scholarly journals Role of Oral Microbiome Signatures in Diagnosis and Prognosis of Oral Cancer

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 153303381986735 ◽  
Author(s):  
Indranil Chattopadhyay ◽  
Mukesh Verma ◽  
Madhusmita Panda
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cancer ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Genetic Alterations ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Oral Carcinogenesis ◽  
Early Diagnostic

Despite advancement in cancer treatment, oral cancer has a poor prognosis and is often detected at late stage. To overcome these challenges, investigators should search for early diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. More than 700 bacterial species reside in the oral cavity. The oral microbiome population varies by saliva and different habitats of oral cavity. Tobacco, alcohol, and betel nut, which are causative factors of oral cancer, may alter the oral microbiome composition. Both pathogenic and commensal strains of bacteria have significantly contributed to oral cancer. Numerous bacterial species in the oral cavity are involved in chronic inflammation that lead to development of oral carcinogenesis. Bacterial products and its metabolic by-products may induce permanent genetic alterations in epithelial cells of the host that drive proliferation and/or survival of epithelial cells. Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum induce production of inflammatory cytokines, cell proliferation, and inhibition of apoptosis, cellular invasion, and migration thorough host cell genomic alterations. Recent advancement in metagenomic technologies may be useful in identifying oral cancer–related microbiome, their genomes, virulence properties, and their interaction with host immunity. It is very important to address which bacterial species is responsible for driving oral carcinogenesis. Alteration in the oral commensal microbial communities have potential application as a diagnostic tool to predict oral squamous cell carcinoma. Clinicians should be aware that the protective properties of the resident microflora are beneficial to define treatment strategies. To develop highly precise and effective therapeutic approaches, identification of specific oral microbiomes may be required. In this review, we narrate the role of microbiome in the progression of oral cancer and its role as an early diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for oral cancer.

scholarly journals Role of bacteria in oral carcinogenesis

2012 ◽  
Vol 01 (02) ◽  
pp. 78-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Rajeev ◽  
Kanaram Choudhary ◽  
Swagatika Panda ◽  
Neha Gandhi
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Cancer Therapeutics ◽  
Microbial Populations ◽  
Genetic Mutations ◽  
Oral Carcinogenesis ◽  
Common Cancer ◽  
Indian Men ◽  
Oral Microorganisms

AbstractOral cancer is the most common cancer diagnosed in Indian men and is the leading cause of cancer deaths. It is considered as a multistep and multifactorial disease. Besides accumulation of genetic mutations, numerous other carcinogens are involved. In this category, viral and chemical carcinogens are well studied and documented. However, in the oral cavity, the role of microbiota in carcinogenesis is not known. Microbial populations on mouth mucosa differ between healthy and malignant sites, and certain oral bacterial species have been linked with malignancies, but the evidence is still weak in this respect. Nevertheless, oral microorganisms inevitably up-regulate cytokines and other inflammatory mediators that affect the complex metabolic pathways, and may thus be involved in carcinogenesis. Poor oral health associates statistically with prevalence of many types of cancer such as pancreatic and gastrointestinal cancer. This review presents possible carcinogenesis pathway involved in bacterial carcinogenesis, commonly implicated bacteria in oral carcinogenesis, and their role in cancer therapeutics as well.

scholarly journals Role of Neuraminidase-Producing Bacteria in Exposing Cryptic Carbohydrate Receptors forStreptococcus gordoniiAdherence

2018 ◽  
Vol 86 (7) ◽  
pp. e00068-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Wong ◽  
Margaret A. Grau ◽  
Anirudh K. Singh ◽  
Shireen A. Woodiga ◽  
Samantha J. King
Keyword(s):  
Sialic Acid ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Neuraminidase Treatment ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Oral Epithelial Cells ◽  
Oral Environment ◽  
Oral Epithelial

ABSTRACTStreptococcus gordoniiis an early colonizer of the oral cavity. Although a variety ofS. gordoniiadherence mechanisms have been described, current dogma is that the major receptor forS. gordoniiis sialic acid. However, as many bacterial species in the oral cavity produce neuraminidase that can cleave terminal sialic acid, it is unclear whetherS. gordoniirelies on sialic acid for adherence to oral surfaces or if this species has developed alternative binding strategies. Previous studies have examined adherence to immobilized glycoconjugates and identified binding to additional glycans, but no prior studies have defined the contribution of these different glycan structures in adherence to oral epithelial cells. We determined that the majority ofS. gordoniistrains tested did not rely on sialic acid for efficient adherence. In fact, adherence of some strains was significantly increased following neuraminidase treatment. Further investigation of representative strains that do not rely on sialic acid for adherence revealed binding not only to sialic acid via the serine-rich repeat protein GspB but also to β-1,4-linked galactose. Adherence to this carbohydrate occurs via an unknown adhesin distinct from those utilized byStreptococcus oralisandStreptococcus pneumoniae. Demonstrating the potential biological relevance of binding to this cryptic receptor, we established thatS. oralisincreasesS. gordoniiadherence in a neuraminidase-dependent manner. These data suggest thatS. gordoniihas evolved to simultaneously utilize both terminal and cryptic receptors in response to the production of neuraminidase by other species in the oral environment.

scholarly journals Oral Cancer: Integration of Studies for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Precision

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.J. D’Silva ◽  
J.S. Gutkind
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cancer ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Head And Neck ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Head And Neck Cancers ◽  
Mechanistic Studies ◽  
Nerve Tumor ◽  
Personalized Approach ◽  
Key Pathways

Head and neck cancers are among the 10 most common cancers in the world and include cancers of the oral cavity, hypopharynx, larynx, nasopharynx, and oropharynx. At least 90% of head and neck cancers are squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs). This summary discusses the integration of clinical and mechanistic studies in achieving diagnostic and therapeutic precision in the context of oral cancer. Specifically, based on recent mechanistic studies, a subsequent study reevaluated current diagnostic criteria of perineural invasion in patients with oral cavity SCC showing that overall survival could be associated with nerve-tumor distance; validation of the findings of this study from a small group of patients could lead to a personalized approach to treatment selection in patients with oral cavity SCC. Moreover, delineation of key pathways in SCC revealed novel treatment targets that can be exploited to develop personalized treatment strategies to achieve long-term remission.

scholarly journals Sex Steroid Hormones as a Balancing Factor in Oral Host Microbiome Interactions

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pilar Cornejo Ulloa ◽  
Bastiaan P. Krom ◽  
Monique H. van der Veen
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Steroid Hormones ◽  
Sex Steroid Hormones ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Sex Steroid ◽  
Hormonal Changes ◽  
Host Microbe Interactions ◽  
Oral Microorganisms

Sex steroid hormones (SSH) are cholesterol-derived molecules. They are secreted into saliva and enter the oral cavity, triggering physiological responses from oral tissues, with possible clinical implications, such as gingival inflammation and bleeding. SSH and hormonal changes affect not only oral host cells but also oral microorganisms.Historically, most research has focused on the effect of hormonal changes on specific bacteria and yeasts. Recently a broader effect of SSH on oral microorganisms was suggested. In order to assess the role of SSH in host-microbe interactions in the oral cavity, this review focuses on how and up to what extent SSH can influence the composition and behavior of the oral microbiome. The available literature was reviewed and a comprehensive hypothesis about the role of SSH in host-microbiome interactions is presented. The limited research available indicates that SSH may influence the balance between the host and its microbes in the oral cavity.

scholarly journals Acquisition of Oral Microbiota is Driven by Environment, Not Host Genetics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiranjit Mukherjee ◽  
Christina O. Moyer ◽  
Heidi M. Steinkamp ◽  
Shahr B. Hashmi ◽  
Xiaohan Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Relatedness ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Shared Environment ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Host Genetics ◽  
Early Effects ◽  
The Many

Abstract Background: The oral microbiota is acquired very early, but the factors shaping its acquisition are not well understood. Previous studies comparing monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins have suggested that host genetics plays a role. However, all twins share an equal portion of their parent’s genome, so this model is not informative for studying parent-to-child transmission. We used a novel study design that allowed us to directly examine the genetics of transmission by comparing the oral microbiota of biological versus adoptive mother-child dyads. Results: No difference was observed in how closely oral bacterial community profiles matched for adoptive versus biological mother-child pairs, indicating little if any effect of host genetics on the fidelity of transmission. Both adopted and biologic children more closely resembled their own mother as compared to unrelated women, supporting the role of contact and environment. Mother-child strain similarity increased with the age of the child, ruling out early effects of host genetic influence that are lost over time. No effect on the fidelity of mother-child strain sharing from vaginal birth or breast feeding was seen. Analysis of extended families showed that fathers and mothers were equally similar to their children, and that cohabitating couples showed even greater strain similarity than mother-child pairs. These findings support the role of contact and shared environment, and age, but not genetics, as determinants of microbial transmission, and were consistent at both species and strain level resolutions, and across multiple oral habitats. In addition, analysis of individual species all showed similar results. Conclusions: The host is clearly active in shaping the composition of the oral microbiome, since only a few of the many bacterial species in the larger environment are capable of colonizing the human oral cavity. Our findings suggest that these host mechanisms are universally shared among humans, since no effect of genetic relatedness on fidelity of microbial transmission could be detected. Instead our findings point towards contact and shared environment being the driving factors of microbial transmission, with a unique combination of these factors ultimately shaping the highly personalized human oral microbiome.

scholarly journals Oral Microbiome of Tobacco Smokers: A Shift in Composition

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement 2) ◽  
pp. 57s-57s ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Ogba ◽  
J. Ewa ◽  
O. Olorode
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cancer ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Tobacco Smoking ◽  
Lung Diseases ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Bacterial Colonization ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Periodontal Pathogens ◽  
Microbiological Techniques ◽  
Minimum Age

Background: The use of tobacco may affect the human oral microbiome resulting in numerous diseases including cancer. There are more than 1.3 billion tobacco smokers worldwide with 4.5 million adult Nigerians addressed as tobacco addicts. Tobacco smoking causes oral cancer, color change on the teeth, halitosis, periodontitis and other health implications. Aim: The study was aimed at determining the changes caused by tobacco smoking on the oral microbiome of cigarette smokers and the shift toward organisms that may cause oral cancer and lung diseases. Methods: One hundred and twenty subjects made of 60 tobacco smokers and 60 nonsmokers were enrolled for the study. Oral swabs were collected from the oral cavity of the subjects using sterile swab sticks under standard aseptic methods. The specimens were subjected to microscopy and culture. Organisms were identified using standard microbiological techniques. Results: The mean age of the subjects was 26.9 ± 3.4 years, with minimum age 18.0 years. There was a higher rate of bacterial colonization 86.7% among smokers than nonsmokers (χ2 = 299.0, P = 0.0002). Most members of the oral biofilm belonged to the Enterobacteriaceae with Klebsiella pneumoniae being the most prevalent isolate among smokers while Pseudomonas aeruginosa 4 (20.0%) were the most prevalent bacterial isolates among the control subjects. Tooth decay 19 (36.5%) was the oral cavity disorder among smokers associated with the highest number of isolates, followed by halitosis 18 (34.6%) and mouth ulcer 7 (13.4%). Halitosis was mostly associated with Candida species 5 (71.4%). There was a statistically significant association between oral cavity conditions and microbial isolates among smokers (χ2 = 299.0, P = 0.002). Conclusion: Smoking may have altered bacterial acquisition and oral mucosal colonization in favor of periodontal pathogens. This study have shown that smoking predisposes to oral cavity diseases which may predispose to oral cancer or lung diseases. The campaign against smoking should therefore be intensified as this may help to improve the oral health of smokers.

scholarly journals Veillonellae: Beyond Bridging Species in Oral Biofilm Ecology

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng Zhou ◽  
Daniel Manoil ◽  
Georgios N. Belibasakis ◽  
Georgios A. Kotsakis
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Large Species ◽  
Oral Biofilm ◽  
Human Oral Cavity ◽  
Oral Biofilms ◽  
Polymicrobial Disease

The genus Veillonella comprises 16 characterized species, among which eight are commonly found in the human oral cavity. The high abundance of Veillonella species in the microbiome of both supra- and sub-gingival biofilms, and their interdependent relationship with a multitude of other bacterial species, suggest veillonellae to play an important role in oral biofilm ecology. Development of oral biofilms relies on an incremental coaggregation process between early, bridging and later bacterial colonizers, ultimately forming multispecies communities. As early colonizer and bridging species, veillonellae are critical in guiding the development of multispecies communities in the human oral microenvironment. Their ability to establish mutualistic relationships with other members of the oral microbiome has emerged as a crucial factor that may contribute to health equilibrium. Here, we review the general characteristics, taxonomy, physiology, genomic and genetics of veillonellae, as well as their bridging role in the development of oral biofilms. We further discuss the role of Veillonella spp. as potential “accessory pathogens” in the human oral cavity, capable of supporting colonization by other, more pathogenic species. The relationship between Veillonella spp. and dental caries, periodontitis, and peri-implantitis is also recapitulated in this review. We finally highlight areas of future research required to better understand the intergeneric signaling employed by veillonellae during their bridging activities and interspecies mutualism. With the recent discoveries of large species and strain-specific variation within the genus in biological and virulence characteristics, the study of Veillonella as an example of highly adaptive microorganisms that indirectly participates in dysbiosis holds great promise for broadening our understanding of polymicrobial disease pathogenesis.

scholarly journals Functional Profiling of Saliva Microbiome is Essential for Oral Cancer Prediction

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiung-Wen Chen ◽  
Wei-Fan Chiang ◽  
Jer-Horng Wu ◽  
Yuh-Ling Chen ◽  
Wei-Sheng Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Oral Cancer ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Predictive Performance ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Oral Carcinogenesis ◽  
Verrucous Hyperplasia ◽  
Host Health ◽  
Functional Profiling ◽  
And Function

Abstract Background: The association between microbiome and host disease has been documented in oral cancer, one of the leading cancers worldwide. Huge efforts are made to use the profile of oral microbiome and distinct signature species as markers to distinguish oral cancer patients from healthy individuals. The previous results, however, remain inconclusive. The assembly mechanisms of oral microbiome and their response to changes in oral carcinogenesis also have not been characterized. Here, using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and in-silico function prediction approaches, we analyzed the saliva microbiome in cohorts of orally healthy, oral verrucous hyperplasia, and oral cancer at taxon and function levels, and compared their corresponding predictive performance of oral cancer using machine learning algorithms.Results: Analyses of diversity and phylogenetic profiles of bacterial communities in saliva showed that microbiome dysbiosis was significantly linked to oral health status. As oral health deteriorated, the number of core species (>75% prevalence) as a percentage of overall species richness declined. In line with the null model-based analysis, taxonomic and functional assemblies of saliva microbiomes were primarily governed by the stochastic processes. Correspondingly, the quantitative assessment of partitioned beta-diversity suggested extremely high species turnover but low function turnover, revealing a functional redundancy of the oral ecosystem. Functional beta-diversity in salvia microbiome shifted from turnover to nestedness during carcinogenesis of oral verrucous hyperplasia, but this pattern was not observed at the taxon level. Moreover, using both taxon and function data as training features for machine learning-aided prediction on host health status supports a superior predictive performance when using functional profiling. Similar results were also obtained and validated using publicly accessible data.Conclusions: Our results suggest that altered oral bacterial communities are highly associated with carcinogenesis of oral verrucous hyperplasia. Partly owing to high taxonomic turnover and stochastic assembly processes of the oral ecosystem, discovering oral microbial consortia as universal biomarkers for oral cancer may prove difficult and arduous. Functional profiles are relatively stable and evolve a nestedness pattern during oral carcinogenesis, serving as a new benchmark to study the interplay of the oral microbiome and host health in the future.

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