scholarly journals A Kantian argument against world poverty

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 489-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Merten Reglitz
Keyword(s):  
Immanuel Kant ◽  
John Rawls ◽  
Global Justice ◽  
Legal Order ◽  
Global Politics ◽  
Current Debate ◽  
World Peace ◽  
Ronald Dworkin ◽  
Poverty And Inequality ◽  
Civil Condition

Immanuel Kant is recognised as one of the first philosophers who wrote systematically about global justice and world peace. In the current debate on global justice, he is mostly appealed to by critics of extensive duties of global justice. However, I show in this paper that an analysis of Kant's late work on rights and justice provides ample resources for disagreeing with those who take Kant to call for only modest changes in global politics. Kant's comments in the Doctrine of Right clarify that he thinks we need a coercively enforced global civil condition. But his work also contains ideas that imply that within such a global legal order there must be no extreme forms of poverty and inequality, and that the current holdings of states are by no means conclusive possessions without confirmation by the global legal order we have a duty to establish. Thus, this paper challenges the prevailing interpretation of Kant as a conservative thinker about global justice that is held, for instance, by the leading contemporary liberal thinkers such as John Rawls, Thomas Nagel, and Ronald Dworkin.

Abordagens da Equidade: aproximações sobre um conceito-chave das humanidades e das ciências sociais

Intuitio ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 06
Author(s):  
Mártin Haeberlin
Keyword(s):  
Immanuel Kant ◽  
John Rawls ◽  
Amartya Sen ◽  
Ronald Dworkin ◽  
Justice As Fairness

O presente texto propõe um exame de diferentes abordagens da equidade, uma vez que, não obstante seja ela um conceito filosófico clássico, devem-se conhecer as visões sobre ela advindas de outras áreas do conhecimento, notadamente o direito e a economia. Para realizar esse objeto, são tratadas as visões de equidade nas seguintes abordagens: o conceito de justiça em Aristóteles; a doutrina do direito de Immanuel Kant;  a “justice as fairness” de John Rawls; a igualdade como virtude em Ronald Dworkin; e noção de capacidades e liberdades substantivas de Amartya Sen. Ao fim, realiza-se uma categorização do termo em dois sentidos, propondo-se sua conexão.

Kant and the Supreme Proprietor: A Response

2010 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 78-89
Author(s):  
Anthony F. Lang
Keyword(s):  
Immanuel Kant ◽  
Global Justice ◽  
Institutional Design ◽  
Moral Dilemmas ◽  
History Of Political Thought ◽  
Thomas Pogge ◽  
Poverty And Inequality ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
Almost All

Theories of global justice range from the utilitarian philosophy of Peter Singer to the institutional design arguments of Thomas Pogge. These works have grappled with a wide range of issues, but almost all of them have been driven by the recognition of two core problems: the huge numbers of people mired in poverty and the increasing levels of inequality. Much of this literature begins with these two problems and then proposes schemes to resolve them. This problem-solving approach to the issue of global poverty and inequality has tended to avoid engagements with figures in the history of political thought. One thinker who has certainly inspired much of this literature, either explicitly or implicitly, is Immanuel Kant. With his rigorous method, systemic structure of metaphysics and morality, and celebration of Enlightenment reason over staid authority structures, Kant presents a model for how to undertake rational arguments in response to moral dilemmas.

Transitional Figures: Immanuel Kant, Adam Smith, James Madison

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Greenwood Onuf
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Immanuel Kant ◽  
Final Stage ◽  
Adam Smith ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Legal Order ◽  
Human History ◽  
James Madison ◽  
Human Reason ◽  
Mutual Exchange

Foucault’s sense of the modern epoch finds Kant everywhere in the background. If, for Kant, nature appears to accommodate our needs, human reason nevertheless has a purpose beyond ourselves; nature’s purpose dictates our use of reason. Kant had us use reason to progress from savagery to animal husbandry and the cultivation of the land, mutual exchange, culture, and civil society. Better known are Smith’s four stages of human history: the Ages of Hunters, Shepherds, Agriculture, and Commerce. Set back by nomadic barbarians, Europe belatedly developed a novel society of independent nations, ever vigilant (and often enough at war), committed to improving their productive capabilities and reaping the benefits of commerce. Rationalization and positivism marked the final stage, which in turn required a positive legal order grounded in unimpeachable sources of law. These James Madison definitively articulated when he was U.S. secretary of state.

Internationalism versus Statism and Globalism

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathias Risse
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
John Rawls ◽  
Global Justice ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Global Order ◽  
Context Of Discovery ◽  
Plausible Theory

This chapter examines contemporary debates about statism and globalism. Statists need a necessary condition for justice to apply. They must tell us what it is about states that renders such principles applicable, and does so only in states. The quest for such a condition ends inconclusively. This result leads to a pluralist view of the grounds of justice. To use a distinction from the philosophy of science, the debate among versions of statism turns out to be a context of discovery for internationalism as a contender for a plausible theory of global justice. The chapter proceeds by discussing the most prominent version of globalism, the view defended by Charles Beitz, who argues that John Rawls' principles hold globally. To engage with Beitz, the chapter considers the merits of relationism and then suggests that Rawls' principles do not apply to the global order.

Two Conceptions of Virtue

2021 ◽  
pp. 247-269
Author(s):  
Thomas E. Hill, Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Immanuel Kant ◽  
John Rawls ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Philosophy Of Education ◽  
Civic Virtue ◽  
Basic Structure ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
Specific Focus ◽  
Good Will ◽  
Sense Of Justice

This essay was written for a Stanford conference on philosophy of education on whether virtue can be taught. The general questions considered are: What is virtue? How can social conditions promote it? How can individuals effectively strive for it? The specific focus is on the conceptions of virtue in the works of Immanuel Kant and John Rawls. Kant regarded virtue as a good will that is also strong enough to resist contrary passions, impulses, and inclinations. Childhood training can prepare children for virtue but becoming virtuous requires an empirically inexplicable commitment and effort that is up to each individual. Rawls explains a sense of justice as a civic virtue that he conjectures will develop naturally, according to certain psychological laws, if the basic structure of society is just. Rawls’ reliance on empirical studies addresses questions left mysterious by Kant, but his theory faces problems of its own.

Between Kant and Pufendorf: humanitarian intervention, statist anti-cosmopolitanism and critical international theory

2007 ◽  
Vol 33 (S1) ◽  
pp. 151-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
RICHARD DEVETAK
Keyword(s):  
Immanuel Kant ◽  
Humanitarian Intervention ◽  
The Political ◽  
Current Debate ◽  
Moral Norms ◽  
Moral Law ◽  
Sovereign State ◽  
Political Morality ◽  
International Theory ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACTImmanuel Kant and Samuel Pufendorf were both exercised by the relationship between politics, morality and lawful authority; a relationship that goes to the heart of the sovereign state’s existence and legitimacy. However, while Kant defended the authority of the moral law, believing morality provides higher authoritative norms than the sovereign state, Pufendorf defends the political morality of authority, believing the sovereign state should submit to no higher moral norms. The rivalry between these two positions is reprised in current debate between cosmopolitanism and statism over humanitarian intervention. Arguing against statism, this article defends a Habermasian-style critical international theory which affords a ‘cosmopolitanism without imperialism’.

Justice and authority in the global order

2011 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 2059-2072 ◽  
Author(s):  
TERRY NARDIN
Keyword(s):  
Global Governance ◽  
Global Justice ◽  
Legal Order ◽  
Not Given ◽  
Global Order ◽  
International Legal Order ◽  
Principles Of Justice

AbstractThe global justice debate has largely ignored law. But that debate presupposes a legal order within which principles of justice could be implemented. Paying attention to law alters our understanding of global justice by requiring us to distinguish principles that are properly prescribed and enforced within a legal order from those that are not. Given that theories of global governance depreciate law and that cosmopolitan and confederal theories are utopian, the most promising context for a realistic global justice discourse is one that is focused on strengthening, not transcending, the international legal order.

scholarly journals Capitalismo cognitivo e renda universal: do igualitarismo transcendental ao direito biopolítico

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (26) ◽  
pp. 109
Author(s):  
Murilo Duarte Costa Corrêa
Keyword(s):  
John Rawls ◽  
Amartya Sen ◽  
Ronald Dworkin

Em A ideia de justiça, Amartya Sen procura consolidar uma crítica pragmática às teorias contemporâneas da justiça que, a exemplo de John Rawls ou de Ronald Dworkin, se limitam a identificar arranjos institucionais transcendentalmente justos. Sen, ao contrário, admite a construção de um critério de justiça supostamente antitranscendental, baseado nas realizações concretas das liberdades e nas vidas que as pessoas podem viver de fato, sem que isso implique aderir à limitada base informacional das teorias utilitaristas. Neste ensaio, argumentamos que o deslocamento crítico produzido por Amartya Sen é insuficiente para entregar-nos um conceito empírico de justiça, ao deixar intocados os contextos concretos aos quais seus principais conceitos irão se aplicar. Essa lacuna permite inferir que o deslocamento crítico proposto pela obra de Sen pode ser considerado um reflexo ideal de transformações reais nas condições materiais de poder, de vida e de produção no corpus da teoria contemporânea da justiça. Sob esta condição, este ensaio interroga as políticas brasileiras de distribuição de renda e de renda universal em um novo sentido – como direitos biopolíticos.

6. Philosophical liberalism: idealizing justice

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Freeden
Keyword(s):  
John Rawls ◽  
Public Life ◽  
Social Ethics ◽  
Ideal Type ◽  
The Political ◽  
Complex Field ◽  
Ronald Dworkin ◽  
Political Arena ◽  
Liberal Neutrality ◽  
Normative Approach

Philosophical liberalism is largely an abstract and ideal-type normative approach invoking an ostensibly supra-political, universal, and decontextualized social ethics towards which all right-minded individuals should aim. ‘Philosophical liberalism: idealizing justice’ looks at this form of liberalism and some of the key characters in its development. It begins with the most influential theorist of philosophical liberalism in the 20th century, John Rawls (1921–2002), and goes on to discuss ideal-type liberalism; liberal neutrality as exemplified by Ronald Dworkin (1931–2013); the insistence on standards of public life; and liberal philosophical pluralism with reference to Isaiah Berlin (1909–97). It concludes that philosophical liberalism is a complex field of argument, assessment, and ideational experimentation, but that it differs in many ways from the actual liberal beliefs that exist in the political arena.

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