Eye Movements and Interface Component Grouping: An Evaluation Method

1998 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 486-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xerxes P. Kotval ◽  
Joseph H. Goldberg
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Interface Design ◽  
Evaluation Method ◽  
User Interaction ◽  
Movement Behavior ◽  
Design Quality ◽  
Minimal Processing ◽  
Interface Quality ◽  
Grouping Strategies

Evaluation of the computer interface is traditionally conducted via checklists, task scenarios, walkthroughs, heuristics and other subjective techniques. Analysis of user's eye movements during user interaction can add more objectivity to these evaluations. The objective of this study was to determine if eye movement behavior is influenced by interface design quality in a manner that can be characterized and used to identify design weaknesses. Eye movement scanpaths were collected from 12 subjects interacting with 4 interfaces utilizing different component grouping strategies. Interface quality ranged from “excellent” to “unacceptable”, as assessed by 50 typical users and 30 interface designers. A series of quantifiable measures were developed to characterize the resulting scanpaths. These measures examined raw scanpath data, fixations and saccades, and their interaction on both a temporal and spatial basis. The measures proved to be good indicators of interface quality. The “good” grouping strategy resulted in few fixations (minimal processing) and relatively efficient scanpath behavior (minimal search). The “poor” grouping strategies produced scattered scanpaths covering a larger portion of the interface area (extensive search) and requiring a higher number of fixations (more processing). The applicability of eye movement analysis as a quantitative interface evaluation method was further discussed.

scholarly journals WALD-EM: Wald Accumulation for Locations and Durations of Eye Movements

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Šimon Kucharský ◽  
Daan Roelof van Renswoude ◽  
Maartje Eusebia Josefa Raijmakers ◽  
Ingmar Visser
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Process Models ◽  
Movement Behavior ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
Fixation Durations ◽  
Research Cycle ◽  
Fixation Locations ◽  
Basic Characteristics

Describing, analyzing and explaining patterns in eye movement behavior is crucial for understanding visual perception. Further, eye movements are increasingly used in informing cognitive process models. In this article, we start by reviewing basic characteristics and desiderata for models of eye movements. Specifically, we argue that there is a need for models combining spatial and temporal aspects of eye-tracking data (i.e., fixation durations and fixation locations), that formal models derived from concrete theoretical assumptions are needed to inform our empirical research, and custom statistical models are useful for detecting specific empirical phenomena that are to be explained by said theory. In this article, we develop a conceptual model of eye movements, or specifically, fixation durations and fixation locations, and from it derive a formal statistical model --- meeting our goal of crafting a model useful in both the theoretical and empirical research cycle. We demonstrate the use of the model on an example of infant natural scene viewing, to show that the model is able to explain different features of the eye movement data, and to showcase how to identify that the model needs to be adapted if it does not agree with the data. We conclude with discussion of potential future avenues for formal eye movement models.

scholarly journals Eye Movement Dynamics of Good and Poor Readers: Then and Now

1979 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 319-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lester A. Lefton ◽  
Richard J. Nagle ◽  
Gwendolyn Johnson ◽  
Dennis F. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Fifth Graders ◽  
Poor Readers ◽  
Movement Behavior ◽  
Poor Reading ◽  
Movement Dynamics ◽  
Reading Text ◽  
One Year ◽  
Good And Poor Readers

While reading text, the eye movements of good and poor reading fifth graders, third graders and adults were assessed. Subjects were tested in two sessions one year apart. Dependent variables included the duration and frequency of forward going fixations and regressions; an analysis of individual differences was also made. Results showed that poor reading fifth graders have relatively unsystematic eye movement behavior with many more fixations of longer duration than other fifth graders and adults. The eye movements of poor readers are quantitatively and qualitatively different than those of normal readers.

Role of the Oculomotor Vermis in Generating Pursuit and Saccades: Effects of Microstimulation

1998 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 2046-2062 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Krauzlis ◽  
F. A. Miles
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Transition Point ◽  
Contralateral Side ◽  
Movement Behavior ◽  
Visually Guided ◽  
Ipsilateral Side ◽  
Oculomotor Vermis ◽  
Eye Velocity

Krauzlis, R. J. and F. A. Miles. Role of the oculomotor vermis in generating pursuit and saccades: effects of microstimulation. J. Neurophysiol. 80: 2046–2062, 1998. We studied the eye movements evoked by applying small amounts of current (2–50 μA) within the oculomotor vermis of two monkeys. We first compared the eye movements evoked by microstimulation applied either during maintained pursuit or during fixation. Smooth, pursuitlike changes in eye velocity caused by the microstimulation were directed toward the ipsilateral side and occurred at short latencies (10–20 ms). The amplitudes of these pursuitlike changes were larger during visually guided pursuit toward the contralateral side than during either fixation or visually guided pursuit toward the ipsilateral side. At these same sites, microstimulation also often produced abrupt, saccadelike changes in eye velocity. In contrast to the smooth changes in eye velocity, these saccadelike effects were more prevalent during fixation and during pursuit toward the ipsilateral side. The amplitude and type of evoked eye movements could also be manipulated at single sites by changing the frequency of microstimulation. Increasing the frequency of microstimulation produced increases in the amplitude of pursuitlike changes, but only up to a certain point. Beyond this point, the value of which depended on the site and whether the monkey was fixating or pursuing, further increases in stimulation frequency produced saccadelike changes of increasing amplitude. To quantify these effects, we introduced a novel method for classifying eye movements as pursuitlike or saccadelike. The results of this analysis showed that the eye movements evoked by microstimulation exhibit a distinct transition point between pursuit and saccadelike effects and that the amplitude of eye movement that corresponds to this transition point depends on the eye movement behavior of the monkey. These results are consistent with accumulating evidence that the oculomotor vermis and its associated deep cerebellar nucleus, the caudal fastigial, are involved in the control of both pursuit and saccadic eye movements. We suggest that the oculomotor vermis might accomplish this role by altering the amplitude of a motor error signal that is common to both saccades and pursuit.

Lateral Eye Movement Behavior in Children

1980 ◽  
Vol 50 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1023-1037 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecil R. Reynolds ◽  
Alan S. Kaufman
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Movement Behavior ◽  
Lateral Eye

The lateral eye movement phenomenon, studied frequently in adults, was investigated for 52 children aged 2–8 to 9–11, using both spatial and verbal-analytic questions. The phenomenon was observed in 50 of the 52 children and appeared well established by age 3 1/2; about half of the children were classifiable as either right movers or left movers. Some interesting developmental findings were noted, including a few important discrepancies with the results of adult studies. In addition, type of question had no effect on the direction of a child's eye movements. The implications of these findings were discussed.

scholarly journals How Do Art Skills Influence Visual Search? – Eye Movements Analyzed With Hidden Markov Models

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miles Tallon ◽  
Mark W. Greenlee ◽  
Ernst Wagner ◽  
Katrin Rakoczy ◽  
Ulrich Frick
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Visual Memory ◽  
Latent Profile Analysis ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
Hidden Markov ◽  
External Validation ◽  
Movement Behavior ◽  
Membership Probability

The results of two experiments are analyzed to find out how artistic expertise influences visual search. Experiment I comprised survey data of 1,065 students on self-reported visual memory skills and their ability to find three targets in four images of artwork. Experiment II comprised eye movement data of 50 Visual Literacy (VL) experts and non-experts whose eye movements during visual search were analyzed for nine images of artwork as an external validation of the assessment tasks performed in Sample I. No time constraint was set for completion of the visual search task. A latent profile analysis revealed four typical solution patterns for the students in Sample I, including a mainstream group, a group that completes easy images fast and difficult images slowly, a fast and erroneous group, and a slow working student group, depending on task completion time and on the probability of finding all three targets. Eidetic memory, performance in art education and visual imagination as self-reported visual skills have significant impact on latent class membership probability. We present a hidden Markov model (HMM) approach to uncover underlying regions of attraction that result from visual search eye-movement behavior in Experiment II. VL experts and non-experts did not significantly differ in task time and number of targets found but they did differ in their visual search process: compared to non-experts, experts showed greater precision in fixating specific prime and target regions, assessed through hidden state fixation overlap. Exploratory analysis of HMMs revealed differences between experts and non-experts in image locations of attraction (HMM states). Experts seem to focus their attention on smaller image parts whereas non-experts used wider parts of the image during their search. Differences between experts and non-experts depend on the relative saliency of targets embedded in images. HMMs can determine the effect of expertise on exploratory eye movements executed during visual search tasks. Further research on HMMs and art expertise is required to confirm exploratory results.

Eye Movement Behavior and Individual Differences in Word Identification During Reading

2017 ◽  
pp. 66-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jocelyn R. Folk ◽  
Michael A. Eskenazi
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Older Adult ◽  
Word Identification ◽  
Movement Behavior ◽  
Adult Readers ◽  
Developing Readers ◽  
Different Populations

This chapter provides an overview of how the observation of eye movement behavior can be used to study how words are identified during reading in different populations. The chapter begins with a discussion of different eye movement behaviors, the perceptual span, and parafoveal processing. After providing the reader with a basic understanding of terms and methodology, the authors discuss how eye movements in reading change across the lifespan, individual differences in eye movement behavior in lower-skill and higher-skill adult readers, and eye movement patterns in special populations. This discussion highlights what is known about changes in eye movement behaviors from developing readers to older adult readers. It also includes a discussion of the role of eye movements in dyslexia and eye movement behavior in readers who are deaf.

scholarly journals Bisection and visual exploration strategy in hemineglect: eye-movement measures for rehabilitation treatment

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matteo Sozzi ◽  
Michela Balconi ◽  
Luigi Pisani ◽  
Claudio Mariani
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Visual Exploration ◽  
Movement Behavior ◽  
Segment Length ◽  
Task Space ◽  
Behavioral Measures ◽  
Gradient Effect ◽  
Gradient Effects ◽  
Healthy Participants

Aim of this study is to explore behavioral responses and eye movements of unilateral neglect patients in a virtual bisection task. Space to be bisected was included between two endpoint, segment length together with segment spatial dislocation were varied in order to test the presence of a gradient effect in both bisection behavior and visual exploration. Ten right neglect patients took part to the study, all data were then matched with those obtained from ten healthy participants. Behavioral measures (bisection and RTs) and eye-movements (fixation count and duration; first fixation count) were analyzed. Consistent spatial biases were found for bisection responses, RTs, fixation count and duration, as well as for the first fixation count. We then find a significant rightward bias in patients, i.e. increasing rightside bisection and rightward fixations when the stimuli were in the extreme left-position. Concerning merely segment length, we observed significant differences between-groups only for eye movement behavior, with increased rightward fixation count and duration in response to longer segments. In conclusion, left-to-right and longer-to-shorter continuous-gradient effects were not totally supported by our results, whereas an extreme-left gradient effect was suggested and discussed.

scholarly journals The information gathering framework - a cognitive model of regressive eye movements during reading

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Fiona Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Target Selection ◽  
Cognitive Model ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Information Gathering ◽  
Movement Behavior ◽  
Eye Movement Control ◽  
Fixation Durations

In this article we present a new eye movement control framework that describes the interaction between fixation durations and regressive saccades during reading: The Information Gathering Framework (IGF). Based on the FC model proposed by Bicknell and Levy (2010), the basic idea of the IGF is that a confidence level for each word is computed while being monitored by three independent thresholds. These thresholds shape eye movement behavior by increasing fixation duration, triggering a regression, or guiding regression target selection. In this way, the IGF does not only account for regressive eye movements but also provides a framework able to model eye movement control during reading across different scenarios. Importantly, within the IGF it is assumed that two different types of regressive eye movements exist which differ with regard to their releases (integrations difficulties vs. missing evidence) but also with regard to their time course. We tested the predictions of the IGF by re-analyzing an experiment of Weiss et al. (2018) and found, inter alia, clear evidence for shorter fixation durations before regressive saccades relative to progressive saccades, with the exception of the last region. This clearly supports the assumptions of the IGF. In addition, we found evidence that there exists a window of about 15–20 characters to the left of the current fixation that plays an important role in target selection, probably indicating the perceptual span during a regressive saccade.

scholarly journals Suppression of frontal eye field neuronal responses with maintained fixation

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (4) ◽  
pp. 804-809 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koorosh Mirpour ◽  
Zeinab Bolandnazar ◽  
James W. Bisley
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Scene Perception ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Movement Behavior ◽  
Frontal Eye Field ◽  
Neuronal Responses ◽  
Eye Field ◽  
Foraging Task ◽  
Temporal Flow

The decision of where to make an eye movement is thought to be driven primarily by responses to stimuli in neurons’ receptive fields (RFs) in oculomotor areas, including the frontal eye field (FEF) of prefrontal cortex. It is also thought that a saccade may be generated when the accumulation of this activity in favor of one location or another reaches a threshold. However, in the reading and scene perception fields, it is well known that the properties of the stimulus at the fovea often affect when the eyes leave that stimulus. We propose that if FEF plays a role in generating eye movements, then the identity of the stimulus at fixation should affect the FEF responses so as to reduce the probability of making a saccade when fixating an item of interest. Using a visual foraging task in which animals could make multiple eye movements within a single trial, we found that responses were strongly modulated by the identity of the stimulus at the fovea. Specifically, responses to the stimulus in the RF were suppressed when the animal maintained fixation for longer durations on a stimulus that could be associated with a reward. We suggest that this suppression, which was predicted by models of eye movement behavior, could be a mechanism by which FEF can modulate the temporal flow of saccades based on the importance of the stimulus at the fovea.

Age Differences in Eye Movements During Reading: Degenerative Problems or Compensatory Strategy?

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 297-311
Author(s):  
José David Moreno ◽  
José A. León ◽  
Lorena A. M. Arnal ◽  
Juan Botella
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Aging Effects ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
Sentence Reading ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Eye Movements During Reading

Abstract. We report the results of a meta-analysis of 22 experiments comparing the eye movement data obtained from young ( Mage = 21 years) and old ( Mage = 73 years) readers. The data included six eye movement measures (mean gaze duration, mean fixation duration, total sentence reading time, mean number of fixations, mean number of regressions, and mean length of progressive saccade eye movements). Estimates were obtained of the typified mean difference, d, between the age groups in all six measures. The results showed positive combined effect size estimates in favor of the young adult group (between 0.54 and 3.66 in all measures), although the difference for the mean number of fixations was not significant. Young adults make in a systematic way, shorter gazes, fewer regressions, and shorter saccadic movements during reading than older adults, and they also read faster. The meta-analysis results confirm statistically the most common patterns observed in previous research; therefore, eye movements seem to be a useful tool to measure behavioral changes due to the aging process. Moreover, these results do not allow us to discard either of the two main hypotheses assessed for explaining the observed aging effects, namely neural degenerative problems and the adoption of compensatory strategies.

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