scholarly journals Pulmonary Health Effects of Electronic Cigarettes: A Scoping Review

2021 ◽  
pp. 152483992098550
Author(s):  
Emma Gugala ◽  
Chinyere M. Okoh ◽  
Somraj Ghosh ◽  
Leticia R. Moczygemba
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
The United States ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Original Research ◽  
Dual Use

Background There is global concern regarding the public health impact of electronic cigarettes (ECs). ECs are commonly promoted as safer than conventional cigarettes (CCs), however there is limited knowledge of the long-term health effects. This scoping review examined the pulmonary health effects of ECs reported in the literature from 2009 to 2019. Method PubMed, CINAHL, and Science Direct databases were used. Search terms included “vaping, electronic nicotine delivery systems, electronic cigarettes, lung diseases, respiratory diseases, and pulmonary.” Original research articles in English that used human subjects between January 1, 2009 and January 31, 2020 and reported pulmonary outcomes were included. Results Forty-five studies met the inclusion criteria. There were 14 (31.1%) randomized experimental, 7 (15.6%) nonrandomized experimental, 6 (13.3%) cohort, and 18 (40.0%) cross-sectional studies. Sixteen (35.6%) studies were conducted in the United States; the rest were conducted across 11 other countries. The total number of subjects was 1,465,292 and ages ranged from 12 to 99 years across studies. Eligible studies demonstrated an association between EC use and pulmonary symptoms, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease diagnosis and exacerbations. The degree of this association varied based on the use of additional tobacco products. EC use resulted in worse outcomes than nonsmoking, but resulted in improved outcomes when compared with CC use or dual use of CC and EC. Conclusion Evidence indicates that EC use, especially dual use, leads to negative pulmonary effects and adverse outcomes. Education on the potential risks and publishing of EC ingredients on labels could help improve public health safety communication and reduce EC use.

Pediatric Collections: Vaping: Effects and Solutions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
The United States ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Pediatric Health ◽  
Pediatric Health Care

Electronic cigarettes are the tobacco products most commonly used by youths in the United States. The use of e-cigarettes, also known as vaping or JUULing, is a public health epidemic. This collection offers reviews and research to assist pediatric health care providers in identifying and treating adolescent use and exposure to e-cigarettes. https://shop.aap.org/pediatric-collections-vaping-effects-and-solutions-paperback/

scholarly journals Biomarkers of Exposure for Dual Use of Electronic Cigarettes and Combustible Cigarettes: Nicotelline, NNAL, and Total Nicotine Equivalents

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 1107-1113
Author(s):  
Peyton Jacob ◽  
Gideon St. Helen ◽  
Lisa Yu ◽  
Natalie Nardone ◽  
Christopher Havel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Cigarette Use ◽  
Tobacco Exposure ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Dual Use ◽  
Biomarkers Of Exposure ◽  
Urine Concentrations

Abstract Introduction Dual use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) and combustible cigarettes is a major public health issue. It is generally accepted that exclusive e-cigarette use is less harmful than exclusive combustible cigarette use, but most e-cigarette users continue to smoke combustible cigarettes as well. To what extent the use of e-cigarettes reduces harm in people who continue to smoke combustible cigarettes has been debated. The aim of this study was to explore the utility of biomarkers as measures of dual use. Methods In two human studies of participants who used e-cigarettes only or both combustible cigarettes and e-cigarettes, we measured urine concentrations of the metabolites of nicotine (total nicotine equivalents) as well as two biomarkers of tobacco exposure: 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), a tobacco-specific carcinogen metabolite, and nicotelline, a tobacco alkaloid not found in significant concentrations in e-cigarette products. Results The presence of nicotine metabolites indicates either e-cigarette or combustible cigarette use. Nicotelline (half-life of 2–3 hours) indicates recent combustible cigarette use and NNAL (half-life of 10 days or more), indicates combustible cigarette use occurring within several weeks prior to sample collection. Conclusions Nicotelline and NNAL are useful biomarkers for combustible tobacco use in users e-cigarettes. The application of these biomarkers provides a tool to help assess whether, or to what extent, dual use of e-cigarettes and combustible cigarettes reduces harm compared to sole use of combustible cigarettes. These biomarkers can also verify exclusive use of e-cigarettes over short (24 hour) or long (several week) time periods. Implications:  To what extent dual use of e-cigarettes and combustible cigarettes reduce harm compared to smoking combustible cigarettes only is of considerable public health interest. We show that the levels of the minor tobacco alkaloid nicotelline and the nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) are extremely low in electronic cigarette fluids. The urine biomarkers nicotelline and the NNK metabolite 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) are indicative of cigarette smoking and can be used to assess recent and past smoking in dual users.

scholarly journals Potential Public Health Effects of Reducing Nicotine Levels in Cigarettes in the United States

2018 ◽  
Vol 378 (18) ◽  
pp. 1725-1733 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin J. Apelberg ◽  
Shari P. Feirman ◽  
Esther Salazar ◽  
Catherine G. Corey ◽  
Bridget K. Ambrose ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
The United States ◽  
Potential Public Health

E-Cigarettes: Implications for Health Promotion in the Asian Pacific Region

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 321-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonine Jancey ◽  
Bruce Maycock ◽  
Kahlia McCausland ◽  
Peter Howat
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Public Health Practice ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pacific Region ◽  
New Device ◽  
Cautious Approach ◽  
Asian Pacific Region ◽  
Asian Pacific

Since their introduction to the United States in 2007, electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) use has grown exponentially. This rapid growth in e-cigarette use has been heralded by some as a potential important public health measure that could ultimately replace tobacco cigarettes, while others recommend a cautionary approach until there is clear evidence they will not become “new tobacco” bringing a possible myriad of other problems. E-cigarettes may have real benefits, however they do expose users and those nearby to organic compounds, solvents and particulate matter, with there being limited data relating to their health impact. It is unclear as to whether this relatively new device has the potential to exacerbate nicotine addictions, or play a part in reducing harm and smoking cessation. The fundamental requirement of public health practice is to do no harm and from the inconclusive evidence we have to date on e-cigarettes, it appears a cautious approach is warranted. This commentary reviews evidence that supports a cautious approach to e-cigarette availability in Australia and the Asian Pacific region.

The rise of electronic nicotine delivery systems and the emergence of electronic-cigarette-driven disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 319 (4) ◽  
pp. L585-L595 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kielan Darcy McAlinden ◽  
Mathew Suji Eapen ◽  
Wenying Lu ◽  
Pawan Sharma ◽  
Sukhwinder Singh Sohal
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
The United States ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Increased Risk

In 2019, the United States experienced the emergence of the vaping-associated lung injury (VALI) epidemic. Vaping is now known to result in the development and progression of severe lung disease in the young and healthy. Lack of regulation on electronic cigarettes in the United States has resulted in over 2,000 patients and 68 deaths. We examine the clinical representation of VALI and the delve into the scientific evidence of how deadly exposure to electronic cigarettes can be. E-cigarette vapor is shown to affect numerous cellular processes, cellular metabolism, and cause DNA damage (which has implications for cancer). E-cigarette use is associated with a higher risk of developing crippling lung conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which would develop several years from now, increasing the already existent smoking-related burden. The role of vaping and virus susceptibility is yet to be determined; however, vaping can increase the virulence and inflammatory potential of several lung pathogens and is also linked to an increased risk of pneumonia. As it has emerged for cigarette smoking, great caution should also be given to vaping in relation to SARS-CoV-2 infection and the COVID-19 pandemic. Sadly, e-cigarettes are continually promoted and perceived as a safer alternative to cigarette smoking. E-cigarettes and their modifiable nature are harmful, as the lungs are not designed for the chronic inhalation of e-cigarette vapor. It is of interest that e-cigarettes have been shown to be of no help with smoking cessation. A true danger lies in vaping, which, if ignored, will lead to disastrous future costs.

Online Pro-Tobacco Marketing Exposure Is Associated With Dual Tobacco Product Use Among Underage US Students

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 648-651
Author(s):  
Hunter Marion ◽  
William Garner ◽  
Alex Estrada ◽  
Christopher Moorer ◽  
Ixel Acosta-Velazquez
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
The United States ◽  
Online Marketing ◽  
Electronic Cigarette ◽  
Dual Use ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
School Students ◽  
Tobacco Marketing

Purpose: To understand the effect of pro-tobacco marketing on electronic cigarette and combustible cigarette dual use among US middle and high school students under 18 years of age. Design: Data were derived from the 2018 National Youth Tobacco Survey, an annual self-administered school-based cross-sectional survey. Setting: The survey was administered in public and private middle and high schools across the United States. Participants: The probability sample size was 15 238 middle and high school students with complete responses who were under 18 years of age during the study period. Measures: The study measured self-reported exposure to online combustible and electronic cigarette advertisements, dual use of combustible and electronic cigarettes during the past 30 days, exposure to the Real Cost antitobacco campaign advertisements, and other sociodemographic factors (eg, race/ethnicity, gender, and grade). Analysis: Logistic regressions were used to measure pro-tobacco marketing exposure and dual use as a function of pro-tobacco marketing exposure. Results: Descriptive analyses show that 59.0% of respondents were exposed to pro-tobacco online marketing, and 2.9% were dual users. Dual users (odds ratio [OR] = 1.73) and high school students (OR = 1.43) were more likely to report exposure to online pro-tobacco marketing. Conclusions: Findings indicate that a gap in electronic cigarette pro-tobacco marketing regulatory oversight may exist. Further policy action may be warranted to protect the public health of minors and other vulnerable populations who are most susceptible to pro-tobacco marketing.

Integrating Racially and Ethnically Diverse Communities Into Planning for Disasters: The California Experience

2011 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 227-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis P. Andrulis ◽  
Nadia J. Siddiqui ◽  
Jonathan P. Purtle
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Web Sites ◽  
Organizational Capacity ◽  
Ethnically Diverse ◽  
The United States ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Preparedness Planning ◽  
Engagement Strategies ◽  
Diverse Communities

ABSTRACTObjectives: Racially/ethnically diverse communities suffer a disproportionate burden of adverse outcomes before, during and after a disaster. Using California as a locus of study, we sought to identify challenges and barriers to meeting the preparedness needs of these communities and highlight promising strategies, gaps in programs, and future priorities.Methods: We conducted a literature review, environmental scan of organizational Web sites providing preparedness materials for diverse communities, and key informant interviews with public health and emergency management professionals.Results: We identified individual-level barriers to preparing diverse communities such as socioeconomic status, trust, culture, and language, as well as institutional-level barriers faced by organizations such as inadequate support for culturally/linguistically appropriate initiatives. Current programs to address these barriers include language assistance services, community engagement strategies, cross-sector collaboration, and community assessments. Enhancing public-private partnerships, increasing flexibility in allocating funds and improving organizational capacity for diversity initiatives were all identified as additional areas of programmatic need.Conclusions: Our study suggests at least four intervention priorities for California and across the United States: engaging diverse communities in all aspects of emergency planning, implementation, and evaluation; mitigating fear and stigma; building organizational cultural competence; and enhancing coordination of information and resources. In addition, this study provides a methodological model for other states seeking to assess their capacity to integrate diverse communities into preparedness planning and response.(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2011;5:227–234)

scholarly journals Electronic cigarettes and lung toxicity

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (19) ◽  
pp. 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terrance Rodrigues ◽  
Eric Deal ◽  
Kenneth Nugent ◽  
J. Drew Payne
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Medical Profession ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
The United States ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Lipoid Pneumonia ◽  
The Public ◽  
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonarydisease

The use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) in the United States has steadily increasedsince their introduction into the market in 2007. These devices deliver nicotine through thevaporization of a liquid which contains a vehicle (propylene glycol or glycerin), artificialflavoring, and nicotine. The combustion of these liquids creates a vapor containing particulates,multiple chemicals, and nicotine. The long-term safety of these products is unknown. Studiesin healthy, non-smoking volunteers and smokers with no clinical pulmonary disease havedemonstrated that the inhalation of e-cigarette vapor has minimal short-term effects onpulmonary function. The exposure of cell cultures to e-cigarette liquid or aerosols has beenshown to reduce cell viability, induce cytokine production, and cause oxidative stress. Theexposure of animals (mice and rats) to e-cigarette aerosols induces inflammatory responsesin the lungs and delays the clearance of bacterial and viral challenges. There are a smallnumber of case reports of patients developing acute pulmonary toxicity following the use ofe-cigarettes. Two patients have developed lipoid pneumonia following the use of e-cigarettesfor 3 and 7 months. Finally, several studies suggest that patients with chronic lung diseasewho switch from tobacco cigarettes to e-cigarettes can have improvement in lung function(asthmatics) and a reduction in the number of exacerbations (chronic obstructive pulmonarydisease). Clearly, the public and the medical profession need more information about thelong-term complications associated with the use of e-cigarettes and their benefit in smokingcessation efforts.Keywords: electronic

scholarly journals Publications in PubMed on Ebola and the 2014 outbreak

F1000Research ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Ballabeni ◽  
Andrea Boggio
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Publication Output ◽  
The United States ◽  
Research Articles ◽  
Original Research ◽  
The Past ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Biomedical Publication

In this research note we examine the biomedical publication output about Ebola in 2014. We show that the volume of publications has dramatically increased in the past year. In 2014 there have been over 888 publications with ‘ebola’ or ‘ebolavirus’ in the title, approximately 13 times the volume of publication of 2013. The rise reflects an impressive growth starting in the month of August, concomitant with or following the surge in infections, deaths and coverage in news and social media. Though non-research articles have been the major contributors to this growth, there has been a substantial increase in original research articles too, including many papers of basic science. The United States has been the country with the highest number of research articles, followed by Canada and the United Kingdom. We present a comprehensive set of charts and facts that, by describing the volumes and nature of publications in 2014, show how the scientific community has responded to the Ebola outbreak and how it might respond to future similar global threats and media events. This information will assist scholars and policymakers in their efforts to improve scientific research policies with the goal of maximizing both public health and knowledge advancement.

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