted in the form of texts, emoticons, and multimedia. The inspiration for addressing this area is that if a company is advertising a sports product, for example, it has a difficulty in identifying targeted samples of Arab people on social networks who are interested in sports. In order to accomplish this, an experiment oriented approach is adopted in this study. A goal for this company is to discover users who have been interacting with other users who have the same interests, so they can receive the same type of message or advertisement. This information will help a company to determine how to develop advertisements based on Arab people’s interests. Examples of such work include the timely advertisement of the utilities that can be effectively marketed to increase the audience; for example, on the weekend days, the effective market approaches can yield considerable results in terms of increasing the sales and profits. In addition, finding an efficient way to recommend friends to a user based on interest similarity, celebrity degree, and online behaviour is of interest to social networks themselves. This problem is explored to establish and apply an efficient and easy way to classify a social network of Arab users based on their interests using available types of information, whether textual or nontextual, and to try to increase the accuracy of interest classification. Since most of the social networking is done from the mobiles nowadays, the efficient and reliable algorithm can help in developing a robust app that can perform the tweet classification on mobile phones.

The Columbia Studies of Personal Influence

1980 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-228
Author(s):  
Heinz Eulau
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Voting Behavior ◽  
Scientific Discovery ◽  
Public Affairs ◽  
Personal Influence ◽  
The Social ◽  
Patterns Of Behavior ◽  
Social Scientific Research ◽  
Social Scientific ◽  
Scholarly Attention

In a strictly theoretical and methodological perspective, the Columbia studies of personal influence—conducted in the 1940s and early 1950s—are today of largely historical interest as particularly self-conscious and sophisticated examples of social-scientific discovery. Yet, there are indications that these studies are once more coming to scholarly attention and their long eclipse, so symptomatic of discontinuity in social-scientific research, may be coming to an end (Scheingold, 1973). There is a growing interest in describing and explaining electoral and related patterns of behavior in terms of the “social networks” to which people belong. The contribution of the Columbia studies to research on the effect of social networks in voting behavior and public affairs seems therefore worthy of retrospection.

Social media and the COVID-19 pandemic: The dilemma of fake news clutter vs. social responsibility

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moez Ben Messaoud
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Social Responsibility ◽  
Arab World ◽  
Codes Of Conduct ◽  
Public Affairs ◽  
World Health ◽  
Fake News ◽  
Ethical Practices ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
False News

This article examines the relationship between fake news and social media as increasingly important sources of news, at a time when mainstream media no longer have exclusive control over news production and dissemination. It has been evident that few media outlets and professionals tend to draw conflicting news about COVID-19 from social media feeds, which are largely produced by common citizens with mostly no journalism training. This pervasive use makes social media key sources to scores of media outlets for news, whether it is related to COVID-19 or public affairs issues, even though it is susceptible to torrents of credibility and accuracy issues. As a result, of the overwhelming spread of fake news on coronavirus, which is contributing to framing events from several angles, media professionals are now obliged to track and vet information circulating on social media. Due to the scale of disinformation spreading on the Web, it has become imperative that the credibility and accuracy of news is thoroughly verified. Media organizations have already been putting in place various mechanisms to monitor false news. This article will attempt to identify and assess these monitoring efforts in the Arab world. For this purpose, I have put together a list of Arab observatories launched on the internet in order to monitor fake news circulating in relation to COVID-19, and to discuss their methods of monitoring work, in the context of mobilization carried out by governments and many organizations such as the World Health Organization. This article is pinned down on social responsibility approach which helps pave the way the different propositions to combat fake news and avoid abuses in social media uses. This article proposes an evaluation of the monitoring initiative via-a-vis fake news and proposes a set of guidelines for improving the work of such monitoring bodies. Hence, this research reveals that social media outlets have diversified their goals to match the power of the conventional media in disseminating information and bringing up issues for debate. However, in the light of the framework of social responsibility, social media actors have to constantly develop a set of ethical practices to be observed by users, establish codes of conduct regulating content production, and lay down a code of integrity to assure accuracy in news and information transmission.

To Lie or Not to Lie

2019 ◽  
pp. 178-197
Author(s):  
Bevelyn Dube
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Dilemma ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Ethical Dilemmas ◽  
Codes Of Conduct ◽  
Digital Technologies ◽  
Media Ethics ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Ethical Decisions ◽  
The Face

New digital technologies have radically transformed the face of journalism in general and photo journalism in particular. These new technologies have not only made it easy for photo journalists to obtain images and to transmit them quickly to newsrooms and consumers across the globe, but they have also provided limitless opportunities for photo manipulation to take place, thus raising questions about the authenticity of those images. This has led to some scholars calling for the rethinking of media ethics to address these ethical dilemmas. This chapter, therefore, examines the codes of conduct for journalists in ten southern African countries to ascertain whether they have responded to this ethical dilemma brought in by the new digital technologies and if so, whether these responses give adequate guidance to journalists when called upon to make ethical decisions while processing photographs. The concepts of truth, reality and accuracy are also interrogated in the chapter. Findings revealed that most of the codes which do not make reference to photo manipulation are outdated and that those which do, are not comprehensive enough to give guidance to photo journalists.

Ethical Values of Master Therapists

2016 ◽  
pp. 107-124
Author(s):  
Len Jennings ◽  
Ashley Sovereign ◽  
Nancy Bottorff ◽  
Melissa Mussell
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Professional Growth ◽  
Codes Of Conduct ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Consensual Qualitative Research ◽  
Ethical Values ◽  
Ethical Decisions ◽  
Professional Codes ◽  
Master Therapists

This chapter presents a study in which the authors employed Consensual Qualitative Research (CQR) methods (Hill, Thompson, & Williams,1997) to reanalyze interview data from a previous qualitative study of the personal characteristics of master therapists (Jennings & Skovholt, 1999). The purpose of the study was to better understand the ethical values of therapists considered to be “the best of the best” by their professional colleagues. Previous research has demonstrated that therapists utilize a variety of resources when making ethical decisions, including professional codes of conduct and their own values. The current study’s analysis of 10 master therapists’ interviews resulted in the identification of nine ethical values related to their clinical practice: (a) relational connection, (b) autonomy, (c) beneficence, (d) nonmaleficence, (e) competence, (f) humility, (g) professional growth, (h) openness to complexity and ambiguity, and (i) self-awareness. It is hoped that these findings will help to illuminate the ethical values that these master therapists draw upon in their work.

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