Effect of heat treatment on crystallinity and mechanical properties of flexible structures 3D printed with fused deposition modeling

2021 ◽  
pp. 152808372110649
Author(s):  
Ajay Jayswal ◽  
Sabit Adanur
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Ultimate Tensile Strength ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Dog Bone ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Deposition Modeling ◽  
3D Printed

Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) is a widely used 3D printing technique, which works based on the principle of melted polymer extrusion through nozzle(s) and depositing them on a build plate layer by layer. However, products manufactured with this method lack proper mechanical strength. In this work, 2/1 twill weave fabric structures are 3D printed using poly (lactic) acid (PLA). The ultimate tensile strength in the warp and weft directions and the modulus (stiffnesses) are measured for non-heat-treated (NHT) samples. The printed samples were heat-treated (HT) to improve the strength and stiffness. The variation in ultimate tensile strength is statistically insignificant in warp direction at all temperatures; however, the tensile strength in weft direction decreased after heat treatment. The modulus in warp direction increased by 31% after heat treatment while in the weft direction it decreased after heat treatment. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) tests showed the highest crystallinity at 125°C. The properties of the twill fabrics were compared with a standard dog-bone (DB) specimen using uniaxial tensile tests, Differential scanning calorimetry tests, and optical microscope (OM). For dog-bone specimens, the maximum values of crystallinity, ultimate tensile strength, and modulus were found to be at 125°C. The maximum crystallinity percentages are higher than that of the NHT samples. The ultimate tensile strength of NHT DB specimen 3D printed in horizontal orientation improved after heat treatment. The ultimate tensile strength of DB samples in vertical directions increased after heat treatment as well. The stiffness increased in both directions for DB samples.

Development of three-dimensional printing filaments based on poly(lactic acid)/hydroxyapatite composites with potential for tissue engineering

2021 ◽  
pp. 002199832098856
Author(s):  
Marcela Piassi Bernardo ◽  
Bruna Cristina Rodrigues da Silva ◽  
Luiz Henrique Capparelli Mattoso
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Three Dimensional Printing ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Deposition Modeling ◽  
3D Printed

Injured bone tissues can be healed with scaffolds, which could be manufactured using the fused deposition modeling (FDM) strategy. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is one of the most biocompatible polymers suitable for FDM, while hydroxyapatite (HA) could improve the bioactivity of scaffold due to its chemical composition. Therefore, the combination of PLA/HA can create composite filaments adequate for FDM and with high osteoconductive and osteointegration potentials. In this work, we proposed a different approache to improve the potential bioactivity of 3D printed scaffolds for bone tissue engineering by increasing the HA loading (20-30%) in the PLA composite filaments. Two routes were investigated regarding the use of solvents in the filament production. To assess the suitability of the FDM-3D printing process, and the influence of the HA content on the polymer matrix, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were performed. The HA phase content of the composite filaments agreed with the initial composite proportions. The wettability of the 3D printed scaffolds was also increased. It was shown a greener route for obtaining composite filaments that generate scaffolds with properties similar to those obtained by the solvent casting, with high HA content and great potential to be used as a bone graft.

Effect of heat treatment on mechanical properties of 3D printed polylactic acid parts

2021 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-78
Author(s):  
Pulkin Gupta ◽  
Sudha Kumari ◽  
Abhishek Gupta ◽  
Ankit Kumar Sinha ◽  
Prashant Jindal
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Polylactic Acid ◽  
Recrystallization Temperature ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Dog Bone ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Maximum Decrease ◽  
3D Printed

Abstract Fused deposition modelling (FDM) is a layer-by-layer manufacturing process type of 3D-printing (3DP). Significant variation in the mechanical properties of 3D printed specimens is observed because of varied process parameters and interfacial bonding between consecutive layers. This study investigates the influence of heat treatment on the mechanical strength of FDM 3D printed Polylactic acid (PLA) parts with constant 3DP parameters and ambient conditions. To meet the objectives, 7 sets, each containing 5 dog-bone shaped samples, were fabricated from commercially available PLA filament. Each set was subjected to heat treatment at a particular temperature for 1 h and cooled in the furnace itself, while one set was left un-treated. The temperature for heat treatment (Th) varied from 30 °C to 130 °C with increments of 10 °C. The heat-treated samples were characterized under tensile loading of 400 N and mechanical properties like Young’s modulus (E), Strain % ( ε ) and Stiffness (k) were evaluated. On comparing the mechanical properties of heat-treated samples to un-treated samples, significant improvements were observed. Heat treatment also altered the geometries of the samples. Mechanical properties improved by 4.88 % to 10.26 % with the maximum being at Th of 110 °C and below recrystallization temperature (Tr) of 65 °C. Deformations also decreased significantly at higher temperatures above 100 °C, by a maximum of 36.06 %. The dimensions of samples showed a maximum decrease of 1.08 % in Tr range and a maximum decrease of 0.31 % in weight at the same temperature. This study aims to benefit the society by establishing suitable Th to recover the lost strength in PLA based FDM 3D printed parts.

Silane-Treated Muscovite as Reinforcement for 3D-Printed ABS via Fused Deposition Modeling

2021 ◽  
Vol 877 ◽  
pp. 67-72
Author(s):  
Niño B. Felices ◽  
Bryan B. Pajarito
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ◽  
Mechanical And Thermal Properties ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Mechanical Reinforcement ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Deposition Modeling ◽  
3D Printed

Epoxysilane-treated muscovite (ETM) was used as reinforcing filler to 3D-printed acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) via fused deposition modeling (FDM). Its effects to the mechanical and thermal properties of ABS were investigated. ETM was loaded at 1, 3, and 5wt%. ABS/ETM composites were characterized via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), tensile test, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Mechanical reinforcement of ABS was observed for ABS/ETM composites loaded at 1 and 3 wt% wherein it was noted that the tensile strength and elastic modulus increased by up to 83.6% and 76.6%, respectively. Reinforcement was brought by interfacial adhesion of ETM with the ABS matrix. There was a sharp decline in mechanical properties for ABS/ETM composites loaded at 5wt% due to agglomeration of ETM in the matrix and discontinuities in the printed layers. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of ABS increased and the onset of its degradation shifted towards higher temperatures with the addition of ETM. It can be concluded that the addition of ETM to ABS for FDM 3D printing improved its mechanical and thermal properties.

scholarly journals Mechanical Properties of FDM Printed PLA Parts before and after Thermal Treatment

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1239
Author(s):  
Ali Chalgham ◽  
Andrea Ehrmann ◽  
Inge Wickenkamp
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Process Parameters ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Three Point Bending ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Deposition Modeling ◽  
3D Printed

Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is one of the most often-used technologies in additive manufacturing. Several materials are used with this technology, such as poly(lactic acid) (PLA), which is most commonly applied. The mechanical properties of 3D-printed parts depend on the process parameters. This is why, in this study, three-point bending tests were carried out to characterize the influence of build orientation, layer thickness, printing temperature and printing speed on the mechanical properties of PLA samples. Not only the process parameters may affect the mechanical properties, but heat after-treatment also has an influence on them. For this reason, additional samples were printed with optimal process parameters and characterized after pure heat treatment as well as after deformation at a temperature above the glass transition temperature, cooling with applied deformation, and subsequent recovery under heat treatment. These findings are planned to be used in a future study on finger orthoses that could either be printed according to shape or in a flat shape and afterwards heated and bent around the finger.

scholarly journals The Impact of Defects on Tensile Strength and Modulus of 3D Printed Parts Manufactured by Fused deposition Modeling

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mobina Movahedi
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Deposition Modeling ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Printing Direction

Additive manufacturing (AM), 3D printing, is defined as a process of depositing materials layer by layer to create three-dimensional printed models, as opposed to subtractive manufacturing methodologies. It has the potential of revolutionizing field of manufacturing, which allows us to create more complex geometries with lower cost and faster speed in comparison to injection molding, compression forming, and forging. Therefore, 3D printing can shorten the design manufacturing cycle, reduce the production cost, and increase the competitiveness. Due to the improvements of processes and advancements of modeling and design, Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) technologies, a common 3D printing technique, have been involved in wide various applications in the past three decades and numerous studies have been gathered. This research work studies directional properties of FDM 3D printed thermoplastic parts per ASTM D638. Tensile strength and modulus of the coupons along and perpendicular to the printing direction are evaluated. It is observed that FDM 3D printing introduces anisotropic behavior to the manufactured part, e.g. tensile strength of 57.7 and 30.8 MPa for loading along and perpendicular to the printing direction, respectively. FDM 3D printers are not ideal and introduce defects into the manufactured parts, e.g. in the form of missing material, gap. This study investigates the impact of gaps on tensile strength and modulus of 3D printed parts. A maximum reduction of 20% in strength is found for a gap (missing bead) along the loading direction.

scholarly journals The Impact of Defects on Tensile Strength and Modulus of 3D Printed Parts Manufactured by Fused deposition Modeling

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mobina Movahedi
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Deposition Modeling ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Printing Direction

Additive manufacturing (AM), 3D printing, is defined as a process of depositing materials layer by layer to create three-dimensional printed models, as opposed to subtractive manufacturing methodologies. It has the potential of revolutionizing field of manufacturing, which allows us to create more complex geometries with lower cost and faster speed in comparison to injection molding, compression forming, and forging. Therefore, 3D printing can shorten the design manufacturing cycle, reduce the production cost, and increase the competitiveness. Due to the improvements of processes and advancements of modeling and design, Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) technologies, a common 3D printing technique, have been involved in wide various applications in the past three decades and numerous studies have been gathered. This research work studies directional properties of FDM 3D printed thermoplastic parts per ASTM D638. Tensile strength and modulus of the coupons along and perpendicular to the printing direction are evaluated. It is observed that FDM 3D printing introduces anisotropic behavior to the manufactured part, e.g. tensile strength of 57.7 and 30.8 MPa for loading along and perpendicular to the printing direction, respectively. FDM 3D printers are not ideal and introduce defects into the manufactured parts, e.g. in the form of missing material, gap. This study investigates the impact of gaps on tensile strength and modulus of 3D printed parts. A maximum reduction of 20% in strength is found for a gap (missing bead) along the loading direction.

scholarly journals Bioactive Potential of 3D-Printed Oleo-Gum-Resin Disks:B. papyrifera,C. myrrha, andS. benzoinLoading Nanooxides—TiO2, P25, Cu2O, and MoO3

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diogo José Horst ◽  
Sergio Mazurek Tebcherani ◽  
Evaldo Toniolo Kubaski ◽  
Rogério de Almeida Vieira
Keyword(s):  
Pure State ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Metal Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Deposition Modeling ◽  
Microscopy Analysis ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Bioactive Potential ◽  
Hot Melt

This experimental study investigates the bioactive potential of filaments produced via hot melt extrusion (HME) and intended for fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing purposes. The oleo-gum-resins from benzoin, myrrha, and olibanum in pure state and also charged with 10% of metal oxide nanoparticles, TiO2, P25, Cu2O, and MoO3, were characterized by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDXMA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Disks were 3D-printed into model geometries (10 × 5 mm) and the disk-diffusion methodology was used for the evaluation of antimicrobial and antifungal activity of materials in study against the clinical isolates:Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, andCandida albicans. Due to their intrinsic properties, disks containing resins in pure state mostly prevent surface-associated growth; meanwhile, disks loaded with 10% oxides prevent planktonic growth of microorganisms in the susceptibility assay. The microscopy analysis showed that part of nanoparticles was encapsulated by the biopolymeric matrix of resins, in most cases remaining disorderly dispersed over the surface of resins. Thermal analysis shows that plant resins have peculiar characteristics, with a thermal behavior similar to commercial available semicrystalline polymers, although their structure consists of a mix of organic compounds.

Effect of Silane-Treated Wollastonite on Mechanical and Thermal Properties of 3D-Printed ABS via Fused Deposition Modeling

2021 ◽  
Vol 877 ◽  
pp. 61-66
Author(s):  
Niño B. Felices ◽  
Bryan B. Pajarito
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ◽  
Filler Loading ◽  
Mechanical And Thermal Properties ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Uniform Dispersion ◽  
Deposition Modeling ◽  
3D Printed

The effect of the addition of epoxysilane-treated wollastonite (ETW) to the mechanical and thermal properties of 3D-printed acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) via fused deposition modeling (FDM) was investigated. The loading of ETW was varied at 1, 3, and 5wt%. The 3D-printed composites were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) tensile test, shore D hardness, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The addition of ETW increases the tensile strength, elastic modulus, and toughness of ABS by up to 46.6, 56.2, and 53.7 %, respectively. The shore D hardness increases with increasing ETW. Morphological analysis show that this improvement in mechanical properties is a result of the high aspect ratio of the fillers, the uniform dispersion of ETW in the ABS matrix, and the orientation of ETW particles toward the direction of tensile stress. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of the composites increases and the onset of degradation slightly shifted to higher temperature with an increase in filler loading. The addition of ETW to ABS matrix in FDM 3D printing improved the mechanical and thermal properties of ABS.

The Influence of Layer Thickness on Mechanical Properties of the 3D Printed ABS Polymer by Fused Deposition Modeling

2016 ◽  
Vol 706 ◽  
pp. 63-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pritish Shubham ◽  
Arnab Sikidar ◽  
Teg Chand
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Impact Strength ◽  
Injection Molding ◽  
Layer Thickness ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Molding Method ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Deposition Modeling ◽  
3D Printed

3D Printed ABS polymer samples were investigated for understanding the effect of layer thickness on the various mechanical properties of the component. Standard samples with varying layer thickness were prepared by 3D printing machine which works on the principle of Fused Deposition modeling (FDM) method and compared with sample prepared by standard injection molding method. Results show that tensile strength (36 MPa), impact strength (103.6 J/m) and hardness (R107) were highest for the samples made by injection molding method. Furthermore, among 3D printed samples, properties were better with smaller layer thickness. With increase in layer thickness, there was negative effect on mechanical properties as tensile strength, impact strength and hardness decreased. Exception with hardness of 3D printed ABS samples was found; for largest layer thickness hardness further increased instead of decreasing.

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