Chronic Disease – Related Behaviors and Health Among African Americans and Hispanics in the REACH Detroit 2010 Communities, Michigan, and the United States

The prevalence of CKD is paramount. CKD affects almost 1 in 7 adults in the United States and is associated with increased rates of cardiovascular disease. While African Americans make up about 13 percent of the population, they account for 35 percent of the people with kidney failure in the United States. The prevalence of early CKD is equivalent across racial and ethnic groups in the United States, but CKD progresses to end-stage renal disease far more rapidly in minority populations, with rates nearly four times higher in African Americans than in whites. The purpose of this study is to address the emergence of chronic disease complications in the African American community that focuses on associations with prevalent CKD outcomes in the JHS. Epidemiological study design used to access the preliminary data to derive conclusions about CKD. CKD was assessed by the JHS participants, who self-reported their CKD status/history. CKD was measured using the Renal form and History of CKD form that was given as a questionnaire within the JHS during Examination 1 Period. CKD was measured by Jackson Heart Study’s estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 to determine CKD status. African Americans have a disproportionate burden of CKD, which tends to have an earlier onset and a more rapid progression in this population. From a population health standpoint, CKD factors such as smoking, diabetes, history of hypertension, dietary patterns, physical activity, blood apolipoproteins and psychosocial factors account for more than 90% of the population-attributable risk. African American men and women with CKD is viewed among the highest-risk groups for cardiovascular events and disease. Race and ethnicity are associated with sociocultural and biologic variations that influence the risk and progression of CKD. Understanding these factors for minority populations can help in targeting interventions to decrease the disproportionately high rates of CKD progression and complications. As prevalence of chronic disease increased, public health’s focus on health- related behaviors and risk factors shifted the discipline’s attention to considering the neighborhood's influence on social determinants of health.

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Supplemental Material for Current and Potential Support for Chronic Disease Management in the United States: The Perspective of Family and Friends of Chronically Ill Adults

Families Systems & Health ◽

10.1037/a0031535.supp ◽

2013 ◽

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Chronic Disease ◽

Disease Management ◽

Chronic Disease Management ◽

Chronically Ill ◽

The United States ◽

Ill Adults

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Persistent Poverty Among African Americans in the United States: The Impact of Public Policy

SSRN Electronic Journal ◽

10.2139/ssrn.1943868 ◽

2011 ◽

Author(s):

Daphne M Cooper

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Public Policy ◽

African Americans ◽

The United States ◽

Persistent Poverty ◽

The Impact

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Questions

10.1093/oso/9780190865214.003.0007 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

James L. Gibson ◽

Michael J. Nelson

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

African Americans ◽

Supreme Court ◽

Legal System ◽

Public Support ◽

The United States ◽

Future Research ◽

White Americans ◽

Two Factors ◽

The U.S

We have investigated the differences in support for the U.S. Supreme Court among black, Hispanic, and white Americans, catalogued the variation in African Americans’ group attachments and experiences with legal authorities, and examined how those latter two factors shape individuals’ support for the U.S. Supreme Court, that Court’s decisions, and for their local legal system. We take this opportunity to weave our findings together, taking stock of what we have learned from our analyses and what seem like fruitful paths for future research. In the process, we revisit Positivity Theory. We present a modified version of the theory that we hope will guide future inquiry on public support for courts, both in the United States and abroad.

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Dissent in the Atlantic World, 1787–1830

10.1093/oso/9780198702245.003.0011 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Katherine Carté Engel

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

African Americans ◽

First Amendment ◽

Church And State ◽

State Level ◽

The United States ◽

American Population ◽

Simple Fact ◽

General Role

The very term ‘Dissenter’ became problematic in the United States, following the passing of the First Amendment. The formal separation of Church and state embodied in the First Amendment was followed by the ending of state-level tax support for churches. None of the states established after 1792 had formal religious establishments. Baptists, Congregationalists, Presbyterians, and Methodists accounted for the majority of the American population both at the beginning and end of this period, but this simple fact masks an important compositional shift. While the denominations of Old Dissent declined relatively, Methodism grew quickly, representing a third of the population by 1850. Dissenters thus faced several different challenges. Primary among these were how to understand the idea of ‘denomination’ and also the more general role of institutional religion in a post-establishment society. Concerns about missions, and the positions of women and African Americans are best understood within this context.

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Religion, Race, and Humanism

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190221171.013.7 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Anthony B. Pinn

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

African American ◽

African Americans ◽

Richard Wright ◽

Institutional Development ◽

The United States ◽

Unitarian Universalist ◽

Racial Injustice ◽

History Of ◽

Lorraine Hansberry

This chapter explores the history of humanism within African American communities. It positions humanist thinking and humanism-inspired activism as a significant way in which people of African descent in the United States have addressed issues of racial injustice. Beginning with critiques of theism found within the blues, moving through developments such as the literature produced by Richard Wright, Lorraine Hansberry, and others, to political activists such as W. E. B. DuBois and A. Philip Randolph, to organized humanism in the form of African American involvement in the Unitarian Universalist Association, African Americans for Humanism, and so on, this chapter presents the historical and institutional development of African American humanism.

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Patterns and correlates of mis-implementation in state chronic disease public health practice in the United States

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-020-10101-z ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Margaret M. Padek ◽

Stephanie Mazzucca ◽

Peg Allen ◽

Emily Rodriguez Weno ◽

Edward Tsai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

United States ◽

Decision Making ◽

Chronic Disease ◽

Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽

Public Health Practice ◽

State Level ◽

The United States ◽

Organizational Level ◽

Effective Programs

Abstract Background Much of the disease burden in the United States is preventable through application of existing knowledge. State-level public health practitioners are in ideal positions to affect programs and policies related to chronic disease, but the extent to which mis-implementation occurring with these programs is largely unknown. Mis-implementation refers to ending effective programs and policies prematurely or continuing ineffective ones. Methods A 2018 comprehensive survey assessing the extent of mis-implementation and multi-level influences on mis-implementation was reported by state health departments (SHDs). Questions were developed from previous literature. Surveys were emailed to randomly selected SHD employees across the Unites States. Spearman’s correlation and multinomial logistic regression were used to assess factors in mis-implementation. Results Half (50.7%) of respondents were chronic disease program managers or unit directors. Forty nine percent reported that programs their SHD oversees sometimes, often or always continued ineffective programs. Over 50% also reported that their SHD sometimes or often ended effective programs. The data suggest the strongest correlates and predictors of mis-implementation were at the organizational level. For example, the number of organizational layers impeded decision-making was significant for both continuing ineffective programs (OR=4.70; 95% CI=2.20, 10.04) and ending effective programs (OR=3.23; 95% CI=1.61, 7.40). Conclusion The data suggest that changing certain agency practices may help in minimizing the occurrence of mis-implementation. Further research should focus on adding context to these issues and helping agencies engage in appropriate decision-making. Greater attention to mis-implementation should lead to greater use of effective interventions and more efficient expenditure of resources, ultimately to improve health outcomes.

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Epic Cruelty: On Post-Pandemic Performance

New Theatre Quarterly ◽

10.1017/s0266464x21000026 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 37 (2) ◽

pp. 119-136

Author(s):

Rick Mitchell

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

United States ◽

African Americans ◽

The United States ◽

California State University ◽

The State ◽

State University ◽

White Supremacist ◽

Systemic Racism ◽

Disaster Capitalism

As today’s catastrophic Covid-19 pandemic exacerbates ongoing crises, including systemic racism, rising ethno-nationalism, and fossil-fuelled climate change, the neoliberal world that we inhabit is becoming increasingly hostile, particularly for the most vulnerable. Even in the United States, as armed white-supremacist, pro-Trump forces face off against protesters seeking justice for African Americans, the hostility is increasingly palpable, and often frightening. Yet as millions of Black Lives Matter protesters demonstrated after the brutal police killing of George Floyd, the current, intersecting crises – worsened by Trump’s criminalization of anti-racism protesters and his dismissal of science – demand a serious, engaged, response from activists as well as artists. The title of this article is meant to evoke not only the state of the unusually cruel moment through which we are living, but also the very different approaches to performance of both Brecht and Artaud, whose ideas, along with those of others – including Benjamin, Butler, Latour, Mbembe, and Césaire – inform the radical, open-ended, post-pandemic theatre practice proposed in this essay. A critically acclaimed dramatist as well as Professor of English and Playwriting at California State University, Northridge, Mitchell’s published volumes of plays include Disaster Capitalism; or Money Can’t Buy You Love: Three Plays; Brecht in L.A.; and Ventriloquist: Two Plays and Ventriloquial Miscellany. He is the editor of Experimental O’Neill, and is currently at work on a series of post-pandemic plays.

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Sickle Cell Trait and Renal Function in Hispanics in the United States: the Northern Manhattan Study

Ethnicity & Disease ◽

10.18865/ed.27.1.11 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 27 (1) ◽

pp. 11 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Nicole D. Dueker ◽

David Della-Morte ◽

Tatjana Rundek ◽

Ralph L. Sacco ◽

Susan H. Blanton

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Chronic Kidney Disease ◽

African Americans ◽

Kidney Disease ◽

Sickle Cell ◽

Sickle Cell Trait ◽

The United States ◽

Genetic Mutation ◽

Single Mutation ◽

Increased Risk

Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is a common hematological disorder among individuals of African descent in the United States; the disorder results in the production of abnormal hemoglobin. It is caused by homozygosity for a genetic mutation in HBB; rs334. While the presence of a single mutation (sickle cell trait, SCT) has long been considered a benign trait, recent research suggests that SCT is associated with renal dysfunction, including a decrease in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and increased risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in African Americans. It is currently unknown whether similar associations are observed in Hispanics. Therefore, our study aimed to determine if SCT is associated with mean eGFR and CKD in a sample of 340 Dominican Hispanics from the Northern Manhattan Study. Using regression analyses, we tested rs334 for association with eGFR and CKD, adjusting for age and sex. eGFR was estimated using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation and CKD was defined as eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2. Within our sample, there were 16 individuals with SCT (SCT carriers). We found that SCT carriers had a mean eGFR that was 12.12 mL/min/1.73m2 lower than non-carriers (P=.002). Additionally, SCT carriers had 2.72 times higher odds of CKD compared with non-carriers (P=.09). Taken together, these novel results show that Hispanics with SCT, as found among African Americans with SCT, may also be at increased risk for kidney disease.Ethn Dis. 2017; 27(1):11-14; doi:10.18865/ed.27.1.11.

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