EXPRESS: Adults’ Responses to Infant Faces: Neutral Infant Facial Expressions Elicit the Strongest Baby Schema Effect

The effect of the babyface schema includes three typical responses, namely, the preference response, viewing motivation, and attention bias towards infant faces. It has been theorized that these responses are primarily influenced by infants’ facial structures. However, recent studies have revealed the moderating role of facial expression, suggesting that the strongest effect of the babyface schema may be related to the neutral facial expression; this hypothesis remains to be tested. In this study, the moderating role of facial expression was assessed in three successive experiments (total N = 402). We used a series of images of the same face with multiple expression-standardized images of infants and adults to control for facial structure. The results indicated that the effect sizes of the babyface schema (i.e., response differences between infants and adults) were different for multiple expressions of the same face. Specifically, the effect sizes of neutral faces were significantly greater than those of happy and sad faces according to the preference response (experiment 1, N = 90), viewing motivation (experiment 2, N = 214), and attentional bias (experiment 3, N = 98). These results empirically confirm that neutral infant facial expressions elicit the strongest effect of the babyface schema under the condition of using adult faces as a comparison baseline and matching multiple expressions of the same face.

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Effects of Farmers’ Facial Expression on Consumers’ Responses in Print Advertising of Local Food: The Moderating Role of Emotional Intelligence

Journal of Food Quality ◽

10.1155/2020/8823205 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-11

Author(s):

Yumi Seo ◽

Yeong Seon Kang

Keyword(s):

Facial Expression ◽

Facial Expressions ◽

Local Food ◽

Print Advertising ◽

Message Strategy ◽

Food Retailer ◽

Perceived Product Quality ◽

High Level ◽

Moderating Role

In the context of ethical consumption, we examine the effects of farmers’ facial expression in print advertising on consumers’ responses to local food. Furthermore, we try to verify the moderating role of emotional intelligence (EI) on consumers’ responses to the advertising message strategy. The advertising message strategy that connects farmers and consumers is expected to create more favorable responses among consumers toward local food and its retailers. This study examines consumers’ responses (perceived product quality, trust, and a positive attitude toward the local food retailer) to three conditions of farmers’ facial expression in the advertisement (neutral facial expression, positive facial expression, and product only, with no portrait) across two levels of EI (low and high). We find that farmers’ positive facial expressions in the advertisements have the greatest positive effects on consumers’ perceived product quality, trust, and attitude toward the local food retailer under a high level of EI. Therefore, individuals with a high level of EI were more influenced by facial expressions in print advertising, whereas those with a low level of EI were less influenced by facial expressions in print advertising, and their responses were indifferent to whether the local food farmer had a neutral or a positive facial expression in print advertising. Our findings suggest that marketing practitioners consider personal characteristics such as EI in persuading local food consumers in target markets to implement strategies to promote local food purchase and consumption.

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The Auditory Kuleshov Effect: Multisensory Integration in Movie Editing

Perception ◽

10.1177/0301006616682754 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 46 (5) ◽

pp. 624-631 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Andreas M. Baranowski ◽

H. Hecht

Keyword(s):

Facial Expression ◽

Facial Expressions ◽

Multisensory Integration ◽

Interaction Effect ◽

Neutral Face ◽

The Face ◽

Sad Music ◽

Ambiguous Situations

Almost a hundred years ago, the Russian filmmaker Lev Kuleshov conducted his now famous editing experiment in which different objects were added to a given film scene featuring a neutral face. It is said that the audience interpreted the unchanged facial expression as a function of the added object (e.g., an added soup made the face express hunger). This interaction effect has been dubbed “Kuleshov effect.” In the current study, we explored the role of sound in the evaluation of facial expressions in films. Thirty participants watched different clips of faces that were intercut with neutral scenes, featuring either happy music, sad music, or no music at all. This was crossed with the facial expressions of happy, sad, or neutral. We found that the music significantly influenced participants’ emotional judgments of facial expression. Thus, the intersensory effects of music are more specific than previously thought. They alter the evaluation of film scenes and can give meaning to ambiguous situations.

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From Movement to Action

10.1093/med/9780190237493.003.0023 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Peggy Mason

Keyword(s):

Cerebral Palsy ◽

Motor Control ◽

Facial Expression ◽

Postural Control ◽

Facial Expressions ◽

Body Mass ◽

Emotional Facial Expressions ◽

Cortical Regions ◽

Self Motion

Tracts descending from motor control centers in the brainstem and cortex target motor interneurons and in select cases motoneurons. The mechanisms and constraints of postural control are elaborated and the effect of body mass on posture discussed. Feed-forward reflexes that maintain posture during standing and other conditions of self-motion are described. The role of descending tracts in postural control and the pathological posturing is described. Pyramidal (corticospinal and corticobulbar) and extrapyramidal control of body and face movements is contrasted. Special emphasis is placed on cortical regions and tracts involved in deliberate control of facial expression; these pathways are contrasted with mechanisms for generating emotional facial expressions. The signs associated with lesions of either motoneurons or motor control centers are clearly detailed. The mechanisms and presentation of cerebral palsy are described. Finally, understanding how pre-motor cortical regions generate actions is used to introduce apraxia, a disorder of action.

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The Role of Conductor Facial Expression in Students’ Evaluation of Ensemble Expressivity

Journal of Research in Music Education ◽

10.1177/0022429412462580 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 60 (4) ◽

pp. 419-429 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Brian A. Silvey

Keyword(s):

Facial Expression ◽

Facial Expressions ◽

Wind Ensemble ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Rating Scale ◽

High School Band ◽

Band Students ◽

Point Rating Scale ◽

Post Hoc

The purpose of this study was to explore whether conductor facial expression affected the expressivity ratings assigned to music excerpts by high school band students. Three actors were videotaped while portraying approving, neutral, and disapproving facial expressions. Each video was duplicated twice and then synchronized with one of three professional wind ensemble recordings. Participants ( N = 133) viewed nine 1-min videos of varying facial expressions, actors, and excerpts and rated each ensemble’s expressivity on a 10-point rating scale. Results of a one-way repeated measures ANOVA indicated that conductor facial expression significantly affected ratings of ensemble expressivity ( p < .001, partial η2 = .15). Post hoc comparisons revealed that participants’ ensemble expressivity ratings were significantly higher for excerpts featuring approving facial expressions than for either neutral or disapproving expressions. Participants’ mean ratings were lowest for neutral facial expression excerpts, indicating that an absence of facial affect influenced evaluations of ensemble expressivity most negatively.

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Efficient recognition of facial expressions does not require motor simulation

eLife ◽

10.7554/elife.54687 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Gilles Vannuscorps ◽

Michael Andres ◽

Alfonso Caramazza

Keyword(s):

Facial Expression ◽

Facial Expressions ◽

Facial Expression Recognition ◽

Visual Analysis ◽

Expression Recognition ◽

Motor Simulation ◽

Recognition Of Facial Expressions ◽

Motor Representations ◽

Efficient Recognition

What mechanisms underlie facial expression recognition? A popular hypothesis holds that efficient facial expression recognition cannot be achieved by visual analysis alone but additionally requires a mechanism of motor simulation — an unconscious, covert imitation of the observed facial postures and movements. Here, we first discuss why this hypothesis does not necessarily follow from extant empirical evidence. Next, we report experimental evidence against the central premise of this view: we demonstrate that individuals can achieve normotypical efficient facial expression recognition despite a congenital absence of relevant facial motor representations and, therefore, unaided by motor simulation. This underscores the need to reconsider the role of motor simulation in facial expression recognition.

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Relationship Between Mechadroid Type C3 and Human Beings Based on Physiognomic Features

Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics ◽

10.20965/jaciii.2010.p0869 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 14 (7) ◽

pp. 869-876

Author(s):

Teruaki Ando ◽

◽

Atsushi Araki ◽

Masayoshi Kanoh ◽

Yutaro Tomoto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Facial Expression ◽

Facial Expressions ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Personality Characteristics ◽

Human Beings ◽

The Face ◽

Baby Schema ◽

Smiley Face ◽

High Degree ◽

Expression Mechanism

In this paper, we created random facial expressions for the Mechadroid Type C3, a robot equipped with a high degree-of-freedom facial expression mechanism and which is intended to serve a receptionist function. Investigating the morphological characteristics and physiognomy features of these facial expressions, we evaluated what personality characteristics could be expressed by the face of the C3 and what impressions those facial expressions made on people. As a result, it was found that a baby-schema-cute face, modest face, and smiley face are the most suitable as the physiognomy of a reception robot.

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Recognition of Emotional Facial Expressions: The Role of Facial and Contextual Information in the Accuracy of Recognition

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/07.09.17.pr0.110.1.338-350 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 110 (1) ◽

pp. 338-350 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Mariano Chóliz ◽

Enrique G. Fernández-Abascal

Keyword(s):

Facial Expression ◽

Facial Expressions ◽

Facial Expression Recognition ◽

Recognition Accuracy ◽

Contextual Information ◽

Central Area ◽

Expression Recognition ◽

Emotional Facial Expressions ◽

Basic Emotions

Recognition of emotional facial expressions is a central area in the psychology of emotion. This study presents two experiments. The first experiment analyzed recognition accuracy for basic emotions including happiness, anger, fear, sadness, surprise, and disgust. 30 pictures (5 for each emotion) were displayed to 96 participants to assess recognition accuracy. The results showed that recognition accuracy varied significantly across emotions. The second experiment analyzed the effects of contextual information on recognition accuracy. Information congruent and not congruent with a facial expression was displayed before presenting pictures of facial expressions. The results of the second experiment showed that congruent information improved facial expression recognition, whereas incongruent information impaired such recognition.

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Mirror replication of sexual facial expressions increases the success of sexual contacts in bonobos

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-75790-3 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Elisabetta Palagi ◽

Marta Bertini ◽

Giulia Annicchiarico ◽

Giada Cordoni

Keyword(s):

Facial Expression ◽

Facial Expressions ◽

Social Relationships ◽

Face To Face ◽

Sexual Contacts ◽

Indirect Fitness ◽

Proximate Factor ◽

Fitness Benefits ◽

The Individual

Abstract Rapid Facial Mimicry (RFM), one of the possible predictors of emotional contagion, is defined as the rapid, involuntary and automatic replication of a facial expression. Up to now, RFM has been demonstrated in nonhuman animals exclusively during play. Since in bonobos, as in humans, socio-sexuality is a powerful tool for assessing/strengthening inter-individual relationships, we investigated RFM in this domain. Bonobos displayed silent bared-teeth (sbt, the most common facial expression during sexual contacts) more frequently after the detection of an sbt emitted by the trigger than in the no-detection condition. This is the first demonstration of the presence of RFM during sex. The occurrence of RFM was positively affected by the sex of the partners with female homo-sexual contacts being punctuated by a higher presence of RFM. At an immediate level, RFM increased the duration of homo- and hetero-sexual contacts. This finding suggests that RFM can increase individuals’ potential fitness benefits. By prolonging their sexual contacts, females can strengthen their social relationships thus increasing the probability to obtain priority over resources (RFM indirect fitness benefits). Via longer copulations, males can increase the probability to make females pregnant (RFM direct fitness benefits). In conclusion, in bonobos the access to the partner’s face during sexual contacts (face-to-face, proximate factor) and the role of socio-sexuality in increasing the individual direct and indirect fitness (ultimate factor) could have favoured the evolution of specific sexual facial expressions and their rapid mirror replication. Our findings on bonobos expand the role of RFM well beyond the animal play domain thus opening new scenarios for future comparative studies exploring the evolution of socio-sexuality in humans.

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Racial Identity-Aware Facial Expression Recognition Using Deep Convolutional Neural Networks

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app12010088 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 88

Author(s):

Muhammad Sohail ◽

Ghulam Ali ◽

Javed Rashid ◽

Israr Ahmad ◽

Sultan H. Almotiri ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Racial Identity ◽

Facial Expression ◽

Facial Expressions ◽

Facial Expression Recognition ◽

Large Scale ◽

Learning Approach ◽

Expression Recognition ◽

Facial Structure ◽

Deep Convolutional Neural Networks ◽

Joint Learning

Multi-culture facial expression recognition remains challenging due to cross cultural variations in facial expressions representation, caused by facial structure variations and culture specific facial characteristics. In this research, a joint deep learning approach called racial identity aware deep convolution neural network is developed to recognize the multicultural facial expressions. In the proposed model, a pre-trained racial identity network learns the racial features. Then, the racial identity aware network and racial identity network jointly learn the racial identity aware facial expressions. By enforcing the marginal independence of facial expression and racial identity, the proposed joint learning approach is expected to be purer for the expression and be robust to facial structure and culture specific facial characteristics variations. For the reliability of the proposed joint learning technique, extensive experiments were performed with racial identity features and without racial identity features. Moreover, culture wise facial expression recognition was performed to analyze the effect of inter-culture variations in facial expression representation. A large scale multi-culture dataset is developed by combining the four facial expression datasets including JAFFE, TFEID, CK+ and RaFD. It contains facial expression images of Japanese, Taiwanese, American, Caucasian and Moroccan cultures. We achieved 96% accuracy with racial identity features and 93% accuracy without racial identity features.

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