In vitro Comparative Dissolution Studies of Different Propranolol Generic Tablets Available in Bangladesh

The present study focused to assess in vitro dissolution profiles of four different products of propranolol 10 mg Tablets (Randomly coded as PRP1-PRP4) available in Bangladesh comparing with the reference brand (coded as REF). Propranolol is a competitive non selective beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist used to amend or restore normal heart rhythm in cardiovascular diseases. An in vitro dissolution study was carried out using the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) paddle method at 75 rpm with 500 mL of 0.1N HCl dissolution media at 37.0± 0.5 0C. All the tested locally manufactured propranolol products; PRP1, PRP2, PRP3, PRP4 showed compatible dissolution (87%, 86%, 87%, and 80%, respectively) pattern (dissolution criterion Q=80% in 30 minutes) compared with the reference brand (88% dissolution in 30 minutes). The dissolution behavior was estimated with the reference brand using a model dependent and model-independent approach (f2>50, f1 < 15). A mechanistic mathematical release kinetics was also evaluated. The best-fit kinetic model was Hixon-Crowell release kinetics for reference brand and PRP1; and first order release kinetics was predominant for PRP2, PRP3 and PRP4. Keywords: propranolol, dissolution, similarity factor, difference factor, dissolution kinetics

Research of application of DFT-modulated filter bank in systems with significant spectral component amplification

The purpose of this article is to investigate the application of DFT-modulated filter bank in systems with significant spectral component amplification like hearing aid. There is a description of analysis / synthesis method based on short-time Fourier transform (STFT), which is used in most systems of speech information processing. It is shown that DFT-modulated filter bank is a generalization of STFT-method. In analysis / synthesis system based on DFT-modulated filter bank, the input signal is divided into subbands, passing through the analysis filter bank then each subband is amplified and the last step is to reconstruct the signal with synthesis filter bank. However, in digital systems with significant spectral component amplification, the resulting signal is distorted after reconstruction because of amplification factor difference in each subband. The article provides expressions for the distortion and the aliasing functions, allowing to estimate the distortion value, which appears in analysis / synthesis system of DFT-modulated filter bank. Efficient algorithms for calculating the distortion and the aliasing functions are also offered. In future it is planning to develop a procedure for optimizing the DFT-modulated filter bank based on the proposed efficient algorithms for calculating distortion and spectral aliasing in the filter bank.

The Origins of Intergroup Resource Inequality Influence Children’s Decision to Perpetuate or Rectify Inequality

Previous studies have explored children’s intergroup resource allocation in the context of preexisting intergroup resource inequality. However, resource inequality between social groups often originates from different factors. This study explored the role of the origins of resource inequality on children’s intergroup resource allocations. In experiment 1, when there was no explicit origin of the intergroup inequality, children of different ages mainly allocated resources in an equal way and 5- to 6-year-olds showed ingroup bias. In experiment 2, we examined the influence of different origins of intergroup inequality and found that 5- to 6-year-olds perpetuated intergroup inequality when resource inequality was based on either a structural (regional disparity) or an internal factor (difference in performance). However, 10- to 11-year-olds rectified inequality or allocated equally when intergroup inequality was based on regional disparity and perpetuated resource inequality when intergroup inequality was based on performance difference. The origins of inequality appear to play an important role in children’s intergroup resource allocations, and older children can distinguish different origins of intergroup inequality in resource allocation.

On a problem of Erdös related to common factor differences

Let [Formula: see text] be a positive integer. The factor-difference set [Formula: see text] of [Formula: see text] is the set of absolute values [Formula: see text] of the differences between the factors of any factorization of [Formula: see text] as a product of two integers. Erdős and Rosenfeld [The factor–difference set of integers, Acta Arith. 79(4) (1997) 353–359] ask whether for every positive integer [Formula: see text] there exist integers [Formula: see text] such that [Formula: see text], and prove this is true when [Formula: see text]. Urroz [A note on a conjecture of Erdős and Rosenfeld, J. Number Theory 78(1) (1999) 140–143] shows the result true for [Formula: see text]. The ideas of this paper can be extended, and here, we show the result true for [Formula: see text] by proving there are infinitely many sets of four integers with four common factor differences.

CAN A WEARABLE NEUROMUSCUAR DEVICE REPLACE NEUROMUSCULAR TRAINING PROGRAMS?

Background: Scientific studies have shown female soccer athletes to be 3 times more likely to injure their anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) than their male counterparts and the majority of these injuries are from a non-contact mechanism. The biomechanical factors of this phenomenon have been extensively studied in a laboratory-based setting, but there has been little progress in reducing the incidence of ACL injury in young female athletes. It is plausible, therefore, to suggest that the biomechanical improvements noted in a laboratory-based setting do not directly translate to a field-based setting. Preventive neuromuscular training programs are typically field-based and have been shown to be an effective intervention for reducing ACL injury risk by improving dynamic, frontal-plane knee stability. However, these programs are time consuming and prone to compliance and implementation issues. For these reasons, researchers have attempted to identify the minimum viable training program or wearable device that can be studied in the field using video cameras to determine their influence on movement-related risk factors for ACL injury. Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a wearable neuromuscular device (WND) with or without the addition of a field-based, preventive neuromuscular training program on jump-landing risk assessment in young female soccer athletes. Methods: Thirty-nine female soccer players (161.0 +/- 6.6 cm; 49.4 kg +/- 5.9; 13.3 +/- 0.5 y) from two different teams in a local soccer club volunteered to participate in this study. Team 1 (n = 25) performed a 6-week, field-based NMT program while wearing a WND. The NMT was instructed by a trained exercise specialist. The NMT program was divided into three, two-week blocks of progressively increasing levels of exercise complexity and intensity focused on improving the strength and activation behavior of the trunk, hip and thigh muscles. Field-based movement testing was performed in the first week before training began (pre-test) and in the seventh week upon completion of the NMT program (post-test). During testing video cameras recorded a jump-landing task in the frontal and sagittal planes. The Landing Error Scoring System (LESS) and a novel version of the LESS (LESS-RMC) was used to asses movement quality related to ACL injury risk. Team 2 (n=14) wore the WND for an equal amount of athletic exposures over 7 weeks but did not perform the NMT program. Four different raters were recruited to visually score all jump landing trials using the two different rating protocols during the pre-test and post-test. For each visual assessment (LESS & LESS-RMC) a repeated measures ANOVA was conducted to explore within group (test) and between group (team) differences. Results: Repeated measure ANOVA results for the LESS score scale indicated a significant within factor difference in pretest and post test scores F(7.398, 27.533) = 8.598, P < 0.05. Pretest scores for team 1 (6.18 +/- 1.68) and team 2 (6.95 +/- 0.94) both saw a significant reduction in ACL risk scores to 5.44 +/- 1.70 and 6.31 +/- 1.75, respectively. ANOVA results for the LESS-RMC scale also indicated a significant within factor difference in pretest and posttests F(6.756, 35.624) = 6.069, p < 0.05. Pretest scores for Team 1 (6.02 +/- 1.99) and Team 2 (6.49 +/- 1.33) both saw a significant reduction in ACL risk scores to 5.10 +/- 1.77 and 6.09 +/- 1.50, respectively. ANOVA results revealed no significant differences between team scores for the LESS (F(0.031,27.533) = 0.036, p > 0.05) or LESS-RMC (F(1.053,35.624) = .946, p > 0.05) scales. Conclusion: The results reveal that the NMT program utilized in this study had no statistically significant additive effect on the visual risk assessment scores for Team 1 compared to Team 2, who had no NMT intervention and only wore the WND. Collectively, these results suggest that simply wearing a WND during 6 weeks of practice may be a less evasive and cheaper alternative to a NMT program.

HAMBATAN KOMUNIKASI YANG DIRASAKAN PETANI SELAMA PEMBINAAN PETANI PADI (ORIZA SATIVA) DI DESA OESAO KABUPATEN KUPANG

The objective of the research was to describe the factor of individual characteristic and communication activity, the communication barriers of rice farmers the analysing the relation between the factor of farmers individual characteristic and the communication barriers that felt by rice farmer in theOesao villageKupang district. Quantitative approach was chosen by the researcher because of the descriptions the explained the relation among variables in depth by the unit of analysis was rice farmer so that it can be show the clear relation between variables. There were two variables of research that observed, they were characteristic of farmer (X1), farmer communication activity (X2), communication barrier between agricultural extension and farmer (Y). The result of the research showed that 1) communication barriers most felt by the farmers were caringand solidarityfactor, then prejudice factor, difference of expectation and difference of needs.2) the experience of farmer was very significantly related with prejudice factor barrier, cared, solidarity then has significantly related with communication barrier of difference of needs. 3) Characteristic of farmer cosmopolite has significantly related negative with barriers factor of communication at prejudice, difference of needs, cared, and solidarity. Characteristic of the extent of farmer knowledge has significantly related negative with all of barriers factor of communication that felt by the rice farmer at Oesao villageKupang district. Communication activity was generally significant and very real with barriers of communication that felt by rice farmer at Oesao Kab. Kupang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan faktor karakteristik individu dan aktivitas komunikasi, hambatan-hambatan komunikasi yang ada pada petani padiserta menganalisis hubungan antara faktor karakteristik individu petani dan aktivitas komunikasi dengan hambatan komunikasi yang dirasakan petani padi di Desa Oesao Kab. Kupang. Pendekatan kuantitatif dipilih oleh peneliti karena melihat deskripsi serta menjelaskan hubungan antar variabel secara mendalam, dengan unit analisis adalah petani tanaman padi sehingga dapat memperlihatkan hubungan yang jelas antar variabel. Terdapat dua variabel penelitian yang diamati yaitu karakteristik petani (X1), aktivitas komunikasi petani(X2), hambatan komunikasi antara penyuluh dan petani(Y). Hasil penelitian yang diperoleh bahwa:1) Hambatan komunikasi yang paling dirasakan petani adalah pada faktor perhatian dan keakraban, disusul dengan faktor prasangka, perbedaan harapan dan perbedaan kebutuhan. 2) Pengalaman petani berhubungan sangat nyata pada faktor hambatan prasangka, perhatian dan keakraban serta berhubungan nyata dengan hambatan komunikasi faktor perbedaan kebutuhan. 3) Karakteristik kekosmopolitan petani berhubungan sangat nyata negatif dengan faktor hambatan‐hambatan komunikasi pada prasangka, perbedaan kebutuhan, perhatian dan keakraban. Karakteristik tingkat pengetahuan petani berhubungan sangat nyata negatif dengan seluruh faktor hambatan‐hambatan komunikasi yang dirasakan petani padi di Desa Oesao Kab. Kupang. Aktivitas komunikasi secara umum berhubungan nyata dan sangat nyata dengan hambatan‐hambatan komunikasi yang dirasakan petani padi di Desa Oesao Kab. Kupang.

Comparison of Two- and Three-Dimensional Methods for Analysis of Trunk Kinematic Variables in the Golf Swing

Two-dimensional methods have been used to compute trunk kinematic variables (flexion/extension, lateral bend, axial rotation) and X-factor (difference in axial rotation between trunk and pelvis) during the golf swing. Recent X-factor studies advocated three-dimensional (3D) analysis due to the errors associated with two-dimensional (2D) methods, but this has not been investigated for all trunk kinematic variables. The purpose of this study was to compare trunk kinematic variables and X-factor calculated by 2D and 3D methods to examine how different approaches influenced their profiles during the swing. Trunk kinematic variables and X-factor were calculated for golfers from vectors projected onto the global laboratory planes and from 3D segment angles. Trunk kinematic variable profiles were similar in shape; however, there were statistically significant differences in trunk flexion (–6.5 ± 3.6°) at top of backswing and trunk right-side lateral bend (8.7 ± 2.9°) at impact. Differences between 2D and 3D X-factor (approximately 16°) could largely be explained by projection errors introduced to the 2D analysis through flexion and lateral bend of the trunk and pelvis segments. The results support the need to use a 3D method for kinematic data calculation to accurately analyze the golf swing.

The first tidal analysis based on the CG-5 Autograv gravity measurements at Modra station

We present the tidal parameters estimated for the absolute gravity site in Modra (Slovakia). This is the first tidal analysis based on gravity measurements for this location. Relative gravity variations observed by Scintrex CG-5 Autograv gravimeter were used for the tidal analysis. We observed large and non-linear instrumental drift which cannot be effectively eliminated by polynomial approximation. Drift was eliminated by a filtering. New set of tidal parameters was estimated and analyzed with the focus on diurnal and semi-diurnal tidal waves. Time and frequency domain comparison between new parameters and those obtained from the superconducting gravimeter located in Vienna was performed. A maximum amplitude factor difference of 0.2% was found between main tidal waves corrected for ocean tides and non-hydrostatic body tide model. New estimated tidal parameters can serve for the correction of local relative gravity measurements

Prior Image Guided Undersampled Dual Energy Reconstruction with Piecewise Polynomial Function Constraint

Dual energy CT has the ability to give more information about the test object by reconstructing the attenuation factors under different energies. These images under different energies share identical structures but different attenuation factors. By referring to the fully sampled low-energy image, we show that it is possible to greatly reduce the sampling rate of the high-energy image in order to lower dose. To compensate the attenuation factor difference between the two modalities, we use piecewise polynomial fitting to fit the low-energy image to the high-energy image. During the reconstruction, the result is constrained by its distance to the fitted image, and the structural information thus can be preserved. An ASD-POCS-based optimization schedule is proposed to solve the problem, and numerical simulations are taken to verify the algorithm.