scholarly journals Assessing the Potential of Wild Foods to Reduce the Cost of a Nutritionally Adequate Diet: An Example from Eastern Baringo District, Kenya

2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 458-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Céline Termote ◽  
Jessica Raneri ◽  
Amy Deptford ◽  
Bruce Cogill
Keyword(s):  
Linear Programming ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Food Prices ◽  
Wild Food ◽  
Wild Foods ◽  
Adequate Diet ◽  
Nutrient Adequacy ◽  
Programming Tool ◽  
The Cost

Background Wild foods and their actual and potential contributions to nutrition security have rarely been studied or considered in nutrition and conservation programs. Objective To study the role of wild food biodiversity in achieving a cost reduction of a nutritionally adequate diet for women and young children in Kenya using linear programming. Methods An ethnobiological inventory of available food biodiversity was carried out by means of focus group discussions, and five wild foods were selected for further modeling. A market survey assessed available food prices by season. Diets were modeled to minimize cost and maximize nutrient adequacy using the Cost of Diet linear programming tool. Modeling was done without and with wild foods. Results The modeled diets without wild species were deficient in iron for all age groups during the dry season, deficient in vitamin B6 and calcium for infants aged 6 to 8 months during the dry season, and deficient in iron and zinc for infants aged 6 to 8 months over the whole year. Adding wild foods, especially Berchemia discolor, to the modeled diets resulted in a lower-cost diet, while meeting recommended iron intakes for women and children between 12 and 23 months of age. Even after integrating wild foods into the model, targeted approaches are needed to meet micronutrient requirements for infants from 6 to 8 and from 9 to 11 months of age. Conclusions An application of linear programming to screen available wild foods for meeting recommended nutrient intakes at a minimal cost was illustrated. This type of study helps to objectively assess the potential of biodiversity to contribute to diets and nutrition.

Use of Linear Programming to Develop Complementary Feeding Recommendations to Improve Nutrient Adequacy and Dietary Diversity Among Breastfed Children in the Rural Philippines

2021 ◽  
pp. 037957212199812
Author(s):  
Karen Kay Mejos ◽  
Maria Socorro Ignacio ◽  
Rohan Jayasuriya ◽  
Jayashree Arcot
Keyword(s):  
Linear Programming ◽  
Complementary Feeding ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Nutrient Adequacy ◽  
Programming Tool

Background: Lack of dietary diversity in complementary feeding contributes to nutrient gaps leading to undernutrition. Food-based strategies have been successfully used to enrich the complementary diets of infants and young children. However, context-specific recommendations based on an objective diet optimization is needed to formulate sound and practical nutritional guidelines. Objectives: The present study aimed to identify problem nutrients in complementary diets and formulate complementary feeding recommendations (CFRs) using linear programming analysis for children aged 6 to 23 months in the rural Philippines. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in the municipality of Mercedes, Philippines. Dietary intakes of breastfed children 6 to 8, 9 to 11, and 12 to 23 months of age (n = 297) were assessed using a multipass 24-hour recall method with 7-day food consumption frequency. A linear programming tool was used to identify the recommended nutrient intakes that could not be met within the existing local food patterns and develop CFRs that would best fulfil nutrient adequacy for 11 modelled micronutrients. Results: Problem nutrients in the current diets were iron and calcium in any age-group, zinc for 6 to 8 and 9 to 11 months old, and thiamine and folate for 12 to 23 months old children. Adoption of CFRs with 4 to 5 food groups in the diet would ensure the adequacy of 7 to 8 nutrients, depending on the age-group. Conclusion: Within the boundaries of local dietary patterns, adequacy for most nutrients could be achieved by promoting realistic servings of nutrient-dense foods and food groups. The linear programming results provide an evidence-based strategy in designing interventions to improve the quality of Filipino complementary diets.

scholarly journals The Cost of Nutritious Diets for Individuals and Households in Rural Malawi

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 904-904
Author(s):  
Kate Schneider ◽  
Luc Christiaensen ◽  
Patrick Webb ◽  
William Masters
Keyword(s):  
Group Analysis ◽  
Food Prices ◽  
Local Market ◽  
Nutrient Requirements ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Local Markets ◽  
Adequate Diet ◽  
Household Food ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Shared Meals

Abstract Objectives The affordability of healthy diets is a key concern for policymakers and an active area of research. To the best of our knowledge, ours is the first study to examine the cost of nutritionally adequate diets for all population age and sex subgroups at subnational disaggregation over a 10-year monthly time series as well as to extend the least-cost diet framework from individuals to household units who consume shared meals. Methods We use household survey panel data matched with local food composition data, human nutrient requirements (EARs, ULs and AMDRs), and monthly market food prices. The food price data include a standardized list of 51 items comprising those foods accounting for the vast majority of household food spending, covering all food groups. Household data are from the Integrated Household Panel Survey (IHPS) 3-round panel (2010–2017). Using linear programming, we identify the combination of available foods and quantities that meet the specified nutrient requirements at the lowest total cost. Results Local markets can supply an adequate diet most of the time for some groups but much less often for breastfeeding women and young children, and not at al for children 6–36 months. Where possible, we find that the least-cost individual diet costs 32% of current per capita food spending. For whole households, the local market can meet aggregate nutrient needs 30% of the time. Where possible, it costs 1.8 times household food spending or all total expenditure. Food group analysis reveals households spend more on cereals, meat and roots/tubers, compared to the least-cost adequate diet, but may be under-spending on legumes, milk, fats, and vitamin A-rich fruits. Conclusions Finding a healthy diet in Malawi's local markets is not always possible for all types of individuals or families of varying composition. Children 6–36 months require immediate attention, including increasing access to complete complementary foods. Guiding households to make smart shifts in their food spending could improve diet quality but is insufficient alone given that adequate shared meals are unaffordable for most families. Year-round access to nutritious, affordable diets will require an increase in availability and lower cost of nutrient-dense foods and economic growth to raise incomes. Funding Sources Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, CANDASA project.

Developing Schedule With Linear Programming (Case Study: STTF II Project Komplek Sukamukti Banjaran)

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (02) ◽  
pp. 34-45
Author(s):  
Naufal Dzikri Afifi ◽  
Ika Arum Puspita ◽  
Mohammad Deni Akbar
Keyword(s):  
Linear Programming ◽  
Objective Function ◽  
Project Scheduling ◽  
Time Limit ◽  
Minimum Time ◽  
Service Cost ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Overtime Work ◽  
The Cost

Shift to The Front II Komplek Sukamukti Banjaran Project is one of the projects implemented by one of the companies engaged in telecommunications. In its implementation, each project including Shift to The Front II Komplek Sukamukti Banjaran has a time limit specified in the contract. Project scheduling is an important role in predicting both the cost and time in a project. Every project should be able to complete the project before or just in the time specified in the contract. Delay in a project can be anticipated by accelerating the duration of completion by using the crashing method with the application of linear programming. Linear programming will help iteration in the calculation of crashing because if linear programming not used, iteration will be repeated. The objective function in this scheduling is to minimize the cost. This study aims to find a trade-off between the costs and the minimum time expected to complete this project. The acceleration of the duration of this study was carried out using the addition of 4 hours of overtime work, 3 hours of overtime work, 2 hours of overtime work, and 1 hour of overtime work. The normal time for this project is 35 days with a service fee of Rp. 52,335,690. From the results of the crashing analysis, the alternative chosen is to add 1 hour of overtime to 34 days with a total service cost of Rp. 52,375,492. This acceleration will affect the entire project because there are 33 different locations worked on Shift to The Front II and if all these locations can be accelerated then the duration of completion of the entire project will be effective

Adhering to a Mediterranean diet in a Mediterranean country: an excess cost for families?

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Ricardo Alves ◽  
Carla Lopes ◽  
Sara Rodrigues ◽  
Julian Perelman
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Diet ◽  
Food Group ◽  
Food Prices ◽  
Mediterranean Country ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Diet Cost ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Activity Survey

Abstract Background: Adherence to the Mediterranean diet has been decreasing in southern Europe, which could be linked to several cultural or educational factors. Our aim is to evaluate the extent to which economic aspects may also play a role, exploring the relationship between food prices in Portugal and adherence to the Mediterranean diet. Methods: We evaluated data from the Portuguese National Food, Nutrition, and Physical Activity Survey (IAN-AF 2015-2016) (n=3,591). Diet expenditures were estimated by attributing a retail price to each food group and the diet was transposed into the Mediterranean Diet Score used in the literature. Prices were gathered from five supermarket chains (65% of the Portuguese market share). Linear regression models were used to assess the association between different adherence levels to the MD levels and dietary costs. Results: Greater adherence to the MD was associated with a 21.2% (p< 0.05) rise in total dietary cost, which accounts for more 0.59€ in mean daily costs when compared with low adherence. High adherence individuals (vs. low adherence) had higher absolute mean daily costs with fish (0.62€/+285.8%; p< 0.05), fruits (0.26€/+115.8%; p< 0.05), and vegetables (0.10€/+100.9%; p< 0.05). The analysis stratified by education and income level showed significantly higher mean daily diet cost only amongst higher income groups. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that greater adherence to the MD was positively and significantly associated with higher total dietary cost. Policies to improve population’s diet should take into consideration the cost of healthy foods, especially for large low- and middle-income families.

scholarly journals Time Poverty and Parenthood: Who Has Time for College?

AERA Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 233285842110116
Author(s):  
Katherine M. Conway ◽  
Claire Wladis ◽  
Alyse C. Hachey
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Free Time ◽  
College Outcomes ◽  
Student Groups ◽  
American Time Use Survey ◽  
Student Parents ◽  
Time Poverty ◽  
Discretionary Time ◽  
Time Use Survey ◽  
The Cost

Student parents are among the least likely student groups to complete college. Regression models were run using 2003–2019 American Time Use Survey data to explore time poverty among college students. Results indicate that students with children under 13 years had significantly less discretionary time and free time, spent significantly less time on their education, enrolled part-time at significantly higher rates, and spent significantly more time studying while simultaneously caring for children, compared with students without children under 13 years. The strength of these relationships was strongest when children were younger. Parents with children under 6 years, and mothers of children of all age-groups, had significantly higher time poverty than other groups, yet spent significantly more time on education after controlling for discretionary time, at the cost of significantly less free time for themselves. Results suggest that improving college outcomes for student parents may require consideration of time poverty.

Bovine trypanosomosis in Gimbi district of Western Oromia, Ethiopia

2010 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashenafi Hagos ◽  
Hailu Yacob ◽  
Asoke Basu ◽  
Degneh Efrem
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Trypanosoma Congolense ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Major Health Problem ◽  
Major Health ◽  
Glossina Morsitans Submorsitans ◽  
Bovine Trypanosomosis ◽  
Significant Difference

AbstractA study on the epidemiology of bovine trypanosomosis was conducted from September 2006 to April 2007 in six villages of the Gimbi district in west Wollega zone of Ethiopia. The prevalence of the disease, the apparent densities and distribution of tsetse and other biting flies in two seasons, the dry and rainy, were determined. The results of a questionnaire survey from 80 farmers revealed that trypanosomosis was a major health problem affecting animals and impeding agricultural activities.A total of 568 blood samples were collected from randomly selected animals (280 animals in rainy and 288 in dry season) and revealed the presence of Trypanosoma congolense Broden, 1904 and T. vivax Zieman, 1905 in the area. Trypanosoma congolense was the dominant species that accounted for 66.2% of the infections. The mean packed cell volume (PCV) concentrations were 22.77% (95% CI =19.99-21.55) in parasitaemic and 25.25% (95% CI=24.88-25.61) in aparasitaemic animals with a significant difference (P<0.005). There was a significant (P<0.012) difference in trypanosome infection between age groups of cattle, being higher in adults. The overall prevalence of trypanosomosis was 12.5%, while the disease prevalence was higher during the rainy season (15 %) than the dry season (10.1%). In three villages of lowland areas (below 1600 meter above sea level), a higher prevalence was recorded 20.9% and 7.9% as compared to three villages of midland areas (≥ 1600 meter above sea level) 11.8% and 8.3% in late rainy and dry season, respectively.A fly-survey was conducted by using 80 monoconical pyramidal traps and revealed that two tsetse species, namely Glossina morsitans submorsitans Newstead and Glossina tachinoides Westwood were found along with other biting flies (Tabanus, Haematopota and Stomoxys species). Higher numerical catches of Glossina were recorded in late rainy season and the apparent density was positively correlated (r=0.5171) with the prevalence of infection.

Cost of therapy for cystic fibrosis in different age groups with consideration to the respiratory tract infection and complications

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 238-249
Author(s):  
E. G. Furman ◽  
V. V. Shadrina ◽  
T. Yu. Maksimycheva ◽  
V. D. Sherman ◽  
E. I. Kondratyeva
Keyword(s):  
Cystic Fibrosis ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Pharmacoeconomic Analysis ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Eradication Therapy ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Hypothetical Patient ◽  
Severity Of The Disease ◽  
Cost Of Drugs ◽  
The Cost

Despite the low prevalence of cystic fibrosis (CF), the costs of treating this disease are significant for the healthcare system. The aim of this economic study was to assess the total cost of drugs per year for children with CF, depending on age and course of the disease.Methods. For this pharmacoeconomic analysis, groups of “hypothetical” patients were formed according to the characteristics of the course of CF, taking into account the required volume of basic CF therapy, antibiotic therapy, and complications.Results. The cost of basic treatment for CF patients of different ages and disease progression in the hypothetical patient models can vary greatly. The cost of CF therapy increases significantly with age and Pseudomonas aeruginosa respiratory infection, especially in the patients with chronic infection, concomitant polyposis sinusitis, and low nutritional status.Conclusion. Patients with CF require regular follow-up with control of the microflora of the respiratory tract and effective eradication therapy for P. aeruginosa and other pathogenic microorganisms. Reducing infection rates and the severity of the disease can lead to significant cost savings.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of gastrointestinal helminths infections in Dorper sheep in a semi-arid area of Kenya

2004 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
C.J. Ng'ang'a ◽  
N. Maingi ◽  
W.K. Munyua ◽  
P.W.N. Kanyari
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Arid Area ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Weather Factors ◽  
Gastrointestinal Helminths ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Dorper Sheep ◽  
Short Rains ◽  
Semi Arid

A survey on the prevalence and intensity of infection with gastrointestinal helminths of Dorper sheep in relation to age and weather factors was carried out on a ranch in Kajiado district, a semi-arid area of Kenya for a period of 13 months (May 1999 to May 2000). Faecal samples from lambs (3 months to 1 year), yearlings (1-2 years) and adult breeding ewes (2-4 years) were examined for helminth egg output and helminth genus composition at 3-week intervals. The results indicated that the prevalence of strongyle and tapeworms infections were highest for lambs, followed by the adult breeding ewes and then for the yearlings. In all age groups the proportions of infected animals were higher during the wet season than in the dry season for both nematodes and tapeworms. The mean strongyle egg counts were higher during the dry season for lambs, but were higher during the wet season for the other age groups. Mixed strongyle infections were detected, with Trichostrongylus (55 %), Haemonchus (28 %), Cooperia (10.5 %) and Oesophagostomum (6.5 %) being the most frequently encountered genera throughout the study period. The trends in strongyle faecal egg counts indicated the occurrence of hypobiosis, with resumption of development towards the end of the dry season and at the onset of the short rains in October and November. Self-cure was also observed in September and November in all age groups, although less frequently in lactating ewes. The prevalence and intensities of infection with gastrointestinal helminths in this area appeared to be influenced by the age of the host and weather factors.

scholarly journals Minimising negative externalities cost using 0-1 mixed integer linear programming model in e-commerce environment

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akyene Tetteh ◽  
Sarah Dsane-Nsor
Keyword(s):  
Linear Programming ◽  
Integer Linear Programming ◽  
Mixed Integer Linear Programming ◽  
Programming Model ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
Mixed Integer ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Negative Externalities ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Cost

Background: Although the Internet boosts business profitability, without certain activities like efficient transportation, scheduling, products ordered via the Internet may reach their destination very late. The environmental problems (vehicle part disposal, carbon monoxide [CO], nitrogen oxide [NOx] and hydrocarbons [HC]) associated with transportation are mostly not accounted for by industries.Objectives: The main objective of this article is to minimising negative externalities cost in e-commerce environments.Method: The 0-1 mixed integer linear programming (0-1 MILP) model was used to model the problem statement. The result was further analysed using the externality percentage impact factor (EPIF).Results: The simulation results suggest that (1) The mode of ordering refined petroleum products does not impact on the cost of distribution, (2) an increase in private cost is directly proportional to the externality cost, (3) externality cost is largely controlled by the government and number of vehicles used in the distribution and this is in no way influenced by the mode of request (i.e. Internet or otherwise) and (4) externality cost may be reduce by using more ecofriendly fuel system.

Energy Balance Coexists With Disproportionate Macronutrient Consumption Across Pretraining, During Training, and Posttraining Among Indian Junior Soccer Players

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 506-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keren Susan Cherian ◽  
Ashok Sainoji ◽  
Balakrishna Nagalla ◽  
Venkata Ramana Yagnambhatt
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
National Level ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Positive Energy ◽  
Nutrient Adequacy ◽  
Food Records ◽  
Significant Difference

Purpose: To evaluate energy expenditure, energy intake, and nutrient adequacy of Indian junior soccer players. Method: Forty junior national-level soccer players (Under-12 and Under-16 age groups) were assessed for 3-day weighed food records and 3-day energy expenditure. Energy and nutrient intake was analyzed from food records, and energy expenditure was measured using a portable metabolic analyzer and activity records. Nutrient adequacy was determined by comparing intake with prevailing recommendations. Results: Players exhibited no significant difference between energy intake (boys = 3062 [340.9] and girls = 2243 [320.3] kcal·d−1) and expenditure (boys = 2875 [717.3] and girls = 2442 [350.3] kcal·d−1). Across age groups, the Under-12 boys showed positive energy balance as against energy deficits in Under-16. Girls showed energy deficits, although not significant. There were 58% of girls showing energy availability <30 kcal·kg−1 fat-free mass, of which 37% were Under-16 players. Carbohydrates contributed to >60% of energy expenditure among 95.2% boys and 73.7% girls. Among 52.4% boys and 47.4% girls, <25% of energy expenditure was contributed by fat. More than 95% players consumed <1 g·kg−1 carbohydrates pretraining and 100% of them consumed >1.2 g·kg−1 carbohydrates posttraining. Conclusion: Junior soccer players consumed more than recommended carbohydrates in the diet, although not aligning with the pretraining, during training, and posttraining meal requirements. Considering the energy deficits observed among Under-16 players, a suitable dietary modification is warranted.

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