scholarly journals Entertainment as Crime Prevention: Evidence From Chicago Sports Games

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 344-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan Copus ◽  
Hannah Laqueur
Keyword(s):  
Mass Media ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Major League Baseball ◽  
National Basketball Association ◽  
Sporting Events ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Sports Teams ◽  
World Series ◽  
Crime Displacement ◽  
Crime Reports

The concern that mass media may be responsible for aggressive and criminal behavior is widespread. Comparatively little consideration has been given to its diversionary function. We test for the effect of television entertainment on crime by leveraging the randomness inherent in the scheduling of sporting events. We compare Chicago crime reports by the half hour when Chicago’s sports teams are playing to reports at the same time, day, and month when the teams are not playing. We conduct the same analysis for the Super Bowl, National Basketball Association Finals, and Major League Baseball World Series. We find consistent decreases in crime during games. Short-term crime displacement is minimal or nonexistent.

scholarly journals Predicting Seasonal Performance in Professional Sport: A 30-Year Analysis of Sports Illustrated Predictions

Sports ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 163
Author(s):  
Justine Jones ◽  
Kathryn Johnston ◽  
Lou Farah ◽  
Joseph Baker
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
National Football League ◽  
Predictive Accuracy ◽  
Major League Baseball ◽  
National Basketball Association ◽  
Forecasting Accuracy ◽  
World Series ◽  
Major League ◽  
Sports Illustrated ◽  
Future Work

In 2017, Sports Illustrated (SI) made headlines when their remarkable prediction from 2014 that the Houston Astros (a team in one of the lowest Major League Baseball divisional rankings) would win the World Series, came true. The less-publicised story was that in 2017, SI predicted the Los Angeles Dodgers to win the Major League Baseball (MLB) title. Assessing the forecasting accuracy of experts is critical as it explores the difficulty and limitations of forecasts and can help illuminate how predictions may shape sociocultural notions of sport in society. To thoroughly investigate SI’s forecasting record, predictions were collected from the four major North American sporting leagues (the National Football League, National Basketball Association, Major League Baseball, and National Hockey League) over the last 30 years (1988–2018). Kruskal–Wallis H Tests and Mann–Whitney U Tests were used to evaluate the absolute and relative accuracy of predictions. Results indicated that SI had the greatest predictive accuracy in the National Basketball Association and was significantly more likely to predict divisional winners compared to conference and league champions. Future work in this area may seek to examine multiple media outlets to gain a more comprehensive perspective on forecasting accuracy in sport.

Professional Playing Experience Does Not Lead to Professional Coaching Success

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 72-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul G. Schempp ◽  
Bryan A. McCullick ◽  
Matthew A. Grant ◽  
Cornell Foo ◽  
Kelly Wieser
Keyword(s):  
Significant Relationship ◽  
National Football League ◽  
Major League Baseball ◽  
National Basketball Association ◽  
Sources Of Knowledge ◽  
Winning Percentage ◽  
Professional Coaching ◽  
Major League ◽  
The Relationship

The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between coaches’ professional playing experience and their professional coaching success. The sample (n = 134) included coaches who had the equivalent of three full seasons of head coaching experience in either Major League Baseball (MLB) (n = 46), the National Basketball Association (NBA) (n = 38) or the National Football League (NFL) (n = 50) as determined by the total number of games coached between the years 1997-2007. ANOVAs revealed no significant differences between coaches with more or less professional playing experience and professional coaching success as determined by professional winning percentage. Further, no significant relationship was found between professional playing experience and professional coaching success in MLB (r = -0.16), NBA (r = -0.05) or NFL (r = 0.00). It was concluded that professional playing experience was not a predictor of professional level coaching success. These findings support the notion that sources of knowledge other than playing experience may be necessary and useful in developing coaching expertise.

Out of gas: quantifying fatigue in MLB relievers

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-64
Author(s):  
Kyle Burris ◽  
Jacob Coleman
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Hierarchical Model ◽  
Major League Baseball ◽  
Bayesian Hierarchical Model ◽  
Response Relationship ◽  
Dose Response Relationship ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Bayesian Hierarchical ◽  
Rate Of Recovery ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract As relief pitcher usage in Major League Baseball has spiked in recent years, optimal bullpen decision-making has become increasingly vital for team managers. Throughout the season, managers must be mindful to avoid overusing their most talented relievers, due to the risks of injury and ineffectiveness. Despite the substantial amount of attention given to pitcher arm health and injury prevention, the effect of workload on pitcher fatigue is poorly understood. As a result, many of these overuse decisions are driven by feel and intuition. In this paper, we borrow ideas from toxicology to provide a framework for estimating the effect of recent workload on short-term reliever effectiveness, as measured by fastball velocity. Treating a thrown pitch as a fatigue-inducing “toxin” administered to a player’s arm, we develop a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the pitcher-level dose-response relationship, the rate of recovery, and the relationship between pitch count and fatigue. Based on the model, we find that the rate of reliever fatigue rises with increasing pitch count. When relief pitchers throw more than 15 pitches in an appearance, they are expected to suffer small, short-term velocity decreases in future games; upon crossing the 20 pitch threshold, this dip is further amplified. For each day that passes after the appearance, we estimate that the effect on a player’s velocity is cut roughly in half. Finally, we identify the relievers most affected by fatigue, along with those most resilient to its effects.

Children’s game-day experiences and effects of community groups

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Rose Nakamoto Reifurth ◽  
Matthew J. Bernthal ◽  
Bob Heere
Keyword(s):  
Sport Management ◽  
Distinct Group ◽  
Sporting Events ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Sports Teams ◽  
Community Membership ◽  
Sport Team ◽  
Fan Communities ◽  
Sport Teams

Purpose Sport management research that examines children as a distinct group of sport consumers is sparse, and therefore the authors know relatively little about how and why children become fans of sport teams. The purpose of this paper is to explore the game-day experiences of children in order to better understand how these experiences allow children to socialize into the team community and become fans of the team. Design/methodology/approach The authors examine this through exploratory observational analysis and 26 semi-structured interviews with children at professional sporting events. Findings Among the results, it was found that children primarily focus on exploring ways to build membership in the fan community as opposed to initially building connections to the team itself. In addition, those children that watched the games with their peers demonstrated greater in-game emotional responses than those children that viewed the game with family. Research limitations/implications This study provides support for the importance of community membership in the initial stages of sport team fandom as well as the varying effects of different groups within fan communities on child fans. However, further research is needed to increase the generalizability of the results. Practical implications It is recommended that sport teams increasingly target groups that will bring children to games with their peers in order to enhance their game experience and increase their socialization into fandom. Originality/value This paper is one of the first in sport management to directly look to better understand children and the ways in which they become fans of sports teams.

Stepping into the (Social Media) Game

2014 ◽  
pp. 711-730
Author(s):  
Jimmy Sanderson
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
National Football League ◽  
Major League Baseball ◽  
Pop Culture ◽  
National Basketball Association ◽  
Parasocial Interaction ◽  
Sports Fans ◽  
The Social ◽  
Identity Expression

This chapter explores how rookie athletes in Major League Baseball (MLB), the National Basketball Association (NBA), National Football League (NFL), and National Hockey League (NHL), used Twitter as an identity expression tool. A representative sample of tweets from athletes selected in the first round of the 2011 amateur draft of each sports league was selected for analysis. Results revealed that identity manifested in the following ways: (a) Athletes as dedicated workers; (b) Athletes as pop culture consumers; (c) Athletes as sports fans; (d) Athletes as motivators; (e) Athletes as information seekers; and (f) Athletes as everyday people. Through social media, athletes can more actively and diversely assert their identity. This action fosters identification, liking, and parasocial interaction with fans as athletes appear more approachable and similar. The ability to construct and disseminate a variety of identities holds important implications for athletes, which are discussed in the concluding section of the chapter.

Of slurs and soccer

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 320-342
Author(s):  
Blenda Femenías
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous Populations ◽  
Sporting Events ◽  
Simultaneous Application ◽  
Sports Teams ◽  
National Imaginary ◽  
White Majority ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Media Reports ◽  
The City ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

Abstract Since the late twentieth century, Buenos Aires has been widely publicized outside Argentina as a “gay-friendly” destination. This period has also seen increasing immigration to the city from other parts of South America, especially neighboring countries and others with sizeable indigenous populations. An ongoing popular national narrative highlights hyper-masculinity as a preeminently Argentine characteristic. Distinct discourses characterizing Argentina as racially white-majority and anti-foreign and anti-indigenous, overinvested in machismo, and at the same time welcoming to nonheterosexual foreigners seem, on the surface, to be at odds. In this essay I explore intersections among race, gender, sexuality, and foreign origin as cross-cutting planes of discourse, which are all subsumed within and constitutive of the Argentine national imaginary. While these distinct domains of reference can isolate and contain different sectors of Argentine society, I argue that it is the overlapping, simultaneous application of raced-sex terms that necessarily denies masculine superiority to others and promotes it among Argentine men. Ultimately, therefore, a “permissive” atmosphere cannot challenge heteronormativity. I consider the ways that racial and sexual epithets (including maricón and puto “fag,” boliguayo “Bolivian + Paraguayan alien” or “Indian,” and brasileño, literally “Brazilian” but code for “Afro-heritage/black”) are differently used in conversational settings and media reports about sports teams and sporting events, especially soccer, as well as during those events.

scholarly journals The Benefits of Vitamin D Supplementation for Athletes: Better Performance and Reduced Risk of COVID-19

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 3741
Author(s):  
William B. Grant ◽  
Henry Lahore ◽  
Michelle S. Rockwell
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Vitamin D Supplementation ◽  
Sporting Events ◽  
Sports Teams ◽  
Hydroxyvitamin D ◽  
Personal Consequences ◽  
25 Hydroxyvitamin D ◽  
Tract Infections

The COVID-19 pandemic is having major economic and personal consequences for collegiate and professional sports. Sporting events have been canceled or postponed, and even when baseball and basketball seasons resumed in the United States recently, no fans were in attendance. As play resumed, several players developed COVID-19, disrupting some of the schedules. A hypothesis now under scientific consideration is that taking vitamin supplements to raise serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations could quickly reduce the risk and/or severity of COVID-19. Several mechanisms have been identified through which vitamin D could reduce the risks of infection and severity, death, and long-haul effects of COVID-19: (1) inducing production of cathelicidin and defensins to reduce the survival and replication of the SARS-CoV-2 virus; (2) reducing inflammation and the production of proinflammatory cytokines and risk of the “cytokine storm” that damages the epithelial layer of the lungs, heart, vascular system, and other organs; and (3) increasing production of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, thus limiting the amount of angiotensin II available to the virus to cause damage. Clinical trials have confirmed that vitamin D supplementation reduces risk of acute respiratory tract infections, and approximately 30 observational studies have shown that incidence, severity, and death from COVID-19 are inversely correlated with serum 25(OH)D concentrations. Vitamin D supplementation is already familiar to many athletes and sports teams because it improves athletic performance and increases playing longevity. Thus, athletes should consider vitamin D supplementation to serve as an additional means by which to reduce risk of COVID-19 and its consequences.

scholarly journals Epidemiology and Impact of Prior Musculoskeletal Injury and Orthopaedic Surgery on Draft Rank, Availability, and Short-term Performance in Major League Baseball: A Summary Analysis and Matched Cohort of 1890 Predraft Players

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 232596711984426
Author(s):  
Prem N. Ramkumar ◽  
Sergio M. Navarro ◽  
Bryan C. Luu ◽  
Heather S. Haeberle ◽  
Jaret M. Karnuta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Procedures ◽  
Major League Baseball ◽  
Ulnar Collateral Ligament ◽  
Musculoskeletal Injury ◽  
Musculoskeletal Injuries ◽  
Ligament Injury ◽  
Collateral Ligament ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Major League

Background: Despite the many reports of injury rates in Major League Baseball (MLB), little is known about the epidemiology or impact of prior musculoskeletal injuries and surgical procedures among players entering the MLB draft. Purpose: To determine the (1) epidemiology of all musculoskeletal injuries and surgical procedures among players entering the MLB draft, (2) impact of injury or surgery on draft rank, (3) impact of injury or surgery on availability within the first 2 years of play in the MLB, and (4) impact of injury or surgery on performance. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 1890 medical records that were completed by MLB team physicians as preparticipation physical assessment prior to the draft from 2014 to 2018. Players were divided into 3 groups: noninjured, nonoperative, and operative. Draft status, overall draft rank, missed games, batting average, and earned run average for the first 2 seasons of MLB play were obtained for all available players. Players across all 3 groups were compared with linear, logistic, and beta regression models, controlling for age, position, injury status, and draft rank. Unadjusted differences among groups were assessed with 1-way analysis of variance. Results: Overall, 750 position players and 1140 pitchers were included, of whom 22.8% had no reported injury history; 48.8% reported injury treated nonoperatively; and 28.5% were treated operatively. The most common predraft injuries were elbow tendinitis (n = 312), ulnar collateral ligament injury (n = 212), and shoulder labral tear (n = 76). The most common predraft treatments were physical therapy (n = 922), ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction (n = 115), and fracture fixation (n = 69). Of the 1890 players, 719 were drafted and played for at least 2 years. No difference was found among noninjured, nonoperative, and operative groups in terms of draft rank, games missed, or performance. Players with a nonoperative injury had a decreased odds ratio of being drafted (0.738; P = .017). Conclusion: More than half of the players entering the MLB reported a history of musculoskeletal injury requiring treatment, and the most commonly affected joints were the shoulder and elbow. Musculoskeletal history did not affect draft rank, short-term availability, or performance for MLB prospects.

Time-Series and Dynamic Cross-Correlations Analysis on Unexpected Information: Evidence from Media News and Online Postings

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (02) ◽  
pp. 2050011
Author(s):  
Yan Li ◽  
Xiangyu Kong ◽  
Xiao Li ◽  
Zuochao Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Mass Media ◽  
New Media ◽  
Trading Volume ◽  
Cross Correlation ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Cross Correlations ◽  
The Cross ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship

In this paper, we investigate the relationship between unexpected information from postings and news, and the unexpected information is measured by the residual of regressions of trading volume on numbers of news or postings. We mainly find that (i) There are significant positive contemporaneous correlations between the unexpected information coming from postings and different kinds of news; the correlation between the unexpected information coming from postings and new media news is stronger than that between the unexpected information coming from postings and mass media news; (ii) The unexpected information coming from postings could cause the unexpected information coming from news, but only the unexpected information coming from the mass media news could cause that coming from postings; (iii) There are persistent power-law cross-correlations between the unexpected information coming from postings and that coming from mass media news and new media news. The cross-correlation between the unexpected information coming from postings and new media news is more persistent than the one between the unexpected information coming from postings and mass media news. The cross-correlations are all more stable in long term than in short term. We attribute our findings above to the dissemination speed of the information on the Internet.

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