Abordagens da Equidade: aproximações sobre um conceito-chave das humanidades e das ciências sociais

Intuitio ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 06
Author(s):  
Mártin Haeberlin
Keyword(s):  
Immanuel Kant ◽  
John Rawls ◽  
Amartya Sen ◽  
Ronald Dworkin ◽  
Justice As Fairness

O presente texto propõe um exame de diferentes abordagens da equidade, uma vez que, não obstante seja ela um conceito filosófico clássico, devem-se conhecer as visões sobre ela advindas de outras áreas do conhecimento, notadamente o direito e a economia. Para realizar esse objeto, são tratadas as visões de equidade nas seguintes abordagens: o conceito de justiça em Aristóteles; a doutrina do direito de Immanuel Kant;  a “justice as fairness” de John Rawls; a igualdade como virtude em Ronald Dworkin; e noção de capacidades e liberdades substantivas de Amartya Sen. Ao fim, realiza-se uma categorização do termo em dois sentidos, propondo-se sua conexão.

scholarly journals Capitalismo cognitivo e renda universal: do igualitarismo transcendental ao direito biopolítico

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (26) ◽  
pp. 109
Author(s):  
Murilo Duarte Costa Corrêa
Keyword(s):  
John Rawls ◽  
Amartya Sen ◽  
Ronald Dworkin

Em A ideia de justiça, Amartya Sen procura consolidar uma crítica pragmática às teorias contemporâneas da justiça que, a exemplo de John Rawls ou de Ronald Dworkin, se limitam a identificar arranjos institucionais transcendentalmente justos. Sen, ao contrário, admite a construção de um critério de justiça supostamente antitranscendental, baseado nas realizações concretas das liberdades e nas vidas que as pessoas podem viver de fato, sem que isso implique aderir à limitada base informacional das teorias utilitaristas. Neste ensaio, argumentamos que o deslocamento crítico produzido por Amartya Sen é insuficiente para entregar-nos um conceito empírico de justiça, ao deixar intocados os contextos concretos aos quais seus principais conceitos irão se aplicar. Essa lacuna permite inferir que o deslocamento crítico proposto pela obra de Sen pode ser considerado um reflexo ideal de transformações reais nas condições materiais de poder, de vida e de produção no corpus da teoria contemporânea da justiça. Sob esta condição, este ensaio interroga as políticas brasileiras de distribuição de renda e de renda universal em um novo sentido – como direitos biopolíticos.

scholarly journals " Rethinking Theory: The Question of Distributive Justice in Jurisprudence "

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arvind Radhakrishnan
Keyword(s):  
Distributive Justice ◽  
John Rawls ◽  
Political Obligation ◽  
Aggressive Display ◽  
Ronald Dworkin ◽  
Marginalized Communities ◽  
Justice As Fairness ◽  
Indian Context ◽  
Indigenous Theory ◽  
Modern Era

In recent years, there has been a growing debate on the nature of Jurisprudence. Conventionally understood as the theory and philosophy of law, Jurisprudence in the modern era, has had to deal with issues manating from the more 'earthy' realms of political obligation and discourses on the 'nature of the state'. The great diversity of legal systems we see around the world, themselves pose a complex challenge when it comes to defining the 'province' of Jurisprudence. This paper seeks to examine certain basic questions like-What is the best legal system we can possibly hope for? Will these systems safeguard the basic rights of marginalized communities in conditions where there is an aggressive display of 'majoritarian will'? In order to answer these questions this paper will be looking at the contributions of various legal theorists, in particular those of Ronald Dworkin and John Rawls. Dworkin posits the idea of 'entrenching' certain rights, so that these rights are not undermined or destroyed through legislative prejudices. Rawls who in some senses represents the best traditions of the 'welfare liberals, elaborates on the idea of 'justice as fairness' and notions of distributive justice. The moot questions are —can these models be prescribed in the Indian context? Or is there a prospect of an indigenous theory which broadens the horizons of Jurisprudence?

scholarly journals O RECRUTAMENTO DE MAGISTRADOS NO JUDICIÁRIO BRASILEIRO: UMA REFLEXÃO SOBRE RESERVA DE VAGAS PARA PESSOAS PORTADORAS DE DEFICIÊNCIA À LUZ DA TEORIA DA JUSTIÇA

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciano Athayde Chaves
Keyword(s):  
John Rawls ◽  
Amartya Sen ◽  
Ronald Dworkin

O presente artigo objetiva estudar as ações afirmativas de reserva de vagas nos concursos para a magistratura nacional a partir da teoria da justiça, analisando sua conformidade com o princípio da igualdade de oportunidades que deve caracterizar as sociedades democráticas contemporâneas. O exame do referencial teórico oferecido por John Rawls, Ronald Dworkin e Amartya Sen permitiu concluir que as regras do Conselho Nacional de Justiça, que tratam da reserva de vagas a pessoas portadores de deficiência, estão em consonância com os princípios de correção de justiça material, porquanto asseguram a justa oportunidade a esse grupo social, em razão da sua incapacidade para desenvolverem, no jogo do mercado, em igualdade de condições, projetos razoáveis de vida. A investigação também concluiu que, nada obstante a propriedade dessas ações afirmativas, algumas questões ainda estão em aberto, como os parâmetros institucionais relativos ao desenvolvimento da carreira, até mesmo por serem recentes essas políticas de discriminação inversa na composição da magistratura.

scholarly journals A Ética da Pólis: Reflexões Sobre a Igualdade como Princípio de Justiça

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 103
Author(s):  
Lívia Teixeira Moura Lobo ◽  
Paulo Sergio Weyl Albuquerque Costa
Keyword(s):  
John Rawls ◽  
Amartya Sen ◽  
Ronald Dworkin

O artigo objetiva refletir sobre a Igualdade, como princípio ético a ser observado na comunidade política, nas teorias de igualdade liberal desenvolvidas pela filosofia política de John Rawls, Ronald Dworkin e Amartya Sen, respectivamente autores de “Uma Teoria da Justiça”, “A Virtude Soberana” e “Desigualdade Reexaminada”. As obras são analisadas sob o prisma do que as une, isto é, a igualdade como elemento imprescindível para alcançar a justiça, sendo o mote do estudo refletir a ética da inserção deste ideal em concepções políticas liberais. Ousa-se, ainda, a realização de considerações acerca da importância do tema para a filosofia do direito.

scholarly journals TEORIAS DA JUSTIÇA PÓS-RAWLS: UMA ANÁLISE COMPARADA ENTRE O MODELO IGUALITÁRIO DE RONALD DWORKIN E AMARTYA SEN

Sapere Aude ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (18) ◽  
pp. 372-384
Author(s):  
Thais Cristina Alves Costa
Keyword(s):  
John Rawls ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Amartya Sen ◽  
Ronald Dworkin

Trata-se da comparação entre dois modelos de justiça influenciados pelas ideias políticas de Jonh Rawls, a saber: a igualdade de recursos de Ronald Dworkin e a igualdade de capacidades de Amartya Sen. Com o intuito de apresentar as principais semelhanças e diferenças desses dois sistemas em relação à proposta rawlsiana, utilizaremos como fio condutor as obras Sovereign Virtue: the Theory and Practice of Equality de Dworkin e Development as freedom de Sen. Através desse comparado será possível apreender como esses dois filósofos conseguiram aperfeiçoar a proposta igualitária engendrada por John Rawls.

scholarly journals El debate contemporáneo sobre la justicia

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
María Patricia Fernández Cuevas
Keyword(s):  
John Rawls ◽  
Ronald Dworkin ◽  
Jürgen Habermas ◽  
Justice As Fairness ◽  
Jurgen Habermas

Artículo de filosofía jurídica y política relativo a cuestionarse el concepto de equidad en el plano de los valores como la justicia elemento quo en el documento el cual es visto por diferentes posturas filosóficas En el documento se hace referencia a las posturas doctrinarias de: Jurgen Habermas y la Diskursethik; John Rawls: justice as Fairness y Ronald Dworkin, Taking rights seriosly

On the Currency of Egalitarian Justice, and Other Essays in Political Philosophy

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Political Philosophy ◽  
John Rawls ◽  
Ideal Theory ◽  
Amartya Sen ◽  
Political Practice ◽  
Ronald Dworkin ◽  
Isaiah Berlin ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Egalitarian Justice

G. A. Cohen was one of the most gifted, influential, and progressive voices in contemporary political philosophy. At the time of his death in 2009, he had plans to bring together a number of his most significant papers. This is the first of three volumes to realize those plans. Drawing on three decades of work, it contains previously uncollected articles that have shaped many of the central debates in political philosophy, as well as papers published here for the first time. In these pieces, Cohen asks what egalitarians have most reason to equalize, he considers the relationship between freedom and property, and he reflects upon ideal theory and political practice. Included here are classic essays such as “Equality of What?” and “Capitalism, Freedom, and the Proletariat,” along with more recent contributions such as “Fairness and Legitimacy in Justice,” “Freedom and Money,” and the previously unpublished “How to Do Political Philosophy.” On ample display throughout are the clarity, rigor, conviction, and wit for which Cohen was renowned. Together, these essays demonstrate how his work provides a powerful account of liberty and equality to the left of Ronald Dworkin, John Rawls, Amartya Sen, and Isaiah Berlin.

scholarly journals A Kantian argument against world poverty

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 489-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Merten Reglitz
Keyword(s):  
Immanuel Kant ◽  
John Rawls ◽  
Global Justice ◽  
Legal Order ◽  
Global Politics ◽  
Current Debate ◽  
World Peace ◽  
Ronald Dworkin ◽  
Poverty And Inequality ◽  
Civil Condition

Immanuel Kant is recognised as one of the first philosophers who wrote systematically about global justice and world peace. In the current debate on global justice, he is mostly appealed to by critics of extensive duties of global justice. However, I show in this paper that an analysis of Kant's late work on rights and justice provides ample resources for disagreeing with those who take Kant to call for only modest changes in global politics. Kant's comments in the Doctrine of Right clarify that he thinks we need a coercively enforced global civil condition. But his work also contains ideas that imply that within such a global legal order there must be no extreme forms of poverty and inequality, and that the current holdings of states are by no means conclusive possessions without confirmation by the global legal order we have a duty to establish. Thus, this paper challenges the prevailing interpretation of Kant as a conservative thinker about global justice that is held, for instance, by the leading contemporary liberal thinkers such as John Rawls, Thomas Nagel, and Ronald Dworkin.

scholarly journals ‘We Aren't Racing a Fair Race’: Rawls, Sen, and the Paralympic Games

2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 154-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gareth Martin Thomas ◽  
Tim Banks
Keyword(s):  
John Rawls ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Scientific Discourse ◽  
Amartya Sen ◽  
Justice As Fairness ◽  
Blade Length ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Paralympic Games ◽  
Performance Enhancing

Following the 200 metres final in the London Paralympics 2012, athlete Oscar Pistorius criticised the prosthetic leg (‘blade’) length of Alan Oliveira, a fellow athlete and eventual winner of the race, and accused the International Paralympic Committee of failing to implement fair stipulations. Pistorius’ contention directs attention toward an issue largely ignored in the sociological spectrum: the concept of fairness in the sporting arena. Drawing on the accounts of John Rawls (1971) and Amartya Sen (2009) , specifically in terms of considering justice as fairness, we deconstruct the principle of fairness in the Paralympics which is currently framed within scientific discourse determining the validity of both athletes and performance-enhancing technologies. By identifying how the Paralympics adopts a Rawlsian understanding of fairness, we explore the work of Sen to highlight its complexity in this context and the need to retreat from taken-for-granted assumptions informing current knowledge.

The State’s Role in Ensuring Fair Income Distribution in Vietnam Today: Some Issues from the Theory of Justice as Fairness by John Rawls

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-195
Keyword(s):  
Income Distribution ◽  
Economic Efficiency ◽  
John Rawls ◽  
Social Stability ◽  
Social Equality ◽  
Justice As Fairness ◽  
Theory Of Justice ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
Economic Philosophy ◽  
The Relationship

Fairness in income distribution is a factor that both motivates employees and contributes to maintaining social stability. In Vietnam, fair income distribution has been studied from various perspectives. In this article, through the analysis and synthesis of related documents and evidence, and from the perspective of economic philosophy, the author applies John Rawls’s Theory of Justice as Fairness to analyze some issues arising from the implementation of the state’s role in ensuring fair income distribution from 1986 to present. These are unifying the perception of fairness in income distribution; solving the relationship between economic efficiency and social equality; ensuring benefits for the least-privileged people in society; and controlling income. On that basis, the author makes some recommendations to enhance the state’s role in ensuring fair income distribution in Vietnam. Received 11thNovember 2019; Revised 10thApril 2020; Accepted 20th April 2020

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