Visualization of Uncertainty Aids Spatial Judgments but Fails to Improve Metacognitive Efficiency

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 1390-1393
Author(s):  
Olivia Burton ◽  
Diane Pomeroy ◽  
Vanja Radenovic ◽  
Jason S. McCarley
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Order Type ◽  
Judgment Task ◽  
Uncertainty Visualization ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Spatial Judgment ◽  
Performance Research

Uncertainty is an element of many decision-making tasks and inherently compromises performance. Research has found only equivocal evidence that uncertainty representations—displays that explicitly denote data quality—offset the performance costs of uncertainty. As yet, though, no work has examined the potential benefits of uncertainty displays to metacognition, display readers’ ability to assess the quality of their own decision-making processes. The current study examined the benefits of uncertainty visualization to first-order (Type 1) and metacognitive (Type 2) sensitivity in a spatial judgment task. Data revealed only small improvements in Type 1 and Type 2 sensitivity with visualized uncertainty displays, and gave no evidence of disproportionate gains to metacognition.

An interval type-2 hesitant fuzzy best-worst method

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
Ashraf Norouzi ◽  
Hossein Razavi hajiagha
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Fuzzy Sets ◽  
Group Decision Making ◽  
Group Decision ◽  
Fuzzy Ahp ◽  
Uncertain Data ◽  
Interval Type ◽  
Best Worst Method

Multi criteria decision-making problems are usually encounter implicit, vague and uncertain data. Interval type-2 fuzzy sets (IT2FS) are widely used to develop various MCDM techniques especially for cases with uncertain linguistic approximation. However, there are few researches that extend IT2FS-based MCDM techniques into qualitative and group decision-making environment. The present study aims to adopt a combination of hesitant and interval type-2 fuzzy sets to develop an extension of Best-Worst method (BWM). The proposed approach provides a flexible and convenient way to depict the experts’ hesitant opinions especially in group decision-making context through a straightforward procedure. The proposed approach is called IT2HF-BWM. Some numerical case studies from literature have been used to provide illustrations about the feasibility and effectiveness of our proposed approach. Besides, a comparative analysis with an interval type-2 fuzzy AHP is carried out to evaluate the results of our proposed approach. In each case, the consistency ratio was calculated to determine the reliability of results. The findings imply that the proposed approach not only provides acceptable results but also outperforms the traditional BWM and its type-1 fuzzy extension.

scholarly journals Collaborative Metacognition in Signal Detection Decision Making

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 1704-1708
Author(s):  
Jackson Duncan-Reid ◽  
Jason S. McCarley
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Signal Detection ◽  
Detection Task ◽  
Metacognitive Awareness ◽  
Parameter Estimates ◽  
Metacognitive Judgments ◽  
Signal Detection Task ◽  
Sensitive Individual

When individuals work together to make decisions in a signal detection task, they typically achieve greater sensitivity as a group than they could each achieve on their own. The present experiments investigate whether metacognitive, or Type 2, signal detection judgements would show a similar pattern of collaborative benefit. Thirty-two participants in Experiment 1 and sixty participants in Experiment 2 completed a signal detection task individually and in groups, and measures of Type 1 and Type 2 sensitivity were calculated from participants’ confidence judgments. Bayesian parameter estimates suggested that regardless of whether teams are given feedback on their performance (Experiment 1) or receive no feedback (Experiment 2), no credible differences were observed in metacognitive efficiency between the teams and the better members, nor between the teams and the worse members. These findings suggest that teams may self-assess their performance by deferring metacognitive judgments to the most metacognitively sensitive individual within the team, even without trial-by-trial feedback, rather than integrating their judgments and achieving increased metacognitive awareness of their own performance.

The Cognitive Reality of Hierarchic Structure in Music

1989 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 397-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Louise Serafine ◽  
Noah Glassman ◽  
Cornell Overbeeke
Keyword(s):  
Similarity Judgment ◽  
Judgment Task ◽  
The Third ◽  
Hierarchic Structure ◽  
The Face ◽  
Similarity Judgments ◽  
Type 3 ◽  
Better Than

Six experiments examined the cognitive reality of hierarchic structure in music. The first experiment showed that subjects were only moderately able to match a performed rendition of a hierarchic structure to the piece of music from which it was derived, with performance slightly better than chance. Metric accent emerged as a significant predictor of the tones perceived by subjects as structurally important. The second experiment showed that subjects' correct matchings were unlikely to be based on aesthetic preference, because performed renditions of (rule-governed) structures were not regarded as aesthetically preferable to nonstructures. The third experiment attempted to increase subjects' matching of structures and their original pieces through various task modifications, but these modifications did not increase performance over the success rate achieved in Experiment 1. Three additional experiments determined whether evidence of the distinction between structureand surface could be obtained in various similarity judgment tasks. Pairs of musical fragments were composed so that the members of each pair embodied (1) the same structure and same surface harmony, or (2) the same structure but different surface harmony, or (3) a different structure but same surface harmony. The rating task used in Experiments 4 and 5 showed that the members of Type-2 pairs of fragments were perceived to be just as similar as the members of Type-1 pairs, but Type-3 pairs were rated significantly lower in similarity. Thus, similarity judgments were based on underlying hierarchic structure, even in the face of radical harmony differences on the surface. This effect increased in strength with repeated hearing. The results support the cognitive reality of hierarchic structure, but are influenced by the type of perception used in a particular similarity judgment task and by the experience of repeated hearings.

Multi-criteria decision-making method based on type-2 fuzzy sets

Filomat ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 431-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Wang ◽  
Qing-Hui Chen ◽  
Hong-Yu Zhang ◽  
Xiao-Hong Chen ◽  
Jian-Qiang Wang
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Fuzzy Sets ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Fuzzy Numbers ◽  
Multi Criteria Decision Making ◽  
Interval Numbers ◽  
Interval Type ◽  
Uncertainty Information

Type-2 fuzzy sets (T2FSs) are the extension of type-1 fuzzy sets (T1FSs), which can convey more uncertainty information in solving multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) problems. Motivated by the extension from interval numbers to triangular fuzzy numbers, three-trapezoidal-fuzzy-number-bounded type-2 fuzzy numbers (TT2FNs) are defined on the basis of interval type-2 trapezoidal fuzzy numbers (IT2TFNs), and they can convey more uncertainty information than T1FSs and IT2FSs. Moreover, the drawbacks of the existing computational models of generalized fuzzy numbers are analyzed, and a new computational model of fuzzy numbers is proposed, which is further extended to TT2FNs. Besides, a MCDM method is proposed to deal with the evaluation information given in the form of TT2FNs. Finally, an illustrative example and comparison analysis are provided to demonstrate the feasibility and validity of the proposed method.

E-Governance and Development

2011 ◽  
pp. 98-108
Author(s):  
Raul Zambrano
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Stakeholder Engagement ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Information And Communications Technology ◽  
Communications Technology ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Governance Process ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Basic Services

This article provides a quick assessment of current e-governance policies and programmes to then suggest an alternative approach to the issue of the use information and communications technology in governance process. By focusing on citizens and stakeholders needs and fostering their participation in decision-making processes, governments can be best prepared to provide them with basic services and information, especially to poor and marginalized areas excluded from the potential benefits of egovernance. Pro-poor basic delivery in turn has the potential of fostering stakeholder engagement in public policy discussions at the local level.

Autonomous Decision Making and Moral capacities

2009 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albine Moser ◽  
Rob Houtepen ◽  
Harry van der Bruggen ◽  
Cor Spreeuwenberg ◽  
Guy Widdershoven
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Reflective Practice ◽  
Family Care ◽  
Theory Method ◽  
Text Interpretation ◽  
Grounded Theory Method ◽  
Autonomous Decision ◽  
Decision Making Processes

This article examines how people with type 2 diabetes perceive autonomous decision making and which moral capacities they consider important in diabetes nurses' support of autonomous decision making. Fifteen older adults with type 2 diabetes were interviewed in a nurse-led unit. First, the data were analysed using the grounded theory method. The participants described a variety of decision-making processes in the nurse and family care-giver context. Later, descriptions of the decision-making processes were analysed using hermeneutic text interpretation. We suggest first- and second-order moral capacities that nurses specializing in diabetes need to promote the autonomous decision making of their patients. We recommend nurses to engage in ongoing, interactive reflective practice to further develop these moral capacities.

scholarly journals Cognitive bias: how understanding its impact on antibiotic prescribing decisions can help advance antimicrobial stewardship

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradley J Langford ◽  
Nick Daneman ◽  
Valerie Leung ◽  
Dale J Langford
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Bias ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Healthcare Setting ◽  
Hyperbolic Discounting ◽  
Antibiotic Prescribing ◽  
Support Tools ◽  
Human Decision

Abstract The way clinicians think about decision-making is evolving. Human decision-making shifts between two modes of thinking, either fast/intuitive (Type 1) or slow/deliberate (Type 2). In the healthcare setting where thousands of decisions are made daily, Type 1 thinking can reduce cognitive load and help ensure decision making is efficient and timely, but it can come at the expense of accuracy, leading to systematic errors, also called cognitive biases. This review provides an introduction to cognitive bias and provides explanation through patient vignettes of how cognitive biases contribute to suboptimal antibiotic prescribing. We describe common cognitive biases in antibiotic prescribing both from the clinician and the patient perspective, including hyperbolic discounting (the tendency to favour small immediate benefits over larger more distant benefits) and commission bias (the tendency towards action over inaction). Management of cognitive bias includes encouraging more mindful decision making (e.g., time-outs, checklists), improving awareness of one’s own biases (i.e., meta-cognition), and designing an environment that facilitates safe and accurate decision making (e.g., decision support tools, nudges). A basic understanding of cognitive biases can help explain why certain stewardship interventions are more effective than others and may inspire more creative strategies to ensure antibiotics are used more safely and more effectively in our patients.

Influence of Expected Reward on Temporal Order Judgment

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 674-690 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohsen Rakhshan ◽  
Vivian Lee ◽  
Emily Chu ◽  
Lauren Harris ◽  
Lillian Laiks ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Sensory Processing ◽  
Temporal Order Judgment ◽  
Target Selection ◽  
Judgment Task ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Perceptual Bias ◽  
Perceptual Decision Making ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Reward Effects

Perceptual decision-making has been shown to be influenced by reward expected from alternative options or actions, but the underlying neural mechanisms are currently unknown. More specifically, it is debated whether reward effects are mediated through changes in sensory processing, later stages of decision-making, or both. To address this question, we conducted two experiments in which human participants made saccades to what they perceived to be either the first or second of two visually identical but asynchronously presented targets while we manipulated expected reward from correct and incorrect responses on each trial. By comparing reward-induced bias in target selection (i.e., reward bias) during the two experiments, we determined whether reward caused changes in sensory or decision-making processes. We found similar reward biases in the two experiments indicating that reward information mainly influenced later stages of decision-making. Moreover, the observed reward biases were independent of the individual's sensitivity to sensory signals. This suggests that reward effects were determined heuristically via modulation of decision-making processes instead of sensory processing. To further explain our findings and uncover plausible neural mechanisms, we simulated our experiments with a cortical network model and tested alternative mechanisms for how reward could exert its influence. We found that our experimental observations are more compatible with reward-dependent input to the output layer of the decision circuit. Together, our results suggest that, during a temporal judgment task, reward exerts its influence via changing later stages of decision-making (i.e., response bias) rather than early sensory processing (i.e., perceptual bias).

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