Habituation of Visual Fixation Responses: An Assessment Tool to Measure Visual Sensory-Perceptual Cognitive Processes in Nonverbal Profoundly Handicapped Children in the Classroom

AAESPH Review ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 136-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harvey N. Switzky ◽  
Janet Woolsey-Hill ◽  
Therese Quoss
Keyword(s):  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Visual Fixation ◽  
Special Education Teacher ◽  
Fixation Time ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Educational Implications ◽  
Processing Information ◽  
Novel Target

Twelve profoundly retarded nonverbal, nonambulatory children were repeatedly exposed to one of two visual stimuli-a 2 times 2 or a 12 times 12 black-and-white checkerboard target-until a set criterion of habituation was demonstrated, as measured by a decrement in visual fixation time. When the habituation criterion was reached, the children were shown alternative presentations of the same and a novel target. Results showed an increase in visual fixation to the novel target. A control condition was instituted also; so that when the habituation criterion was reached, the children were shown only presentations of the same target. Results showed no increase in visual fixation to the same targets. Together these results suggest that profoundly retarded children do show habituation and dishabituation to visual stimuli, and are actively storing and processing information about their perceptual world. The educational implications of the habituation paradigm for the special education teacher in the classroom are discussed.

scholarly journals A Novel Approach to EEG Speech Activity Detection with Visual Stimuli and Mobile BCI

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 674
Author(s):  
Marianna Koctúrová ◽  
Jozef Juhár
Keyword(s):  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Computer Interface ◽  
Single Subject ◽  
Detection Accuracy ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Activity Detection ◽  
Speech Activity ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Eeg Data ◽  
Speech Activity Detection

With the ever-progressing development in the field of computational and analytical science the last decade has seen a big improvement in the accuracy of electroencephalography (EEG) technology. Studies try to examine possibilities to use high dimensional EEG data as a source for Brain to Computer Interface. Applications of EEG Brain to computer interface vary from emotion recognition, simple computer/device control, speech recognition up to Intelligent Prosthesis. Our research presented in this paper was focused on the study of the problematic speech activity detection using EEG data. The novel approach used in this research involved the use visual stimuli, such as reading and colour naming, and signals of speech activity detectable by EEG technology. Our proposed solution is based on a shallow Feed-Forward Artificial Neural Network with only 100 hidden neurons. Standard features such as signal energy, standard deviation, RMS, skewness, kurtosis were calculated from the original signal from 16 EEG electrodes. The novel approach in the field of Brain to computer interface applications was utilised to calculated additional set of features from the minimum phase signal. Our experimental results demonstrated F1 score of 86.80% and 83.69% speech detection accuracy based on the analysis of EEG signal from single subject and cross-subject models respectively. The importance of these results lies in the novel utilisation of the mobile device to record the nerve signals which can serve as the stepping stone for the transfer of Brain to computer interface technology from technology from a controlled environment to the real-life conditions.

scholarly journals One-Pot Synthesis of Novel Multisubstituted 1-Alkoxyindoles

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 1466
Author(s):  
Ye Eun Kim ◽  
Hyunsung Cho ◽  
Yoo Jin Lim ◽  
Chorong Kim ◽  
Sang Hyup Lee
Keyword(s):  
Alkyl Halide ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
One Pot ◽  
One Pot Synthesis ◽  
Consecutive Reactions ◽  
Intramolecular Condensation ◽  
Synthetic Sequence ◽  
Novel Target

Studies on a one-pot synthesis of novel multisubstituted 1-alkoxyindoles 1 and their mechanistic investigations are presented. The synthesis of 1 was successfully achieved through consecutive four step reactions from substrates 2. The substrates 2, prepared through a two-step synthetic sequence, underwent three consecutive reactions of nitro reduction, intramolecular condensation, and nucleophilic 1,5-addition to provide the intermediates, 1-hydroxyindoles 8, which then were alkylated in situ with alkyl halide to afford the novel target products 1. We optimized the reaction conditions for 1 focusing on the alkylation step, along with the consideration of formation of intermediates 8. The optimized condition was SnCl2·2H2O (3.3 eq) and alcohols (R1OH, 2.0 eq) for 1–2 h at 40 °C and then, base (10 eq) and alkyl halides (R2Y, 2.0 eq) for 1–4 h at 25–50 °C. Notably, all four step reactions were performed in one-pot to give 1 in good to modest yields. Furthermore, the mechanistic aspects were also discussed regarding the reaction pathways and the formation of side products. The significance lies in development of efficient one-pot reactions and in generation of new 1-alkoxyindoles.

Development of Attention in Preterm Infants

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 58 (5) ◽  
pp. 669-674
Author(s):  
Maureen Hack ◽  
Ann Mostow ◽  
Simon B. Miranda
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Sensory Stimulation ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Visual Fixation ◽  
Awake State

The quality of the awake state and attention in preterm infants has been evaluated by rating indices of attention such as widening of the eye, type of fixation, brightening, scanning, and cessation of sucking measured during visual fixation of patterns. Twenty-six infants ranging from 28 to 32 weeks' gestation at birth (mean, 31 weeks) were tested from one to four weeks postnatally until 36 weeks' gestation. Indices of attention were rated on a scale of 4 with an optimal mean index of 4. A progressive increase in behaviors associated with fixation of visual stimuli has been shown from 32 to 36 weeks of conceptual age. Mean scores ranged from 0.7 at 31 weeks' gestation to 1.8 at 34 weeks' and 2.7 at 36 weeks' gestation. The possibility therefore exists that by as early as 31 to 32 weeks from conception the human brain may be capable of waking states and thus able to process some sensory stimulation.

scholarly journals Development of Mobile Application for Sustainable Creative Tourism Assessment using Confirmatory Factor Analysis Approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (06) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Chitralada Suphachaimongkol ◽  
Chavalit Ratanatamskul ◽  
Siriwan Silapacharanan ◽  
Patcha Utiswannakul
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analysis ◽  
Mobile Application ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Model Development ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Tourism Enterprises ◽  
Delphi Techniques

<span>Creative tourism has received increasing attention. At present, the concept of creative tourism is still in development stage since there are few or no indicators for assessing the potential of creative tourism to area-based sustainable goals. This document aims to introduce the process of mobile application for sustainable creative tourism (SCT) model development using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) approach. The study was divided into 4 phases. The first phase involved establishing elements, indicators and criteria drawn from some previous studies and the opinions of experts’ judgement in this study. Secondly, indicators and criteria were selected by using Delphi technique. Thirdly, the indicators and criterias were confirmed by utilizing CFA, Finally, the prototype of SCT mobile application assessment tool is proposed for SCT in this study, based on CFA. Tools for the study included: 1) structured questionnaire from reviews of literature for interviewing the expert, 2) questionnaire for Delphi techniques among the experts for collecting an opinion about the selection of the indicators, and 3) a questionnaire to assess the possibility of data collection concerning the components and indicators of SCT. 300 samples from creative tourism enterprises from all around Thailand were collected and 253 were responded. Data analysis was conducted by using descriptive statistics and CFA. The study found that SCT model consists of 8 components and 36 indicators. The finding from our research shows that it is eligible to establish the novel SCT assessment indicators. The result of SCT application model is appropriate to develop mobile application for SCT assessment tool. </span>

Does Visual Fixation Affect Idea Fixation?

2019 ◽  
Vol 142 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Kwon ◽  
J. D. Ryan ◽  
A. Bazylak ◽  
L. H. Shu
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Divergent Thinking ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Visual Fixation ◽  
Thinking Styles ◽  
Multiple Views ◽  
Memory And Attention ◽  
Creativity Research ◽  
New Ideas

Abstract Divergent thinking, an aspect of creativity, is often studied by measuring performance on the Alternative Uses Test (AUT). There is, however, a gap in creativity research concerning how visual stimuli on the AUT are perceived. Memory and attention researchers have used eye-tracking studies to reveal insights into how people think and how they perceive visual stimuli. Thus, the current work uses eye tracking to study how eye movements are related to creativity. Participants orally listed alternative uses for twelve objects, each visually presented for 2 min in four different views. Using eye tracking, we specifically explored where and for how long participants fixate their eyes at visual presentations of objects during the AUT. Eye movements before and while naming alternative uses were analyzed. Results revealed that naming new instances and categories of alternative uses correlated more strongly with visual fixation toward multiple views than toward single views of objects. Alternative uses in new, previously unnamed categories were also more likely named following increased visual fixation toward blank space. These and other findings reveal the cognitive-thinking styles and eye-movement behaviors associated with naming new ideas. Such findings may be applied to enhance divergent thinking during design.

scholarly journals Immune checkpoint: The novel target for antitumor therapy

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xianghu Jiang ◽  
Guohong Liu ◽  
Yirong Li ◽  
Yunbao Pan
Keyword(s):  
Immune Checkpoint ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Antitumor Therapy ◽  
Novel Target

Identification of the Novel Target Genes for Osteosarcoma Therapy Based on Comprehensive Bioinformatic Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (7) ◽  
pp. 1172-1180
Author(s):  
Xi Zhou ◽  
Yu Fan ◽  
Weiliang Ye ◽  
Binghan Jia ◽  
Yuemei Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Target Genes ◽  
Bioinformatic Analysis ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Novel Target

scholarly journals Determining Patient Readiness to Share Their Healthcare Stories: A Tool for Prospective Patient Storytellers to Determine Their Readiness to Discuss Their Healthcare Experiences

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 982-985
Author(s):  
Lynn C Ashdown ◽  
Jerry M Maniate
Keyword(s):  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Healthcare Delivery ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Educational Tool ◽  
Readiness Assessment ◽  
Educational Tools ◽  
Healthcare Experiences ◽  
Patient Stories

Patient stories can serve as educational tools for healthcare providers. Inherent risks to the patients sharing their medical stories do exist. Despite the positive impact that patient storytelling can have in healthcare delivery, it is important to ensure the safety of those patients who chose to share their medical experiences. A novel questionnaire was developed by a diverse group of healthcare and patient partner experts. This questionnaire would serve as a self-reflective tool that prospective storytellers would complete in order to assess their readiness to proceed with storytelling as an educational tool. This draft questionnaire was then distributed to the 10 prospective patient storytellers registered to complete our pilot workshop on preparing the patient stories where they were asked to provide feedback. Overall, feedback was positive, and minor alterations were made to the questionnaire, resulting in the novel creation of this readiness assessment tool.

Coyote responses to visual and olfactory stimuli related to familiarity with an area

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (12) ◽  
pp. 2248-2253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lamar A. Windberg
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Canis Latrans ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Sensory Cues ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Olfactory Stimuli ◽  
Neophobic Response

Individual coyotes (Canis latrans) are infrequently captured within their familiar areas of activity. Current hypotheses are that the differential capture vulnerability may involve neophobia or inattentiveness. To assess the effect of familiarity, I measured coyote responsiveness to sensory cues encountered in familiar and novel settings. Seventy-four captive coyotes were presented with visual and olfactory stimuli in familiar and unfamiliar 1-ha enclosures. The visual stimuli were black or white wooden cubes of three sizes (4, 8, and 16 cm per side). The olfactory stimuli were fatty acid scent, W-U lure (trimethylammonium decanoate plus sulfide additives), and coyote urine and liquefied feces. Overall, coyotes were more responsive to stimuli during exploration in unfamiliar than in familiar enclosures. None of 38 coyotes that responded were neophobic toward the olfactory stimuli. The frequency of coyote response, and the resulting degrees of neophobia, did not differ between the black and white visual stimuli. Regardless of context, the largest visual stimuli were recognized at the greatest distance and evoked the strongest neophobic response. A greater proportion of coyotes were neophobic toward the small and medium-sized stimuli in familiar than in unfamiliar enclosures. This study demonstrated that when encountered in familiar environments, visual cues are more likely to elicit neophobic responses by coyotes than are olfactory stimuli.

Saccadic Performance as a Function of the Presence and Disappearance of Auditory and Visual Fixation Stimuli

1999 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 206-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tracy L. Taylor ◽  
Raymond M. Klein ◽  
Douglas P. Munoz
Keyword(s):  
Superior Colliculus ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Visual Fixation ◽  
Gap Effect ◽  
Auditory Target ◽  
Auditory Stimuli ◽  
Noise Stimulus ◽  
Auditory Noise

Relative to when a fixated stimulus remains visible, saccadic latencies are facilitated when a fixated stimulus is extinguished simultaneously with or prior to the appearance of an eccentric auditory, visual, or combined visual-auditory target. In a study of nine human subjects, we determined whether such facilitation (the “gap effect”) occurs equivalently for the disappearance of fixated auditory stimuli and fixated visual stimuli. In the present study, a fixated auditory (noise) stimulus remained present (overlap) or else was extinguished simultaneously with (step) or 200 msec prior to (gap) the appearance of a visual, auditory (tone), or combined visual-auditory target 10° to the left or right of fixation. The results demonstrated equivalent facilitatory effects due to the disappearance of fixated auditory and visual stimuli and are consistent with the presumed role of the superior colliculus in the gap effect.

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