Manipulating the Number and Type of Adaptive Variables in Training

1974 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 534-541
Author(s):  
Daniel Gopher ◽  
Beverly H. Williges ◽  
Robert C. Williges ◽  
Diane L. Damos
Keyword(s):  
Factorial Design ◽  
Rate Control ◽  
Tracking Task ◽  
Optimum Number ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Forcing Function ◽  
Pursuit Tracking ◽  
Transfer And Retention ◽  
Stable Performance

To investigate the effectiveness of various types and numbers of adaptive variables, 48 subjects performed a two-dimensional pursuit tracking task for five three-minute training sessions. In the factorial design resulting in eight experimental conditions, three variables (frequency of the forcing function, ratio of acceleration to rate control, and the amount of gain in the control stick) were either fixed or adaptive. A transfer and retention task in which the tracking situation changed periodically was used to evaluate the ability of subjects to adjust to change. Each adaptive variable in training was analyzed separately. With gain more adaption occurred when gain was associated with another adaptive variable. In frequency the highest rate of adaption occurred with frequency alone. In acceleration the rate of adaption was greater early in training when frequency also adapted. During transfer subjects trained adaptively generally showed more stable performance in the changing task situation. No reliable differences among conditions appeared in retention. Results are discussed in terms of stimulus and response similarity, the optimum number of adaptive variables, and the appropriateness of a changing task to evaluate adaptive training.

Effect of Practice Schedule on Two-Hand Pursuit Tracking Performance

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 483-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Stamper ◽  
Richard R. Levine ◽  
Paul R. Best
Keyword(s):  
Practice Schedule ◽  
Subsequent Test ◽  
Training Schedule ◽  
Eye Fatigue ◽  
Pursuit Tracking ◽  
Stable Performance ◽  
Tracking Device ◽  
Subjective Estimates ◽  
Practice Time ◽  
Male Subjects

40 male subjects, ages 18 to 40 yr., practiced tracking a moving target by manipulating a viscous-damped tracking device using two band grips. Eight subjects were assigned to each of five training groups. Four shortened training schedules that were considered as representing massed, distributed, or a combination of massed and distributed trials were compared with a four-day training schedule which had been previously used. Total practice time was the same for all groups. The subjects tracked a target which was moving in a fixed arc at a constant angular velocity of 5 mrad/sec. Horizontal standard deviation ( SD) errors were recorded. Analysis showed significant differences in performance among the groups on a subsequent test day; however, one of the massed/distributed schedules visually showed less variability. Comparison of subjective estimates of “Mental Fatigue” and “Eye Fatigue” among the groups were almost the same. The results are discussed in terms of the schedules most likely to produce stable performance by operators.

Performance on an Adaptive Automated Team Tracking Task with Human and Computer Teammates

1997 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 551-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristin Krahl ◽  
Mark W. Scerbo
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Systems ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Vertical Axis ◽  
Tracking Task ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Performance Skills ◽  
Group Assignment ◽  
Pursuit Tracking ◽  
Human Participants ◽  
High Level

The present study examined team performance on an adaptive pursuit tracking task with human-human and human-computer teams. The participants were randomly assigned to one of three team conditions where their partner was either a computer novice, computer expert, or human. Participants began the experiment with control over either the horizontal or vertical axis, but had the option of taking control of their teammate's axis if they achieved superior performance on the previous trial. A control condition was also run where a single participant controlled both axes. Performance was assessed by RMSE scores over 100 trials. The results showed that performance along the horizontal axis improved over the session regardless of the experimental condition, but the degree of improvement was dependent upon group assignment. Individuals working alone or paired with an expert computer maintained a high level of performance throughout the experiment. Those paired with a computer-novice or another human performed poorly initially, but eventually reached the level of those in the other conditions. The results showed that team training can be as effective as individual training, but that the quality of training is moderated by the skill level of one's teammate. Moreover, these findings suggest that task partitioning of high performance skills between a human and a computer is not only possible but may be considered a viable option in the design of adaptive systems.

The Event Related Cortical Potential as an Index of Task Workload

1977 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 282-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher D. Wickens ◽  
Jack Isreal ◽  
Emanuel Donchin
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Task ◽  
Tracking Task ◽  
Cortical Potential ◽  
Auditory Stimuli ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Brain Potential ◽  
Sequential Processing ◽  
On Line ◽  
Machine Systems ◽  
Operator Workload

This paper describes an investigation which assessed the feasibility of the event related brain potential (ERP) to provide an index of operator workload in adaptive man-machine systems. The characteristics and requirements of such systems are described and some limitations of secondary task workload measures enumerated. The results of an experiment are then presented in which ERPs were recorded from 10 subjects, while the difficulty of a concurrent tracking task was varied. Subjects performed either a one or a two dimensional compensatory tracking task, while ERP's were elicited by presenting discrete auditory stimuli. The amplitude of the P300 complex, a component of the ERP, elicited by the stimuli, decreased from the control condition (no tracking) to the tracking conditions. An ERP based measure of sequential processing of the stimuli was further affected as tracking difficulty was increased from 1 to 2 dimensions. An algorithm for obtaining an on-line ERP based measure of workload is then described.

scholarly journals A New Regularized Reconstruction Algorithm Based on Compressed Sensing for the Sparse Underdetermined Problem and Applications of One-Dimensional and Two-Dimensional Signal Recovery

Algorithms ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bin Wang ◽  
Li Wang ◽  
Hao Yu ◽  
Fengming Xin
Keyword(s):  
Compressed Sensing ◽  
Reconstruction Algorithm ◽  
Steepest Descent Method ◽  
Signal Recovery ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Reconstruction Algorithms ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Recovery Algorithm ◽  
Reconstruction Performance

The compressed sensing theory has been widely used in solving undetermined equations in various fields and has made remarkable achievements. The regularized smooth L0 (ReSL0) reconstruction algorithm adds an error regularization term to the smooth L0(SL0) algorithm, achieving the reconstruction of the signal well in the presence of noise. However, the ReSL0 reconstruction algorithm still has some flaws. It still chooses the original optimization method of SL0 and the Gauss approximation function, but this method has the problem of a sawtooth effect in the later optimization stage, and the convergence effect is not ideal. Therefore, we make two adjustments to the basis of the ReSL0 reconstruction algorithm: firstly, we introduce another CIPF function which has a better approximation effect than Gauss function; secondly, we combine the steepest descent method and Newton method in terms of the algorithm optimization. Then, a novel regularized recovery algorithm named combined regularized smooth L0 (CReSL0) is proposed. Under the same experimental conditions, the CReSL0 algorithm is compared with other popular reconstruction algorithms. Overall, the CReSL0 algorithm achieves excellent reconstruction performance in terms of the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and run-time for both a one-dimensional Gauss signal and two-dimensional image reconstruction tasks.

Laser exfoliation of 2D black phosphorus nanosheets and their application as a field emitter

RSC Advances ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (113) ◽  
pp. 112103-112108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sachin R. Suryawanshi ◽  
Mahendra A. More ◽  
Dattatray J. Late
Keyword(s):  
Laser Irradiation ◽  
Field Emission ◽  
Black Phosphorus ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Field Emitter ◽  
Emission Performance ◽  
One Step ◽  
Field Emission Performance

Highly crystalline two dimensional (2D) few layered black phosphorus (BP) nanosheets have been synthesized via a one step facile laser irradiation technique under optimized experimental conditions. The BP material shows promising field emission performance.

First-principles studies on electronic structures and optical properties of two-dimensional Sn1−xTi(Zr)xS2 alloys

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (07) ◽  
pp. 1850092 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dandan Li ◽  
Juan Du ◽  
Qian Zhang ◽  
Congxin Xia ◽  
Shuyi Wei
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Band Gap ◽  
First Principles ◽  
Electronic Structures ◽  
Threshold Energy ◽  
Ternary Alloys ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
First Principles Calculations ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Part Formula

Through first-principles calculations we study the electronic structures and optical properties of two-dimensional (2D) Sn[Formula: see text]Ti(Zr)[Formula: see text]S2 alloys. The results indicate that the band gap value of Sn[Formula: see text]Ti(Zr)[Formula: see text]S2 alloys is decreased continuously when Ti(Zr) concentration is increased, which is very beneficial to optoelectronic devices applications. Moreover, the static dielectric constant is increased when the Ti(Zr) concentration is increased in the 2D Sn[Formula: see text]Ti(Zr)[Formula: see text]S2 alloys. In addition, we also calculate the imaginary part [Formula: see text] dispersion of Sn[Formula: see text]Ti(Zr)[Formula: see text]S2 alloys along the plane with different Ti(Zr) concentrations. The threshold energy values decrease with increasing Ti(Zr) concentrations in the Sn[Formula: see text]Ti(Zr)[Formula: see text]S2 ternary alloys. Moreover, the calculations of formation energy also indicate that these 2D alloys can be fabricated under some experimental conditions. These results suggest that Ti(Zr) substituting Sn atom is an efficient way to tune the band gap and optical properties of 2D SnS2 nanosheets.

Cross-Validation of Regression Equations to Predict Performance in a Pursuit Tracking Task

1978 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 369-372
Author(s):  
Ricky E. Savage ◽  
Robert C. Williges ◽  
Beverly H. Williges
Keyword(s):  
Cross Validation ◽  
Regression Equation ◽  
Tracking Task ◽  
Training Condition ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Training Time ◽  
Pooled Data ◽  
Pursuit Tracking ◽  
Validation Procedure ◽  
Time To Learn

A double, cross-validation procedure was used to validate regression equations which predict training time to learn a two-dimensional pursuit tracking task. Motor skill and information processing tasks were used as predictors. The results yielded a reliable regression equation for each training condition, and these equations were quite similar in cross-validation. Subsequently, a regression equation based on pooled data from the original and cross-validation sample was calculated for each training condition. To establish the usefulness of a regression approach for selecting training strategies, these equations will be used in a future study where students will be matched, mismatched, and randomly assigned to various training alternatives.

Effect of the operating parameters on the separation of metal chelates using low pressure reverse osmosis membrane (LPROM)

2000 ◽  
Vol 41 (10-11) ◽  
pp. 135-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Ujang ◽  
G.K. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Factorial Design ◽  
Metal Removal ◽  
Feed Solution ◽  
Metal Chelates ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Operating Parameters ◽  
Operating Pressure ◽  
Permeate Flux ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Central Composite

This paper describes an investigation on the effect of operating parameters on the separation of metal chelates using LPROM. The objective of this study was to optimise the process of metal chelates removal by a LPROM using statistical factorial design. Factorial experiment by statistical design was applied, in which a central composite factorial design (half replicate) was used, then followed up by a star design to give a central composite factorial design. A bench-scale spiral wound configuration of sulphonated polysulphone LPROM was used at various operating conditions, i.e. operating conditions, solute concentrations, EDTA, pH and temperature. It has been shown experimentally that the effect of pressure is non-linear with respect to percentage of metal removal at different concentrations of metal ions in the feed solution. Observation of the response surface implies that the operating pressure was not the significant parameter in determining the percentage of zinc removal in the LPROM. The operating pressure, temperature and concentration of EDTA in the feed solution were the most significant parameters for permeate flux variation. It can also be concluded that for a given set of feed and experimental conditions, permeate flux increased linearly with operating pressure and temperature. The other parameters, i.e. the concentration of zinc in the feed solution and pH, were not statistically significant.

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