Towards and away from the body: The relevance of the direction of use in the coding of object-related actions

2021 ◽  
pp. 174702182199471
Author(s):  
Gianluca Scotto di Tella ◽  
Francesco Ruotolo ◽  
Gennaro Ruggiero ◽  
Tina Iachini ◽  
Angela Bartolo
Keyword(s):  
Congruency Effect ◽  
Perception And Action ◽  
Incongruent Condition ◽  
The Body ◽  
Action Representation ◽  
Direct Connection ◽  
Congruent Condition ◽  
Object Use ◽  
Task Irrelevant

This study examines whether the perception of an object automatically activates the representation of the direction of use of that object. To this aim, we carried out two experiments. In Experiment 1, participants were asked to explicitly categorise objects as used either away from the body (AB, for example, a hammer) or towards the body (TB, for example, a toothbrush). In Experiment 2, participants were asked to judge whether the same objects were natural or manmade. In both experiments, they were asked to respond by moving a joystick backwards (i.e., TB) or frontwards (i.e., AB). Therefore, their response could either be congruent (i.e., backward response with TB objects, frontward response with AB objects) or incongruent (i.e., backward response with AB objects, frontward response with TB objects) with the direction of object use. Results from Experiment 1 showed that in the congruent condition, participants were faster in judging the direction of object use than those in the incongruent condition (congruency effect). Crucially, results from Experiment 2 showed the presence of a congruency effect even when the direction of object use was task-irrelevant. However, this effect was found only for TB objects. These results suggest that the perception of TB objects automatically activates the direction of object use with respect to the body, thus showing evidence of direct connection between perception and action. A specific role of the body might account for different action representation processes involved in TB and AB object-related actions.

Interaction between phonemic abilities and syllable congruency effect in young readers

2012 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 492-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
FABIENNE CHETAIL ◽  
STÉPHANIE MATHEY
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Congruency Effect ◽  
Priming Effect ◽  
Incongruent Condition ◽  
Masked Priming ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
Congruent Condition ◽  
Young Readers ◽  
Grade 5 ◽  
Access Model

ABSTRACTThis study investigated whether and to what extent phonemic abilities of young readers (Grade 5) influence syllabic effects in reading. More precisely, the syllable congruency effect was tested in the lexical decision task combined with masked priming in eleven-year-old children. Target words were preceded by a pseudo-word prime sharing the first three letters that either corresponded to the syllable (congruent condition) or not (incongruent condition). The data showed that the syllable priming effect interacted with the score of phonemic abilities. In children with good phonemic skills, word recognition was delayed in the congruent condition compared to the incongruent condition, while it was speeded up in children with weaker phonemic skills. These findings are discussed in a lexical access model including syllable units.

scholarly journals Mental Representations in Musical Processing and their Role in Action-Perception Loops

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca S. Schaefer
Keyword(s):  
Mental Models ◽  
Perception And Action ◽  
Mental Representations ◽  
The Body ◽  
Predictive Processing ◽  
Auditory Information ◽  
Action Perception ◽  
Tight Coupling ◽  
Musical Perception

Music is created in the listener as it is perceived and interpreted - its meaning derived from our unique sense of it; likely driving the range of interpersonal differences found in music processing. Person-specific mental representations of music are thought to unfold on multiple levels as we listen, spanning from an entire piece of music to regularities detected across notes. As we track incoming auditory information, predictions are generated at different levels for different musical aspects, leading to specific percepts and behavioral outputs, illustrating a tight coupling of cognition, perception and action. This coupling, together with a prominent role of prediction in music processing, fits well with recently described ideas about the role of predictive processing in cognitive function, which appears to be especially suitable to account for the role of mental models in musical perception and action. Investigating the cerebral correlates of constructive music imagination offers an experimentally tractable approach to clarifying how mental models of music are represented in the brain. I suggest here that mental representations underlying imagery are multimodal, informed and modulated by the body and its in- and outputs, while perception and action are informed and modulated by predictions based on mental models.  

scholarly journals Bailando la huella del espacio / Dancing space trace / “Danzando il segno dello spazio”

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Toro Jiménez
Keyword(s):  
Significant Role ◽  
Body Language ◽  
The Body ◽  
Direct Connection ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
Narrative Space ◽  
Final Goal ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Precise Time

El inicio de esta investigación se sitúa en una inquietud hacia una de las primeras formas de arte que el ser humano manifiesta de forma casi instintiva, la Danza; así mismo el contacto más directo con esta siendo lenguaje expresivo, donde la anatomía artística se convirtió en protagonista de la investigación. Este proyecto, refleja un cuerpo que se desliza en un tiempo preciso y un espacio narrativo en el cual se desdibuja descifrándose a sí mismo en la huella danzada, identidad de este y pretensión nuestra a alcanzar; algo efímero, su huella, su representación, su propia voz. Con ello se quiso reflejar que un dibujo anatómico, al igual que la danza de un cuerpo, se puede traducir a través del espacio y el tiempo, en cualquier otro modo de creación, ya sea escultórico, pictórico, escenográfico, musical, fotográfico, etcétera; cabe destacar el importante papel que juega el espacio y tiempo en este, pues traduce y traspasa los lenguajes trasladando la dimensión espacial; Hablamos pues, de bidi y tridimensionalidad.Dancing space traceThe aim of this research is to sed light on the latent concern about one of the earliest forms of art which humans being manifest instinctively, the Dance, moreover, the direct connection of this art with the expressive body language, where the artistic anatomy became the protagonist and challenge of this study. According to the facts mentioned above, the work focused on the body that slides into the precise time as well as the narrative space in which is decoded it self on the dance track, that represents it’s identify, moreover led my final goal to reach. Something ephemeral, it’s footprint, representation, what’s more it’s own voice. Furthermore, it is a reflection of how a picture of the anatomic body, as well as it’s own dance, can be represented through the space and time dimensions as any sort of creation. Whether sculptural, painterly, scenic, musical, photographic, so on. It claims to be noted the significant role of time and space on the dance as transfers and translate the different types of languages developing and modifying the spacial translation. Ending up in the bidi and three-dimensionality matter.“Danzando il segno dello spazio”L’inizio di questa ricerca si trova in una inquietudine verso una delle prime forme d’arte che l’essere umano manifesta quasi istintivamente, la danza; Allo stesso modo il contatto più diretto con questa come linguaggio espressivo, in cui l’anatomia artistica divenne protagonista delle indagini. Questo progetto, riflette un corpo scorrevole in un tempo preciso e uno spazio narrativo in cui si sfuma decifrato sé stesso nel segno danzato, l’identità di questo e obiettivo nostro di raggiungere; qualcosa di effimero, la sua impronta, la sua rappresentazione, la propria voce. Questo è stato lo scopo per dimostrare che un disegno anatomico, come la danza di un corpo, può essere tradotto attraverso lo spazio e il tempo, in qualsiasi altra modalità di creazione, sia la scultura, la pittura, teatro, musica, fotografia, ecc. Vale la pena notare l’importante ruolo dal spazio e il tempo in questo progetto, poiché traduce e proietta i linguaggi spostando la dimensione spaziale; Si parla poi di bidi e tridimensionalità

Congruency effects in conceptualizing for speech

2012 ◽  
Vol 65 (11) ◽  
pp. 2155-2168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan-Rouke Kuipers ◽  
Wido La Heij
Keyword(s):  
Congruency Effect ◽  
Incongruent Condition ◽  
Semantic Distance ◽  
Unrelated Word ◽  
Distractor Word ◽  
Congruent Condition ◽  
Facilitation Effect ◽  
Context Stimulus ◽  
Single Category ◽  
Basic Level

In naming a picture at the basic level, a semantically related distractor word induces interference in comparison to an unrelated word. When the task is changed from basic-level naming to categorization, however, this effect reverses to semantic facilitation. In previous studies, this semantic facilitation effect was attributed to “message congruency” at the conceptual level. The present study examines the nature of this message congruency effect: Is it due to competition between two activated category concepts in the incongruent condition or is it due to convergence of activity on a single category concept in the congruent condition? Two experiments show that neither the strength with which the context stimulus activates an incongruent category concept nor the semantic distance between the category concepts activated by target and distractor affect target categorization speed. We conclude that the message congruency effect is most likely due to convergence on a single category concept in the category-congruent condition.

scholarly journals Spatial interference triggered by gaze and arrows. The role of target background on spatial interference

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 192-209
Author(s):  
Rafael Román-Caballero ◽  
Andrea Marotta ◽  
Juan Lupiáñez
Keyword(s):  
Congruency Effect ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Spatial Dimension ◽  
Spatial Interference ◽  
Task Irrelevant

Abstract Recent evidence with a spatial interference paradigm has shown that arrows and eye gaze yield opposite congruency effects, arrow target eliciting faster responses when their direction is congruent with their position (standard congruency effect), and gaze producing faster reaction times for incongruent conditions (reversed congruency effect). But in ecological contexts eye gaze tend to be more perceptually complex (i.e., embedded in the whole face) than simple arrows. The present study aimed to replicate this dissociation using whole faces and a comparable non-social target, formed by arrows embedded in a colored geometric background. Whereas the reversed congruency effect with gaze was replicated, the standard spatial interference with arrows was surprisingly absent. A similar outcome appeared when the contrast between the arrows and the task-irrelevant background increased. The results confirm the robustness of the reversed congruency effect with eyes, regardless of whether they are presented alone or within a face. In addition, and importantly, the unexpected absence of the spatial conflict with complex arrow targets seems to be a consequence of higher figure-ground segregation demands, which extend the processing of the task-relevant spatial dimension and, in turn, cause the decay of the location code. This pattern of results, and the provided interpretation, can explain previous unexplained findings in the spatial interference literature.

The Role of Polyphenols in the Modulation of Plasma Non-Enzymatic Antioxidant Capacity (NEAC)

2012 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 228-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauro Serafini ◽  
Giuseppa Morabito
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
The Body ◽  
Dietary Polyphenols ◽  
Enzymatic Antioxidant ◽  
Endogenous Antioxidant

Dietary polyphenols have been shown to scavenge free radicals, modulating cellular redox transcription factors in different in vitro and ex vivo models. Dietary intervention studies have shown that consumption of plant foods modulates plasma Non-Enzymatic Antioxidant Capacity (NEAC), a biomarker of the endogenous antioxidant network, in human subjects. However, the identification of the molecules responsible for this effect are yet to be obtained and evidences of an antioxidant in vivo action of polyphenols are conflicting. There is a clear discrepancy between polyphenols (PP) concentration in body fluids and the extent of increase of plasma NEAC. The low degree of absorption and the extensive metabolism of PP within the body have raised questions about their contribution to the endogenous antioxidant network. This work will discuss the role of polyphenols from galenic preparation, food extracts, and selected dietary sources as modulators of plasma NEAC in humans.

The Role of Computer Modeling in Electrocardiography

1990 ◽  
Vol 29 (04) ◽  
pp. 282-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. van Oosterom
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Activity ◽  
Computer Modeling ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Electrical Current ◽  
The Body ◽  
Volume Conductor ◽  
Current Generator ◽  
Cardiac Electrical Activity ◽  
Source Models

AbstractThis paper introduces some levels at which the computer has been incorporated in the research into the basis of electrocardiography. The emphasis lies on the modeling of the heart as an electrical current generator and of the properties of the body as a volume conductor, both playing a major role in the shaping of the electrocardiographic waveforms recorded at the body surface. It is claimed that the Forward-Problem of electrocardiography is no longer a problem. Several source models of cardiac electrical activity are considered, one of which can be directly interpreted in terms of the underlying electrophysiology (the depolarization sequence of the ventricles). The importance of using tailored rather than textbook geometry in inverse procedures is stressed.

Questions on the role of biofilms for the adaptation of microorganisms to unfavorable environmental factors by the example of P. aeruginosa

2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (4) ◽  
pp. 379-383
Author(s):  
Vasily N. Afonyushkin ◽  
N. A. Donchenko ◽  
Ju. N. Kozlova ◽  
N. A. Davidova ◽  
V. Yu. Koptev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Barrier Function ◽  
Infectious Agent ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Main Function ◽  
Pathogenic Potential ◽  
The Face

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a widely represented species of bacteria possessing of a pathogenic potential. This infectious agent is causing wound infections, fibrotic cystitis, fibrosing pneumonia, bacterial sepsis, etc. The microorganism is highly resistant to antiseptics, disinfectants, immune system responses of the body. The responses of a quorum sense of this kind of bacteria ensure the inclusion of many pathogenicity factors. The analysis of the scientific literature made it possible to formulate four questions concerning the role of biofilms for the adaptation of P. aeruginosa to adverse environmental factors: Is another person appears to be predominantly of a source an etiological agent or the source of P. aeruginosa infection in the environment? Does the formation of biofilms influence on the antibiotic resistance? How the antagonistic activity of microorganisms is realized in biofilm form? What is the main function of biofilms in the functioning of bacteria? A hypothesis has been put forward the effect of biofilms on the increase of antibiotic resistance of bacteria and, in particular, P. aeruginosa to be secondary in charcter. It is more likely a biofilmboth to fulfill the function of storing nutrients and provide topical competition in the face of food scarcity. In connection with the incompatibility of the molecular radii of most antibiotics and pores in biofilm, biofilm is doubtful to be capable of performing a barrier function for protecting against antibiotics. However, with respect to antibodies and immunocompetent cells, the barrier function is beyond doubt. The biofilm is more likely to fulfill the function of storing nutrients and providing topical competition in conditions of scarcity of food resources.

Receptions of the Past: Commemoration, Racism, Desire

Somatechnics ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 288-303
Author(s):  
Michael Connors Jackman
Keyword(s):  
Critical Point ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
White Privilege ◽  
Body Politic ◽  
The Body ◽  
Race And Racism ◽  
Lesbian And Gay ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of

This article investigates the ways in which the work of The Body Politic (TBP), the first major lesbian and gay newspaper in Canada, comes to be commemorated in queer publics and how it figures in the memories of those who were involved in producing the paper. In revisiting a critical point in the history of TBP from 1985 when controversy erupted over race and racism within the editorial collective, this discussion considers the role of memory in the reproduction of whiteness and in the rupture of standard narratives about the past. As the controversy continues to haunt contemporary queer activism in Canada, the productive work of memory must be considered an essential aspect of how, when and for what reasons the work of TBP comes to be commemorated. By revisiting the events of 1985 and by sifting through interviews with individuals who contributed to the work of TBP, this article complicates the narrative of TBP as a bluntly racist endeavour whilst questioning the white privilege and racially-charged demands that undergird its commemoration. The work of producing and preserving queer history is a vital means of challenging the intentional and strategic erasure of queer existence, but those who engage in such efforts must remain attentive to the unequal terrain of social relations within which remembering forms its objects.

A Good Sentencing Precedent is Hard to Find

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 138-144
Author(s):  
Brian A. Jacobs
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
College Admissions ◽  
The Body ◽  
Federal Law ◽  
Criminal Cases ◽  
Federal Sentencing

In federal criminal cases, federal law requires that judges consider the sentences other courts have imposed in factually similar matters. Courts and parties, however, face significant challenges in finding applicable sentencing precedents because judges do not typically issue written sentencing opinions, and transcripts of sentencings are not readily available in advanced searchable databases. At the same time, particularly since the Supreme Court’s 2005 decision in United States v. Booker, sentencing precedent has come to play a significant role in federal sentencing proceedings. By way of example, this article discusses recent cases involving defendants with gambling addictions, and recent cases involving college admissions or testing fraud. The article explores the ways the parties in those cases have used sentencing precedent in their advocacy, as well as the ways the courts involved have used sentencing precedent to justify their decisions. Given the important role of sentencing precedent in federal criminal cases, the article finally looks at ways in which the body of sentencing law could be made more readily available to parties and courts alike.

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