Partition dependence in development: Are children’s decisions shaped by the arbitrary grouping of options?

The grouping of options into arbitrary categories influences adults’ decisions about allocating choices or resources among those options; this is called “partition dependence.” Partition dependence has been demonstrated in a wide range of contexts in adults, and is often presented as a technique for designing choice architectures that nudge people toward better decisions. Whether children also make partition dependent decisions is unknown, as are potential patterns of developmental change. In this experiment (N = 159), we examined whether children exhibit partition dependence using a novel resource allocation task. This novel task, distributing food tokens to zoo animals, did elicit partition dependence in our developmental sample. Both older children (ages 7-10 years), and younger children (ages 3-6 years) made partition dependent allocations, and younger children exhibited a larger partition dependence effect than did older children. This work provides the first evidence that children’s decisions, like adults’, are influenced by the arbitrary grouping of the options, and suggests that younger children may be more susceptible to this influence, at least in the context explored here.

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Developmental change in partition dependent resource allocation behavior

10.31234/osf.io/3ufnd ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Katherine Williams ◽

Alexandra Zax ◽

Sheri Reichelson ◽

Andrea Patalano ◽

Hilary Barth

Keyword(s):

Resource Allocation ◽

Developmental Change ◽

Developmental Trajectory ◽

Decision Makers ◽

Older Children ◽

Dependent Behavior ◽

Adults And Children ◽

Child Friendly ◽

Partition Dependence ◽

Work Supports

Partition dependence, the tendency to distribute choices differently based on the way options are grouped, has important implications for decision making. This phenomenon, observed in adults across a variety of contexts such as allocating resources or making selections from a menu of items, can bias decision makers toward some choices and away from others. Only one study to date (Reichelson, Zax, Patalano, & Barth, 2019) has investigated the developmental trajectory of this phenomenon. In the current study we investigate children’s and adults’ susceptibility to partitioning effects in a child-friendly resource allocation task. In Experiment 1 (N = 80), adults distributed 12 food tokens to animals at the zoo. Based on previous findings that older children show weaker partition dependence in this task, we predicted that adults might exhibit reduced partition dependent behavior: they showed none. In Experiment 2 (N = 272), we used a less transparent task with only five food tokens, predicting that both adults and children (ages 3-10 years) would show partition dependence. Children, but not adults, made partition dependent resource allocations, with younger children exhibiting greater effects than older children. These experiments provide further evidence that children’s decisions, like adults’ (in other tasks), are influenced by the arbitrary partitioning of the available options. This work supports previous findings that younger children may be more susceptible to these effects, and maps developmental change in partition dependent behavior from early childhood to adulthood on this child-friendly partition dependence task.

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Resource allocation and task admission control in cloud systems

10.32920/ryerson.14645862.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Haleh Khojasteh

Keyword(s):

Resource Allocation ◽

Performance Metrics ◽

Cloud Model ◽

Blocking Probability ◽

Arrival Rate ◽

Cloud System ◽

Wide Range ◽

Priority Scheme ◽

The Impact ◽

And Task

The focus of this thesis is solving the problem of resource allocation in cloud datacenter using an Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) cloud model. We have investigated the behavior of IaaS cloud datacenters through detailed analytical and simulation models that model linear, transitional and saturated operation regimes. We have obtained accurate performance metrics such as task blocking probability, total delay, utilization and energy consumption. Our results show that the offered load does not offer complete characterization of datacenter operation; therefore, in our evaluations, we have considered the impact of task arrival rate and task service time separately. To keep the cloud system in the linear operation regime, we have proposed several dynamic algorithms to control the admission of incoming tasks. In our first solution, task admission is based on task blocking probability and predefined thresholds for task arrival rate. The algorithms in our second solution are based on full rate task acceptance threshold and filtering coefficient. Our results confirm that the proposed task admission mechanisms are capable of maintaining the stability of cloud system under a wide range of input parameter values. Finally, we have developed resource allocation solutions for mobile clouds in which offloading requests from a mobile device can lead to forking of new tasks in on-demand manner. To address this problem, we have proposed two flexible resource allocation mechanisms with different prioritization: one in which forked tasks are given full priority over newly arrived ones, and another in which a threshold is established to control the priority. Our results demonstrate that threshold-based priority scheme presents better system performance than the full priority scheme. Our proposed solution for clouds with mobile users can be also applied in other clouds which their users’ applications fork new tasks.

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Resource allocation and task admission control in cloud systems

10.32920/ryerson.14645862 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Haleh Khojasteh

Keyword(s):

Resource Allocation ◽

Performance Metrics ◽

Cloud Model ◽

Blocking Probability ◽

Arrival Rate ◽

Cloud System ◽

Wide Range ◽

Priority Scheme ◽

The Impact ◽

And Task

The focus of this thesis is solving the problem of resource allocation in cloud datacenter using an Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) cloud model. We have investigated the behavior of IaaS cloud datacenters through detailed analytical and simulation models that model linear, transitional and saturated operation regimes. We have obtained accurate performance metrics such as task blocking probability, total delay, utilization and energy consumption. Our results show that the offered load does not offer complete characterization of datacenter operation; therefore, in our evaluations, we have considered the impact of task arrival rate and task service time separately. To keep the cloud system in the linear operation regime, we have proposed several dynamic algorithms to control the admission of incoming tasks. In our first solution, task admission is based on task blocking probability and predefined thresholds for task arrival rate. The algorithms in our second solution are based on full rate task acceptance threshold and filtering coefficient. Our results confirm that the proposed task admission mechanisms are capable of maintaining the stability of cloud system under a wide range of input parameter values. Finally, we have developed resource allocation solutions for mobile clouds in which offloading requests from a mobile device can lead to forking of new tasks in on-demand manner. To address this problem, we have proposed two flexible resource allocation mechanisms with different prioritization: one in which forked tasks are given full priority over newly arrived ones, and another in which a threshold is established to control the priority. Our results demonstrate that threshold-based priority scheme presents better system performance than the full priority scheme. Our proposed solution for clouds with mobile users can be also applied in other clouds which their users’ applications fork new tasks.

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Optimization in Military Planning

Operations Research for Military Organizations - Advances in Logistics, Operations, and Management Science ◽

10.4018/978-1-5225-5513-1.ch006 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 111-130

Author(s):

Mehmet Gokhan Metin ◽

Serol Bulkan

Keyword(s):

Resource Allocation ◽

Theoretical Background ◽

Background Information ◽

Resource Allocation Problem ◽

Time Data ◽

Rapid Improvement ◽

Optimal Sequence ◽

Wide Range ◽

Military Planning ◽

Real Time Data

In recent years, advancing technology has introduced a wide range of resources for military forces. This rapid improvement in the number and types of military resources also led to difficulties in the management of resource allocation issues in combat missions. The general resource allocation problem can be defined as determining the optimal sequence of resource usage allocations while maximizing the kills on the enemy's forces or minimizing casualties. In this chapter, the authors investigate the resource allocation problems and solution approaches observed in planning military missions. Theoretical background information and some examples based on real-time data are provided to illustrate the chosen problem types.

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The Origins of Intergroup Resource Inequality Influence Children’s Decision to Perpetuate or Rectify Inequality

Frontiers in Psychology ◽

10.3389/fpsyg.2020.571570 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

Jing An ◽

Jing Yu ◽

Liqi Zhu

Keyword(s):

Resource Allocation ◽

Regional Disparity ◽

Ingroup Bias ◽

Resource Allocations ◽

Older Children ◽

Internal Factor ◽

Intergroup Inequality ◽

Different Origins ◽

Factor Difference

Previous studies have explored children’s intergroup resource allocation in the context of preexisting intergroup resource inequality. However, resource inequality between social groups often originates from different factors. This study explored the role of the origins of resource inequality on children’s intergroup resource allocations. In experiment 1, when there was no explicit origin of the intergroup inequality, children of different ages mainly allocated resources in an equal way and 5- to 6-year-olds showed ingroup bias. In experiment 2, we examined the influence of different origins of intergroup inequality and found that 5- to 6-year-olds perpetuated intergroup inequality when resource inequality was based on either a structural (regional disparity) or an internal factor (difference in performance). However, 10- to 11-year-olds rectified inequality or allocated equally when intergroup inequality was based on regional disparity and perpetuated resource inequality when intergroup inequality was based on performance difference. The origins of inequality appear to play an important role in children’s intergroup resource allocations, and older children can distinguish different origins of intergroup inequality in resource allocation.

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Acquiring Cultural Forms: Cognitive Aspects of Socialization Illustrated by Children's Drawings and Judgments of Drawings

International Journal of Behavioral Development ◽

10.1177/016502548600900406 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 485-505 ◽

Cited By ~ 41

Author(s):

Jacqueline J. Goodnow ◽

Paula Wilkins ◽

Leslie Dawes

Keyword(s):

Cultural Context ◽

Developmental Change ◽

Cross Cultural ◽

Older Children ◽

Children's Drawings ◽

Underlying Assumption ◽

Children’S Drawings ◽

Cultural Comparisons ◽

Cultural Forms ◽

Children’S Exposure

To explore how children come to adopt cultural forms of representation, three studies are presented. Study 1 asks about children's ability to discriminate between 'younger' and 'older' pieces of work, with 'younger and 'older' distinguished on the basis of Developmental Drawing Status (Harris 1963). Study 2 asks about children's preferences and the extent to which they match those of teachers. Study 3 asks about the differences between drawings children produce for themselves and those they produce when asked by an adult for a 'good' drawing. The underlying assumption is that one condition influencing developmental change is children's exposure to work by adults or by older children. The results point to ways of combining cross-cultural comparisons of performances with monocultural work on processes underlying children's productions. They also raise questions about patterns of exposure in any cultural context and about factors involved in the development of discriminations, preferences, and audience expectations.

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Working memory in children

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rstb.1983.0058 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 302 (1110) ◽

pp. 325-340 ◽

Cited By ~ 104

Keyword(s):

Working Memory ◽

Short Term Memory ◽

Memory Span ◽

Developmental Change ◽

Central Processor ◽

Older Children ◽

Short Term ◽

Developmental Growth ◽

Children's Memory ◽

Subvocal Rehearsal

It is frequently assumed that the development of children’s abilities in short-term memory reflects changes in a unitary short-term store. This approach makes only poor contact with recent research on adults, which suggests the idea of a more complex ‘ working memory ’ system consisting of a limited-capacity central processor controlling a number of special-purpose stores. Two such stores are (i) the articulatory loop, a subsystem involved in subvocal rehearsal and associated with memory span, and (ii) the visuo-spatial scratch-pad, involved in imagery. This paper considers the applicability of the working memory framework to the study of children’s memory. In adults, memory span for words is affected by their length, varying linearly with the rate at which they can be articulated, and thus presumably rehearsed. Studies of the developmental growth of memory span in children show that the same linear relation describes performance, with older children’s better memory associated with faster rates of articulation. It appears from this that developmental change corresponds to an increase in the efficiency of subvocal rehearsal, with the decay characteristic of the articulatory loop remaining constant. However, although this simple developmental pattern is observed in memory for sequences of spoken words it is not present when the items are nameable pictures. Further investigation shows that older children use the articulatory loop to remember picture names: their performance is sensitive to phonemic similarity of the names and articulatory interference. However, younger children’s performance is not affected by either of these factors but is sensitive to visual similarity. It is suggested that such children may be storing material in the visuo-spatial scratch-pad. An additional aspect of working memory is that separate mechanisms are thought to be involved in memory span and the ‘recency effect’, the tendency for recent items in a list to be remembered well in unordered recall. A review of evidence obtained with children suggests that age differences in these two phenomena are independent. In general, therefore, it seems difficult to interpret the developmental changes reported here in terms of a unitary short-term store, and it is concluded that working memory provides a more promising approach.

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A developmental change in selective attention and global form perception

International Journal of Behavioral Development ◽

10.1080/01650250444000063 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 28 (4) ◽

pp. 358-364 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Mafalda Porporino ◽

Grace Iarocci ◽

David I. Shore ◽

Jacob A. Burack

Keyword(s):

Selective Attention ◽

Developmental Change ◽

Developmental Trajectories ◽

Local Level ◽

Early Adulthood ◽

Form Perception ◽

Global Processing ◽

Older Children ◽

Local And Global Processing ◽

Global And Local

The primary purpose of the present study was to examine the processing of local and global perception in relation to selective attention during development from childhood to early adulthood. Filtering was the specific component of selective attention that was examined. The influence of varying distractor congruency and compatibility on relative local-global processing was also examined. Distractor congruency and compatibility did not differentially affect local and global processing. With the presence of neutral distractors, however, 6- and 8-year-old participants demonstrated a greater increase in RTs for global targets relative to local targets whereas older children and adults showed the same pattern of RTs for both local and global targets. The results are suggestive of separate developmental trajectories for global and local level processes, with global processing undergoing developmental change at least until 8 years of age.

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Deployment of Applications Using Nginx Ingress Controller

Journal of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology ◽

10.51201/jusst/21/05345 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 23 (07) ◽

pp. 352-357

Author(s):

Gautham S ◽

◽

Maddula Abhijit ◽

Prof. Sahana. B ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Resource Allocation ◽

Cloud Computing ◽

Traffic Management ◽

Virtual Machines ◽

Storage Capacity ◽

Production Environment ◽

Wide Range ◽

Software Code ◽

Ease Of Access

Cloud computing is a method of storing and manipulating data by utilizing a network of remote servers. Cloud computing is becoming increasingly popular owing to its large storage capacity, ease of access, and wide range of services. Virtualization entered the picture when cloud computing progressed, and technologies or software such as virtual machines emerged. However, when customers’ computational needs for storage and servers rose, virtual machines were unable to meet those expectations owing to scalability and resource allocation limitations. As a result, containerization came into the picture. Containerization refers to the packaging of software code together with all of its necessary elements such as frameworks, libraries, and other dependencies such that they are isolated or segregated in their own container. Kubernetes used as an orchestration tool implements an ingress controller to route external traffic to deployments running on pods via ingress resource. This enables effective traffic management among the running applications avoiding unwanted blackouts in the production environment.

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