An Individual Differences Approach to SWAT Scale Development

1982 ◽  
Vol 26 (7) ◽  
pp. 639-642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary B. Reid ◽  
F. Thomas Eggemeier ◽  
Thomas E. Nygren
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Scale Development ◽  
Mental Effort ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Development Phase ◽  
Individual Subject ◽  
Assessment Technique ◽  
Important Contributor ◽  
Stress Load ◽  
Workload Measurement

A refinement to the scale development phase of the Subjective Workload Assessment Technique (SWAT) provides for forming scales for homogeneous subject groups. Groups are formed by determining which of the three dimensions, time load, mental effort load or stress load subjects judge to be the most important contributor to workload. The group scales are then transformed into a SWAT scale that ranges from 0 for the lowest defined workload condition to 100 for the highest workload condition. This procedure should increase the precision of workload measurement while minimizing the effects of individual subject ranking errors.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Waktu Terbang (Phases of Time) Terhadap Beban Kerja Mental Pilot Pesawat Terbang Ditinjau Dari Perbedaan Jenis Kelamin Pilot

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abadi Dwi Saputra
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Stress ◽  
Mental Workload ◽  
Mental Effort ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Time Effect ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Assessment Technique ◽  
High Category ◽  
Subjective Workload ◽  
Stress Load

AbstrakManusia sebagai komponen sistem atau sub-sistem meskipun mampu beradaptasi dengan baik terhadap sistem operasional penerbangan, namun manusia cenderung labil dan juga paling sensitif terhadap pengaruh yang dapat berdampak pada kondisi dirinya. Kondisi waktu kerja yang berbeda-beda juga diperkirakan dapat mempengaruhi kondisi seorang pilot. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui beban kerja mental pilot ditinjau dari perbedaan jenis kelamin (gender) jika dihadapkan pada kondisi waktu (phases of time) operasional penerbangan yang berbeda-beda. Penelitian menggunakan metode Subjective Workload Assessment Technique (SWAT), metode ini menggunakan tiga kombinasi dari tiga dimensi dengan tingkatannya. Dimensi tersebut adalah beban waktu (time), beban usaha mental (effort), dan beban tekanan psikologis (stress). Dari hasil penelitian menunjukkan kondisi beban kerja mental yang dialami pilot berdasarkan waktu terbang adalah baik untuk pilot pria dan wanita diketahui bahwa kondisi beban mental pilot tertinggi pada saat penerbangan dilakukan pada dini hari (00.00 –05.59), pada saat libur, dan saat peak season.Kata kunci: Kecelakaan Pesawat, Jenis Kelamin Pilot, SWAT.AbstractPhases of Time Effect to the Pilot Mental Workload In terms of Differences Pilot Gender: Humans as a component of the system or sub-system although be able well adapted to the flight operational, but humans tend to be unstable and also most sensitive to the effects that can impact on his condition. Different working time conditions are also expected to affect a pilot's condition. The purpose of this study is to determine the mental workload of pilot in terms of differnces pilot gender if faced with different phases of time conditions. Mental workload measurements performed using the Subjective Workload Assessment Technique method (SWAT), this method using combine of three dimensions with their levels. The dimensions are time load, mental effort load, and psychological stress load. The result of studies shows that the condition of mental workload experienced by pilots refers to phases of time is in general (on average) in the high category (overload). While the overall showed that more pilots emphasize time factor in considering the factors of mental workload. The most burdensome conditions of a flight for man and woman pilot is when the pilot was conducted in the early morning, on weekends and during peak seasonsKeyword:Aircraft Accident, Pilot Gender, SWAT.

scholarly journals The ANALISIS BEBAN KERJA OPERATOR PAPER MESIN #6 PT. INDAH KIAT PULP AND PAPER TBK MENGGUNAKAN METODE CARDIOVASCULAR LOAD (CVL) DAN SUBJECTIVE WORKLOAD ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUE ( SWAT )

2022 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 302-309
Author(s):  
Faradila Ananda Yul ◽  
Sat Rudi Setiyawan
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Mental Effort ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Assessment Technique ◽  
Subjective Workload ◽  
Stress Load

Indah Kiat Pulp and Paper Tbk merupakan perusahaan industri manufaktur yang bergerak dibidang pengolahan bubur kertas, salah satu mesin kertas terbesar di Perawang adalah Paper mesin #6. Paper mesin #6 beroperasi secara kontinyu 24 jam dan untuk mendukung proses produksi tersebut jam kerja karyawan dibagi menjadi 3 shift kerja. Permasalahan yang terjadi pada paper mesin ini adalah tingginya angka kecelakaan kerja dikarenakan tingginya beban kerja yang dirasakan oleh operator sehingga menyebabkan operator kelelahan baik fisik maupun mental. Penelitian dilakukan pada operator stasiun produksi Wet End, Dry End, Chemical, Winder dan Thimons yaitu dilakukan pengukuran beban kerja fisik dengan menggunakan metode Cardiovascular Load (CVL) dan pengukuran beban kerja mental dengan metode Subjective Workload Assessment Technique (SWAT). Hasil perhitungan metode CVL bahwa beban kerja fisik yang paling besar pada shift 3 grup B terjadi pada operator Thimons 1 memiliki nilai % CVL sebesar 46,62 % dengan rekomendasi diperlukan perbaikan dan operator Wet End 3 dengan nilai % CVL sebesar 44,74 % dengan keterangan diperlukan perbaikan. Berdasarkan hasil CVL, sebanyak 12 karyawan mengalami beban kerja fisik. Berbeda dengan kepala shift dan operator Dekstop Control System (DCS), beban kerja yang dirasakan cenderung lebih ke beban mental. Penelitian pada kepala shift dan operator DCS menggunakan metode, metode SWAT digunakan untuk mengukur beban kerja mental. Penelitian dilakukan dengan cara pengamatan dan wawancara secara langsung, selanjutnya kepala shift dan operator DCS diminta untuk mengurutkan 27 lembar kartu SWAT yang terdiri dari Time Load(T), Mental Effort Load(E) dan Psycological Stress Load (S). hasil pengurutan kartu SWAT diolah dengan menggunakan aplikasi DosBox 0.74, setelah itu dilakukan pengkonversian nilai dari Time, Effort dan Stress (T.E.S). Berdasarkan perhitungan beban kerja mental kepala shift, faktor yang paling berpengaruh adalah faktor Time dengan nilai 60,44% diikuti faktor Effort dan Stress dengan nilai 29,64% dan 9,92%. Hal serupa dengan operator DCS, faktor yang paling berpengaruh adalah faktor Time dengan nilai 68,57% diikuti faktor Effort dan Stress dengan nilai 23,29% dan 8,13%. Beban waktu menjadi faktor utama yang dirasakan oleh karyawan karena tuntutan pekerjaan yang mengharuskan karyawan  harus cepat dalam melakukan setiap aktivitas.

Death-Related Status Consumption: Scale Development and Validation

2021 ◽  
pp. 003022282110162
Author(s):  
Hakan Cengiz ◽  
Omer Torlak
Keyword(s):  
Scale Development ◽  
Internal Consistency ◽  
Culturally Diverse ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Status Consumption ◽  
Scale Development And Validation ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Development And Validation ◽  
The U.S

Although it has been widely discussed in the literature, no scale has yet been developed to measure the consumption aspect of death. This study aims to develop a domain-specific death-related status consumption (DRSC) scale to bridge this gap in the field. Results reveal the following three dimensions of the scale: conspicuousness, planning, and showing respect. In four studies, which collate the views of 1,302 participants, both students and adults, the DRSC demonstrates internal consistency and validity across cultures (Turkey, the U.S., and culturally diverse sample). The importance of such a scale for the field is discussed.

scholarly journals Do Not Neglect the Power of Symbols on Employee Performance: An Empirical Evidence From Turkey

SAGE Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 215824402096794
Author(s):  
Bora Coşar ◽  
Ülkü Uzunçarşili ◽  
Erkut Altindağ
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Commitment ◽  
Firm Performance ◽  
Scale Development ◽  
Employee Performance ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Discussion Section ◽  
Value System ◽  
Business World ◽  
Development Section ◽  
Organizational Symbolism

Symbols, which are considered as a reflection of an organization’s culture, also provide clues about an organization’s character and value system. The positioning of symbols in the business world and academic studies thus remains an important issue. This study, which measures the effects of organizational symbolism on organizational commitment and firm performance, carries out a scale development study to evaluate the concept of symbolism. For this analysis, a questionnaire was provided to 727 family-owned business employees. In the scale development section, the organizational symbolism was divided into three dimensions, where it was observed that structural and administrative symbolism, along with outward symbolism, affect organizational commitment and firm performance, although narrative and discursive symbolism do not affect organizational commitment and firm performance. The findings are partially consistent with the current literature. In the “Discussion” section, suggestions are given to academicians and administrators.

scholarly journals Notions of agency in early literacy classrooms: Assemblages and productive intersections

2019 ◽  
pp. 146879841986648 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Daniels
Keyword(s):  
Early Literacy ◽  
Literacy Learning ◽  
Classroom Culture ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Power Dynamics ◽  
Individual Subject ◽  
Common Notion ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Moving Bodies

Agency and its role in the early literacy classroom has long been a topic for debate. While sociocultural accounts often portray the child as a cultural agent who negotiates their own participation in classroom culture and literacy learning, more recent framings draw attention from the individual subject, instead seeing agency as dispersed across people and materials. In this article, I draw on my experiences of following children as they followed their interests in an early literacy classroom, drawing on the concepts of assemblage and people yet to come, as defined by Deleuze and Guattari and Spinoza’s common notion. I provide one illustrative account of moment-by-moment activity and suggest that in education settings it is useful to see activity as a direct and ongoing interplay of three dimensions: children’s moving bodies; the classroom; and its materials. I propose that children’s ongoing movements create possibilities for ‘doing’ and ‘being’ that flow across and between children. I argue that thinking with assemblages can draw attention to both the potentiality and the power dynamics inherent in the ongoing present and also counter preconceived notions of individual child agency and linear trajectories of literacy development, and the inequalities that these concepts can perpetuate within early education settings.

Assessing the Validity of SWAT as a Workload Measurement Instrument

1983 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 124-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen P. Boyd
Keyword(s):  
Mental Workload ◽  
Measurement Instrument ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
One Dimension ◽  
Implicit Assumption ◽  
Workload Measurement ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
High Level

The Subjective Workload Asssessment Technique (SWAT) carries with it the implicit assumption that people can accurately predict the amount of mental workload they would experience under various levels of three component dimensions. Research suggests that the perceptions of these dimensions may not be independent. This study was designed to measure the subjective interactions between the dimensions used in SKAT. Mental workload was generated using a text editing task in which the dimensions were manipulated independently. Results revealed significant positive correlations between the subjective levels of the three dimensions. That is, when a subject experienced a high level of one dimension, s/he also tended to rate the other two dimensions high. It may be unreasonable to assume that people can accurately predict the magnitude of these interactions when performing the ranking process which is used to derive the workload scale.

scholarly journals PENGKAJIAN TINGKAT BEBAN KERJA MENTAL PILOT PESAWAT TERBANG DALAM MELAKSANAKAN TAHAP FASE TERBANG (PHASE OF FLIGHT)

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 181
Author(s):  
Abadi Dwi Saputra ◽  
Sigit Priyanto ◽  
Imam Muthohar ◽  
Magda Bhinnety
Keyword(s):  
Mental Effort ◽  
Assessment Technique ◽  
Subjective Workload

Abstrak: Peristiwa kecelakaan pesawat terbang dapat terjadi pada tahap pengoperasian pesawat terbang, diawali sejak taxi, tinggal landas (take off), menanjak (climb), penerbangan jelajah (cruise), dan tahap pendaratan yang dimulai dari descent, awal pendaratan (approach) kemudian menyentuh landasan (touch down) sampai pesawat terbang berhenti di apron Bandar udara tujuan pendaratan. Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengetahui seperti apakah perbedaan beban kerja mental seorang pilot pada saat melaksanakan tahapan fase terbang (phase of flights). Pengukuran beban kerja mental dilakukan menggunakan metode Subjective Workload Assessment Technique (SWAT), metode ini menggunakan tiga kombinasi dari tiga dimensi dengan tingkatannya. Dimensi tersebut adalah beban waktu (time), beban usaha mental (effort), dan beban tekanan psikologis (stress). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan secara keseluruhan, tingkatan kepentingan relatif yang paling tinggi adalah dimensi beban usaha waktu (time), maka semua subyek mempunyai kesepakatan dan menganggap bahwa faktor beban waktu (time) merupakan faktor yang paling penting dalam menentukan tingkatan  beban kerja mental pilot, sedangkan untuk kondisi yang paling terbebani atau beban kerja mental pilot akan meningkat (level tertinggi) apabila pilot dihadapkan pada saat pesawat akan melakukan prosedur pendaratan (landing).

scholarly journals Three Dimensions of User Risk-Taking: Individual Differences in the TriRB

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 267-271
Author(s):  
Noam Ben Asher ◽  
Joachim Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Risk Aversion ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Risk Measures ◽  
Computer Systems ◽  
Utility Functions ◽  
Three Dimensions

Ben-Asher and Meyer (2018) developed a model of risk-related behavior in computer systems, named the Triad of Risk-related Behavior (TriRB). It identified three behaviors – the exposure to risk, the use of security features and the responses to security indications. Various factors affected the three behaviors differently. We report an experiment with 83 participants who performed the Tetris-game like task, designed for studying the TriRB. We also collected data on four measures of individual differences in risk-taking (BART, DOSPERT and questionnaires on assessing risk aversion in the utility functions). We computed the correlations between the behaviors in the TriRB and the risk measures. Different risk measures were correlated with the three behaviors, supporting the notion that these are indeed three different risk-related behaviors and not expressions of a general underlying tendency to take risks. We discuss some implications of these findings for cybersecurity research and praxis.

scholarly journals Does concealing familiarity evoke other processes than concealing untrustworthiness? – Different forms of concealed information modulate P3 effects

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
René Koeckritz ◽  
André Beauducel ◽  
Johanna Hundhausen ◽  
Anika Redolfi ◽  
Anja Leue
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Mental Effort ◽  
Positive Probe ◽  
Familiarity Condition ◽  
Stimulus Familiarity ◽  
P3 Amplitude ◽  
Concealed Information ◽  
Effort Hypothesis

Abstract It was investigated whether concealing learned stimulus attributes (i.e., trustworthiness vs. untrustworthiness) has similar effects on the P3 amplitude than concealing stimulus familiarity. According to salience hypothesis, known, deceptive stimuli (probe) are (perceived) more relevant than truthful, unknown stimuli (irrelevant) evoking a more positive probe P3 amplitude. When all stimuli are known, concealing information is more cognitively demanding than non-concealing information evoking a less positive P3 amplitude according to the mental effort account. Ninety-seven participants concealed knowledge of previously learned faces in the familiarity condition (probe vs. irrelevant stimuli). In the trustworthiness condition, participants concealed untrustworthiness to previously learned faces and responded truthfully to previously learned trustworthy and untrustworthy faces (known, concealed vs. known, truthful stimuli). The parietal mean P3 amplitude was more positive for probe stimuli than for irrelevant stimuli in the familiarity condition providing evidence for the salience hypothesis. In the trustworthiness condition, concealing untrustworthiness showed the smallest parietal mean P3 amplitude suggesting evidence for the mental effort hypothesis. Individual differences of perpetrator’s sensitivity to injustice modulated the P3 amplitude in the trustworthiness condition.

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