Color Coding of Information on Electronic Displays

1976 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 210-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Haeusing
Keyword(s):  
Contrast Ratio ◽  
Human Information Processing ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Information Coding ◽  
Color Coding ◽  
Color Code ◽  
Electronic Displays ◽  
Raster Scan ◽  
Cie Chromaticity ◽  
And Training

The effectiveness of human information processing depends largely on information coding. This paper reports an experiment on color codes suitable for use on electronic raster-scan displays (color TV-monitors). The experiment was designed to determine if results of color code experiments with surface and projected colors are also applicable to TV colors. The objectives were to select and optimize a multi-element color code suitable for TV displays that will permit each color to be correctly and reliably identified even when presented one at a time thereby requiring absolute judgements; and to determine the smallest TV symbol sizes which can be used with the color codes assuming that contrast ratio and luminance levels are within recommended ranges. For color symbols subtending a visual angle of 45′ or more and which were presented on the display screen one at a time 6 color regions could be found, that were judged correctly with a frequency of 90% or better. With symbols of less than 30′ of visual arc only 4 colors were reliably and correctly judged. It is possible that comparative judgement situations and training with the use of color codes could expand considerably the number of colors that could be used for coding purposes and also improve judgement reliability. Future research in this direction is recommended. Color regions from where coding colors should be selected, are shown by their representation in the CIE chromaticity plane. Some additional design recommendations for the use of color on raster-scan displays are provided.

Neurocognitive Bases of Crossmodal Integration Deficit in Dyslexia

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Gullick ◽  
James R. Booth
Keyword(s):  
Reading Interventions ◽  
Training Programs ◽  
Reading Difficulties ◽  
Visual Representations ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Critical Component ◽  
Crossmodal Integration ◽  
Phonological Deficits ◽  
And Training

Crossmodal integration is a critical component of successful reading, and yet it has been less studied than reading’s unimodal subskills. Proficiency with the sounds of a language (i.e., the phonemes) and with the visual representations of these sounds (graphemes) are both important and necessary precursors for reading, but the formation of a stable integrated representation that combines and links these aspects, and subsequent fluent and automatic access to this crossmodal representation, is unique to reading and is required for its success. Indeed, individuals with specific difficulties in reading, as in dyslexia, demonstrate impairments not only in phonology and orthography but also in integration. Impairments in only crossmodal integration could result in disordered reading via disrupted formation of or access to phoneme–grapheme associations. Alternately, the phonological deficits noted in many individuals with dyslexia may lead to reading difficulties via issues with integration: children who cannot consistently identify and manipulate the sounds of their language will also have trouble matching these sounds to their visual representations, resulting in the manifested deficiencies. We here discuss the importance of crossmodal integration in reading, both generally and as a potential specific causal deficit in the case of dyslexia. We examine the behavioral, functional, and structural neural evidence for a crossmodal, as compared to unimodal, processing issue in individuals with dyslexia in comparison to typically developing controls. We then present an initial review of work using crossmodal- versus unimodal-based reading interventions and training programs aimed at the amelioration of reading difficulties. Finally, we present some remaining questions reflecting potential areas for future research into this topic.

Conclusions and Future Directions for the Study of Accurate Personality Judgment

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tera D. Letzring
Keyword(s):  
Standardized Tests ◽  
Personality Trait ◽  
Training Programs ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Topics ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Personality Judgment ◽  
Exciting Time ◽  
And Training

This chapter identifies several well-established findings and overarching themes within personality trait accuracy research, and highlights especially promising directions for future research. Topics include (1) theoretical frameworks for accuracy, (2) moderators of accuracy and the context or situation in which judgments are made, (3) the important consequences of accuracy, (4) interventions and training programs to increase judgmental ability and judgability, (5) the generalizability of previous findings, and (6) standardized tests of the accuracy of judging personality traits. The chapter ends by stating that it is an exciting time to be a researcher studying the accuracy of personality trait judgments.

The Effect of Concealed Handgun Carry Deregulation in Arizona on Crime in Tucson

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (8) ◽  
pp. 1186-1203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael R. Smith ◽  
Matthew Petrocelli
Keyword(s):  
El Paso ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Multiple Time ◽  
Multiple Time Series ◽  
Training Requirements ◽  
State Adoption ◽  
Concealed Carry ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact ◽  
And Training

In 2010, the Arizona legislature effectively deregulated concealed handgun carry in the state by passing Senate Bill (SB) 1108, which eliminated licensing and training requirements for concealed carry. Although researchers have extensively examined the impact of state adoption of concealed carry laws, almost nothing is known about the effects of deregulating concealed carry altogether. This study contributes to the more guns, less crime debate by examining the impact of Arizona’s decision to deregulate concealed carry. Using a multiple time-series research design with an experimental (Tucson) and control city (El Paso), the present study examines the impact of deregulation on handgun-related violent crime and gun larcenies in Arizona’s second largest city—Tucson. We find that the passage of SB 1108 had no impact on handgun-related offenses that could be expected to change following deregulation. The implications of these findings for policy making and future research are discussed.

The Presentation of Information to the Job-Shop Scheduler

1978 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 725-732 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Gibson ◽  
Lampros Laios
Keyword(s):  
Job Shop ◽  
Problem Solution ◽  
Color Coding ◽  
Color Code ◽  
Gantt Chart ◽  
Machine Utilization ◽  
Graphic Methods

Three graphic methods of presenting scheduling information were compared with each other and with a conventional, numerical presentation. The graphic methods were based on the Gantt chart, and all three proved more effective than the numerical presentation in helping the subjects produce efficient schedules. One method in particular which used a machines-by-time organization and identified machines by color code proved superior to the others. This is explained in terms of the perceptual nature of problem solution using these methods. It is suggested that this organization of information be adopted when the primary criterion for schedule evaluation is machine utilization and there are limitations on the display space and color-coding available.

scholarly journals Implementation Difficulties of Kuwait National Competency-Based Curriculum

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 151
Author(s):  
Maadi Mahdi Alajmi
Keyword(s):  
Professional Development ◽  
Instructional Technology ◽  
Instructional Strategies ◽  
National Curriculum ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Assessment Process ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Process Use ◽  
Competency Based ◽  
And Training

The study investigates teachers' understanding and use of competency-based national curriculum in Kuwait's public education schools. A developed questionnaire survey distributed to 317 teachers and 94 supervisors. Findings indicated weaknesses in professional development and training, the assessment process, use of instructional technology, financial supplies, and teacher guides. Recommendations highlight needs of a professional development and training to supervisors and teachers on implementing the national competency-based curriculum, standards-based assessments, instructional technology, instructional strategies, and financial supplies. A future research on effects of the national competency-based curriculum on student learning, teaching performance, and outcomes of educational process is highly recommended.   Received: 26 May 2021 / Accepted: 2 August 2021 / Published: 5 September 2021

An Affair to Remember: A Mixed-Methods Survey Examining Therapists’ Experiences Treating Infidelity

2021 ◽  
pp. 106648072110618
Author(s):  
Taylor J. Irvine ◽  
Paul R. Peluso
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Methods ◽  
Mixed Methods Study ◽  
Personal History ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Present Survey ◽  
Training Standards ◽  
Recovery Treatment ◽  
And Training

In this mixed-methods study, we analyzed data from 351 couple therapists who completed our Therapists' Experiences Treating Infidelity (TETI) survey. The present survey is a follow-up of previous iterations that examined therapists' attitudes toward infidelity and affair recovery treatment. Our TETI survey provided additional questions pertaining to therapists' personal history with affairs and perceptions on current research and training standards. Results showed that various therapist and couple factors serve to impede affair recovery treatment. Additionally, this survey revealed several similarities in therapists' attitudes from prior surveys, despite decades having passed between when the present survey and previous versions. In this article, we (a) outline findings from this mixed-methods survey, (b) discuss implications for the field, and (c) offer directions for future research.

The School Counselor's Role in Supporting Military-Connected Youth

2021 ◽  
pp. 175-192
Author(s):  
Taqueena Sharell Quintana
Keyword(s):  
School Counselors ◽  
Emotional Development ◽  
Educational Experiences ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Social Emotional Development ◽  
Social Emotional ◽  
Transitional Challenges ◽  
K 12 ◽  
High Degree ◽  
And Training

Throughout their K-12 educational experiences, military-connected youth often face a high degree of uncertainty and mobility due to their parent's service. These transitions often create stressors that impact the academic and social-emotional development of children and adolescents from military families. Because of their position and training, school counselors play an important role in addressing the educational needs of military-connected youth. Within this chapter, the author discusses military culture, describes the transitional challenges in which military-connected youth experience and highlights ways in which school counselors can utilize interventions to support this unique population. Recommendations and suggestions for future research are also explored.

A Roadmap for Development, Implementation, and Evaluation of Virtual Practicums in Teacher Education

2021 ◽  
pp. 163-182
Author(s):  
Jennifer L. Gallup ◽  
Beverly Ray ◽  
Cory A. Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Teacher Preparation ◽  
Online Education ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Preparation Programs ◽  
Partnership Development ◽  
Online Setting ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Pre Service Teacher ◽  
And Training

Education for students in the P-12 setting has been subject to significant changes due to access to the internet and online education availability and most recently, the novel coronavirus (COVID-2019) pandemic; therefore, teacher preparation must meet the demands of this new reality through efficacious preparation programs that reflect this reality. Teachers must meet students' unique needs across virtual platforms, which requires mentoring, practice, and training. Today, there are very few programs that prepare teachers to work in an online P-12 setting. Additionally, there is limited research on how to supervise pre-service teachers in an online setting; therefore, the purpose of this chapter is to present a theoretical framework for virtual observations of a pre-service teacher learning to teach in an online P-12 setting. Along with recommendations for partnership development, implementation, and evaluation, a protocol is offered, and recommendations for future research and conclusions are offered.

scholarly journals Sustainability and Collaboration: Crossdisciplinary and Cross-Sector Horizons

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Thompson Klein
Keyword(s):  
Language Use ◽  
Academic Disciplines ◽  
Boundary Crossing ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Second Keyword ◽  
Discourse Studies ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Societal Problems ◽  
And Training ◽  
Local Perspectives

The title of this article signals increasing collaboration across boundaries aimed at understanding and solving complex scientific and societal problems. The article is a reflective analysis of five intersecting keywords in discussions of sustainability and boundary crossing. This genre of discourse studies interprets language use, drawing in this case on a representative sample of authoritative definitions, case studies, and state-of-the-art accounts. The Introduction situates the discussion around the increasing number and size of teams as well as research across both academic disciplines and other sectors, followed by the five keywords that structure the overall argument. Section 2 examines the first of the five keywords, defining interdisciplinarity by marking its alignment with integration, confluence, interdependence, interaction, and balance. Section 3 considers the second keyword—transdisciplinarity—by tracing evolution of a problem-focused connotation, links to sustainability, inclusion of stakeholders, the imperative of critique, and transdisciplinary action research. Section 4 brings together insights on inter- and trans-disciplinarity in a composite “crossdisciplinary” alignment with collaboration, factoring in the nature of teamwork, public engagement, and translation. Section 5 then turns to learning, noting the difference between education and training then emphasizing transformative capacity, double- and triple-loop learning, reflexivity, and a transdisciplinary orientation. Section 6 takes up the final keyword—knowledge—by calling attention to inclusion, indigenous and local perspectives, nomothetic versus idiographic perspectives, the question of fit, and the nature of crossdisciplinary knowledge. The article concludes by identifying future research needs.

Effectiveness of Redundant Color Coding in Multidimensional Identification

1998 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 615-625 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kong-King Shieh
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Response Speed ◽  
Familiar Stimulus ◽  
Human Information Processing ◽  
Color Coding ◽  
Improve Performance ◽  
Stimulus Attribute

This study investigated the effectiveness of redundant color coding in multidimensional identification. Statistical analysis showed that redundant color in multidimensional identification did not necessarily improve performance and response speed might even deteriorate if subjects were not informed of the use of redundant color. Merely informing subjects of the use of redundant color might not benefit identification speed either; subjects had to actually use color in responding to facilitate response speed. Further, redundant color might be more appropriate to associate with the less-salient or the less-familiar stimulus attribute. Implications of the results for the design of multidimensional display and for human information processing were discussed.

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