Tools for Investigating Cognitive Performance under Simulated Conditions

1989 ◽  
Vol 33 (16) ◽  
pp. 1072-1076
Author(s):  
William A. Wheeler ◽  
Jody L. Toquam

Safe and efficient use of modern technology often hinges upon the ability of persons operating these systems to perform effectively under a wide variety of conditions. This paper describes several tools developed to investigate the influence of psycho-social variables on cognitive performance under stressful conditions. These tools include indirect, non-obtrusive video recording equipment to capture real-time cognitive behavior, and a several multi-dimensional and multi-method techniques to measure cognitive ability and psycho-social conditions. These techniques are used to bridge the gap between basic laboratory research and field observation.

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 179-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle O'Reilly ◽  
Nicola Parker ◽  
Ian Hutchby

Using video to facilitate data collection has become increasingly common in health research. Using video in research, however, does raise additional ethical concerns. In this paper we utilize family therapy data to provide empirical evidence of how recording equipment is treated. We show that families made a distinction between what was observed through the video by the reflecting team and what was being recorded onto videotape. We show that all parties actively negotiated what should and should not go ‘on the record’, with particular attention to sensitive topics and the responsibility of the therapist. Our findings have important implications for both clinical professionals and researchers using video data. We maintain that informed consent should be an ongoing process and with this in mind we present some arguments pertaining to the current debates in this field of health-care practice.


2003 ◽  
Vol 1855 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Strong ◽  
Scott Lowry ◽  
Peter McCarthy

An innovative application of time-lapse video recording is used to assist in an evaluation of a highway safety improvement. The improvement is an icy-curve warning system near Fredonyer Summit in northern California that activates real-time motorist warnings via extinguishable message signs, based on weather readings collected from road weather information systems. A measure of effectiveness is whether motorist speed is reduced as a result of real-time warnings to drivers. Why indirect speed measurement with video was preferred over radar for this case is discussed, as is how specific methodological issues related to the custom-built equipment, including camera location and orientation, distance benchmarking, and data collection and reduction. Theoretical and empirical accuracy measurements show that the video surveillance trailers yield results comparable to radar and, hence, would be applicable for studies in which speed change is measured. Because this particular technology had not been used previously, several lessons are documented that may help determine where and how similar equipment may be optimally used in future studies.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas R. Zentall

The hypothesis proposed by Macphail (1987) is that differences in intelligent behavior thought to distinguish different species were likely attributed to differences in the context of the tasks being used. Once one corrects for differences in sensory input, motor output, and incentive, it is likely that all vertebrate animals have comparable intellectual abilities. In the present article I suggest a number of tests of this hypothesis with pigeons. In each case, the evidence suggests that either there is evidence for the cognitive behavior, or the pigeons suffer from biases similar to those of humans. Thus, Macphail’s hypothesis offers a challenge to researchers to find the appropriate conditions to bring out in the animal the cognitive ability being tested.


Author(s):  
Ali Momen ◽  
Eva Wiese

Social robots with expressive gaze have positive effects on human-robot interaction. In particular, research suggests that when robots are programmed to express introverted or extroverted gaze behavior, individuals enjoy interacting more with robots that match their personality. However, how this affects social-cognitive performance during human-robot interactions has not been thoroughly examined yet. In the current paper, we examine whether the perceived match between human and robot personality positively affects the degree to which the robot’s gaze is followed (i.e., gaze cueing, as a proxy for more complex social-cognitive behavior). While social attention has been examined extensively outside of human-robot interaction, recent research shows that a robot’s gaze is attended to in a similar way as a human’s gaze. While our results did not support the hypothesis that gaze cueing would be strongest when the participant’s personality matched the robot’s personality, we did find evidence that participants followed the gaze of introverted robots more strongly than the gaze of extroverted robots. This finding suggests that agent’s displaying extroverted gaze behavior may hurt performance in human-robot interaction.


2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie von Stumm

In cognitive aging research, the “engagement hypothesis” suggests that the participation in cognitively demanding activities helps maintain better cognitive performance in later life. In differential psychology, the “investment” theory proclaims that age differences in cognition are influenced by personality traits that determine when, where, and how people invest their ability. Although both models follow similar theoretical rationales, they differ in their emphasis of behavior (i.e., activity engagement) versus predisposition (i.e., investment trait). The current study compared a cognitive activity engagement scale (i.e., frequency of participation) with an investment trait scale (i.e., need for cognition) and tested their relationship with age differences in cognition in 200 British adults. Age was negatively associated with fluid and positively with crystallized ability but had no relationship with need for cognition and activity engagement. Need for cognition was positively related to activity engagement and cognitive performance; activity engagement, however, was not associated with cognitive ability. Thus, age differences in cognitive ability were largely independent of engagement and investment.


2008 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
David E. Vance ◽  
Lesley A. Ross ◽  
Charles A. Downs

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. 57-65
Author(s):  
Liubov Protsyk ◽  

The article studies of criminals who have committed unlawful acts against children. In particular, the article examines the behavioral characteristics of criminals who have committed offences described in articles 152-156, 301, 304 the Criminal Code of Ukraine, namely: infringe on sexual freedom and sexual inviolability of a child; pornography manufacture, sale or distribution; involvement of minors into criminal activities, drunkenness, begging, gambling. The most common features of criminals who have infringed on sexual freedom and sexual inviolability of a child are: egoism, often turns into egocentrism, when an individual act only to fulfill his/her own interests, desires and inclinations. Criminals by chance and persistent (“evil”) criminals are distinguished. Crimes by chance are predominantly committed under alcoholic intoxication or drug agitation. The persistent type is characterized by persistent aggression, the tendency to resolve conflicts with physical strength, cruelty. People infringing on sexual freedom and sexual inviolability of a child are often also characterized by mental abnormalities of varying degrees. These abnormalities are also revealed in peculiarities of criminals’ value orientations: norms governing sexual relations, humanistic values ​​are ignored by them. Criminals involved in pornography manufacture, sale or distribution of are divided into: pornography authors, manufacturers or distributors. It is almost impossible to detect such criminals; they do not show their sexual deviations in everyday life. A random thing in a frame can become a clue revealing such criminals. Pornography manufacturers have some knowledge and skills in computer technology and in printing industry, own audio and video recording equipment. As for pornography distributors, such people, as a rule, do not suffer from any sexual or mental abnormalities, do not receive obvious satisfaction from being engaged in such activities, and consider their activities only as a job, a way of money earning. As the court practice shows, minors are involved in criminal activities mainly by their family members (parents, siblings, uncles or aunts, and others). Children see criminal examples - drunkenness, fights, begging, etc. - and learn such behavior, consider them as normal or are afraid to complain, so that, join criminals. People consistently involving minors into criminal activities are characterized by developed antisocial features, deformed moral and legal consciousness. The presented criminal types and their behavior are not comprehensive; the article presents only overview.


2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Momen ◽  
Eva Wiese

Social robots with expressive gaze have positive effects on human-robot interaction. In particular, research suggests that when robots are programmed to express introverted or extraverted gaze behavior, individuals enjoy interacting more with robots that match their personality. However, how this affects social-cognitive performance during human-robot interactions has not been thoroughly examined yet. In the current paper, we examine whether the perceived match between human and robot personality positively affects the degree to which the robot’s gaze is followed (i.e., gaze cueing, as a proxy for more complex social-cognitive behavior). While social attention has been examined extensively outside of human-robot interaction, recent research shows that a robot’s gaze is attended to in a similar way as a human’s gaze. While our results did not support the hypothesis that gaze cueing would be strongest when the participant’s personality matched the robot’s personality, we did find evidence that participants followed the gaze of introverted robots more strongly than the gaze of extroverted robots. This finding suggests that agent’s displaying extraverted gaze behavior may hurt performance in human-robot interaction


2018 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 04002
Author(s):  
Mochamad Arief Budihardjo ◽  
Haryono Setiyo Huboyo ◽  
Budi Prasetyo Samadikun

The field study in five intersections that had ATCS, such as Krapyak, Tugu Muda, Polda, Bangkong and Fatmawati were done to investigate the effectivity of air pollution reduction. The study was done by estimating the differences between the vehicle speed due to the cycle duration of green light by field observation and video recording in each intersection. In five intersections that had been observed, the percentage of fuel consumption savings for two-wheeled vehicles were between 15 – 18%, meanwhile for four-wheel vehicles were between 30 – 46%. Based on the calculation that adopt the emission factor from CORINAIR and USEPA emission, the emission reduction based on pollutant types were TSP (12-17%), NOx (22-36%), CO (15-25%), HC (16-28%) and SO2 (22-35%). The result to the vehicles' speed that passed the intersections through ATCS has also indicated that the ATCS could increase vehicle speed and consequently reduce the emission.


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