Changes in selected locomotor skills of young runners after one athletic season: Influence of sex and age

2021 ◽  
pp. 174795412110066
Author(s):  
Josune Rodriguez-Negro ◽  
Iñaki Llodio ◽  
Daniel Castillo ◽  
Estibaliz Romaratezabala ◽  
Javier Yanci
Keyword(s):  
Athletic Training ◽  
Countermovement Jump ◽  
Training School ◽  
Change Of Direction ◽  
Age And Sex

The aim of the present research was to describe the changes in the locomotor competence [i.e. sprint, change of direction ability (CODA) and jump capacity] of young runners from an athletic training school after one season, according to runners’ sex and age. Two hundred and forty-one young runners from an athletic training school were divided by sex (boys, n = 107, and girls, n = 134) and age [under 8 years old (U8, n = 70), under 10 years old (U10, n = 68), under 12 years old (U12, n = 45), under 14 years old (U14, n = 39) and under 16 years old (U16, n = 19)]. At the start of the training season (PRE) and at the end of the season (POST), the runners performed different tests in order to assess their locomotor competence. The results showed that boys and girls improved their performance during the season in the 5 m sprint ( p = 0.000, ES = -0.58 to -0.74) and horizontal countermovement jump (HCMJ) ( p = 0.000, ES = 0.51 to 1.02), and decreased it in the 15 m sprint test ( p = 0.011 or p = 0.006, ES = 0.27 to 0.31), and only girls improved in change of direction ability (CODA) ( p = 0.000, ES = -0.22 to -0.27). In addition, with respect to age categories, all groups improved their performance in the HCMJ ( p = 0.000 - 0.005, ES > 0.40) and the 5 m sprint tests ( p = 0.000 - 0.002, ES = -0.68 to -1.24). Although in the 505 test no group improved its result ( p = 0.184 - 0.314, ES = -0.25 to 0.01), the U8 and U10 groups improved in the modified agility test (MAT) ( p = 0.000 or p = 0.003, ES = -0.38 to -0.41). In conclusion, there are differences in the changes in the locomotor competence according to runners’ sex and age, so perhaps age- and sex-dependent specialization in training is necessary.

scholarly journals Diferencias entre alumnos de una escuela de atletismo y estudiantes de educación primaria en la capacidad de aceleración y cambio de dirección (Differences between children from an athletics school and primary education students in acceleration and change

Retos ◽  
2015 ◽  
pp. 28-31
Author(s):  
Javier Yanci Irigoyen ◽  
Juan Jose Vizcay ◽  
Iñaki Pitillas ◽  
Asier Los Arcos
Keyword(s):  
Athletic Training ◽  
Primary Education ◽  
Education Students ◽  
Training School ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Change Of Direction ◽  
Motor Abilities ◽  
Educación Primaria ◽  
Determinant Factor ◽  
School Activity

Los objetivos de este estudio fueron, comparar la capacidad de aceleración y cambio de dirección entre atletas de una escuela de formación y alumnos de educación primaria, y conocer si la edad es un factor determinante en el rendimiento de estas habilidades motoras. En el estudio participaron 302 niños y niñas físicamente activos (7,79 ± 0,82 años, 153 ± 9,1 cm, 33,8 ± 8,6 kg), de los cuales 197 eran estudiantes de educación primaria (EP) y 105 pertenecían a una escuela de atletismo (AT). Los participantes de 8 y 9 años obtuvieron mejores resultados que los de 7 años tanto en la capacidad de aceleración como en el cambio de dirección (Dif. medias = 4,78-12,65%, d = 0,53-1,11, p < 0,01). Sin embargo, en las variables analizadas los resultados fueron similares entre el grupo de 8 y el de 9 años (Dif. Medias = 3,05-3,94%, d = 0,22-0,44, p > 0,05). Salvo en el Modified Agility Test (MAT) en el grupo de 8 años, los jóvenes atletas obtuvieron mejores resultados que los estudiantes de educación física en los test de rendimiento (Dif medias = 4,85-22.46%, d = 0,48-4,60, p < 0.05). Los resultados sugieren que los participantes en una actividad deportiva extraescolar como el atletismo pueden alcanzar una mejor condición física que los niños/as que no practican ninguna actividad extraescolar reglada. Abstract. The aims of this study were to compare acceleration and change of direction capacity between athletes from an athletic training school and primary education students, and to assess if age is a determinant factor in the performance of these motor abilities. Three hundred and two physically active boys and girls participated in the study (7.79 ± 0.82 years, 153.0 ± 9.1 cm, 33.8 ± 8.6 kg), of whom 197 were primary education students (PE) and 105 were from an athletics training school (AT). According to age, the participants of 8 and 9 years obtained better results than those of 7 years both in acceleration and change of direction capacity (Diff. of means = 4.78-12.65%, d = .53-1.11, p < .01 ). However, similar results were found in the same variables between the 8 year and 9 year old groups (Diff. of means = 3.05-3.94%, d = .22-.44, p > .05). Except for the Modified Agility Test (MAT) in the group of 8 year olds, the young athletes obtained better results than the primary education students in the performance tests (Diff. of means = 4.85-22.46%, d = .48-4.60, p < .05). These results suggest that the participants in a sport outside of school athletics can achieve a better acceleration and change of direction ability than children who do not practice any formal extracurricular school activity.

scholarly journals Analyzing the Magnitude of Interlimb Asymmetries in Young Female Soccer Players: A Preliminary Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 475
Author(s):  
Javier Raya-González ◽  
Filipe Manuel Clemente ◽  
Daniel Castillo
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Young Female ◽  
Asymmetry Index ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Countermovement Jump ◽  
Change Of Direction ◽  
Jump Ability

Although asymmetries in lower limbs have been linked with players’ performance in male soccer players, literature that has been published addressing female soccer is scarce. Thus, the aim of this study was twofold: (i) describe the asymmetries of women soccer players during jumping, change-of-direction and range-of-motion tests; and (ii) test possible relationships between asymmetries and injury risk in female soccer players. Sixteen female players (15.5 ± 1.5 years) performed a battery of fitness tests (i.e., jump ability, change-of-direction ability and passive range-of-motion) and muscle mass analysis via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, through which the specific asymmetry index and the related injury risk were calculated. Significant (p < 0.05) lower asymmetries in the change-of-direction test were observed in comparison to those observed in jumping and range-of-motion tests; significant (p < 0.05) lower asymmetries in muscle mass were also reported compared to those found in the change-of-direction and countermovement jump tests. Additionally, increased injury risk for countermovement jump and hip flexion with extended knee range-of-motion (relating to asymmetry values) and for ankle flexion with flexed knee range-of-motion in both legs (relating to reference range-of-motion values), as well as increased individual injury risk values, were observed across all tests. These findings suggest the necessity to implement individual approaches for asymmetry and injury risk analyses.

scholarly journals Associations between Inter-Limb Asymmetries in Jump and Change of Direction Speed Tests and Physical Performance in Adolescent Female Soccer Players

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 3474
Author(s):  
Elena Pardos-Mainer ◽  
Chris Bishop ◽  
Oliver Gonzalo-Skok ◽  
Hadi Nobari ◽  
Jorge Pérez-Gómez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Performance ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Adolescent Female ◽  
Specific Training ◽  
Countermovement Jump ◽  
Change Of Direction ◽  
Percentage Difference ◽  
Hop Test ◽  
Physical Tests

The association between asymmetries in jump and change of direction (COD) with physical performance in several sports show inconclusive results. The purposes of this study were to: (1) measure inter-limb asymmetries in three distinct groups in adolescent female soccer players and, (2) to determine the association between inter-limb asymmetries and physical performance in different age groups. Fifty-four players were distributed in three age groups: U-18, U-16 and U-14. All of them performed a series of jumps, sprints and change of direction speed tests. Asymmetries were assessed as the percentage difference between limbs, with the equation: 100/Max value (right and left) * in value (right and left) * −1 + 100. Mean inter-limb asymmetries were 2.91%, 4.82% and 11.6% for 180° COD, single leg hop and single leg countermovement jump tests respectively, but higher percentages of asymmetries were observed in many players individually. U-18 and U-16 showed significant differences on 180° left COD compared to U-14. Effect size (ES): 0.80 and 0.74, respectively; U-18 presented differences on single left leg hop test compared to U-14, ES: −0.72; U-16 also showed differences on 40 m speed compared to U-14, ES 0.87 (All p < 0.05). Jumping and COD physical tests show asymmetries in adolescent female soccer players, but these asymmetries do not interfere with physical performance. The largest asymmetry was observed in the single leg countermovement jump, and no asymmetries between groups were found. Due to the high variability in the direction of asymmetries, it is recommended to consider players’ individual asymmetries for designing specific training programs.

Effects of complex strength training with elastic band program on repeated change of direction in young female handball players: Randomized control trial

2021 ◽  
pp. 174795412110621
Author(s):  
Mehrez Hammami ◽  
Nawel Gaamouri ◽  
Yosser Cherni ◽  
Sabri Gaied ◽  
Mohamed Souhaiel Chelly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Strength Training ◽  
Young Female ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Countermovement Jump ◽  
Elastic Band ◽  
Squat Jump ◽  
Change Of Direction ◽  
Jump Test ◽  
Back Extensor ◽  
Experimental Group

This study examined the effect of 10-week complex strength training with elastic band program on fitness components in young female handball players. Thirty-eight handball players aged 15.8 ± 0.2 years were randomly assigned to an experimental group or control group. The experimental group performed complex strength training with elastic band twice a week over 10 weeks, which included 8 workshops of progressing set length (number of sets) and band resistance for each specific exercise. Sessions were lasted approximately 35 min. The control group maintained regular in-season training. Tests included handgrip; back extensor; medicine ball throw; 30 m sprint times; Modified Illinois change-of-direction (Illinois-MT); four jump tests (squat jump, countermovement jump, countermovement jump with arms and five jump test; static (stork test) and dynamic (Y balance test) balance; and repeated sprint T-test. The experimental group enhanced all strength performance (handgrip right ( p < 0.001), handgrip left ( p < 0.001), back extensor strength ( p < 0.001) and medicine ball throw ( p < 0.001) compared to the controls); sprint performance (5 m ( p<0.001), 10 m ( p < 0.001), 20 m ( p < 0.001), and 30 m ( p < 0.001)); the change of direction (Illinois-MT ( p < 0.001)); jump performance (squat jump ( p < 0.001), countermovement jump ( p < 0.001), countermovement jump with arms ( p < 0.001), and five jump test ( p < 0.01)); and the repeated sprint T-test scores ( p<0.001in all scores). In contrast, no significant difference in both static and dynamic balance performance between experimental group and control group. Ten weeks of complex strength training with elastic band improve fitness components measures in young female handball players then habitual training.

scholarly journals Assessing the Magnitude and Direction of Asymmetry in Unilateral Jump and Change of Direction Speed Tasks in Youth Female Team-Sport Athletes

2021 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-27
Author(s):  
Jordi Arboix-Alió ◽  
Chris Bishop ◽  
Ariadna Benet ◽  
Bernat Buscà ◽  
Joan Aguilera-Castells ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Team Sports ◽  
Team Sport ◽  
Kappa Coefficient ◽  
Fitness Testing ◽  
Countermovement Jump ◽  
Linear Speed ◽  
Female Youth ◽  
Change Of Direction ◽  
Time Performance ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The direction of inter-limb asymmetries and the change of direction (COD) deficit are two aspects that have increased in recent years. The main objective of the present study was to assess the magnitude of neuromuscular asymmetries in an elite youth female team-sports sample and determine its directionality. Secondary objectives were to evaluate the relationship between COD deficit, linear speed and COD time performance. Elite female youth basketball and handball players (n = 33, age = 16 ± 1.17 y) performed the Single Leg Countermovement Jump in vertical (SLCJ-V), horizontal (SLCJ-H), and lateral (SLCJ-L) directions, the COD and the 10-m sprint. Results showed statistical differences between limbs in all the neuromuscular tests (p < 0.001). The Kappa coefficient showed poor to fair levels of agreement between tasks (K range = -0.087 to 0.233), indicating that asymmetries rarely favoured the same limb between skills. Additionally, small and non-significant correlations were found between the linear sprint capacity and the COD ability. The findings of the present study highlight the independent directionality of asymmetries across tests. The COD deficit does not appear to be much more advantageous than COD total time to measure asymmetry. Practitioners are encouraged to use a fitness testing battery to detect existing side differences and each ability should be specifically trained with functional tasks.

scholarly journals Relación entre el CMJ y cambios de dirección en deportes colectivos / Relationship between CMJ and change of direction in collective sports

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 30
Author(s):  
J. Ferrando Fenoll ◽  
JL. Schneider Tirado
Keyword(s):  
Performance Level ◽  
Countermovement Jump ◽  
Change Of Direction ◽  
Full Speed ◽  
Force Components ◽  
Para Determinar ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Highly Involved

RESUMENEn la ejecución de una carrera a máxima velocidad con cambio de dirección observamos una alta participación de componentes de fuerza. Dichos componentes vienen siendo entrenados de forma específica, como por ejemplo a través de la pliometría. Pocos estudios valoran la fuerza explosiva y reactiva de forma unilateral (1,2) y su correlación con las carreras cortas de aceleración con cambios de dirección. Según los resultados de los trabajos revisados, (3,4,5,6,7) nuestro propósito es conocer la relación entre medidas de fuerza-explosiva y fuerza reactiva, con carreras cortas de aceleración con cambios de dirección, para determinar si la manifestación de fuerza con un salto con contramovimiento (CMJ) predice el rendimiento en carreras cortas de aceleración con cambios de dirección de 90º.ABSTRACTWhen executing a race at full speed with change-of-direction force components are highly involved. These components are being specifically trained through plyometric exercises, among others. Few studies evaluate on one side explosive and reactive strength (1,2) and their correlation with short change-of-direction sprints.Once analysed the evidences showed in some studies reviewed (3,4,5,6,7), our purpose is to determine the relationship between both explosive and reactive strength measures and short change-ofdirection sprints in order to find whether the countermovement jump (CMJ) force manifestation helps predicting the performance level during change-of-direction 90º acceleration sprints.

Effects of contrast strength training with elastic band program on sprint, jump, strength, balance and repeated change of direction in young female handball players

2021 ◽  
pp. 174795412110507
Author(s):  
Mehrez Hammami ◽  
Nawel Gaamouri ◽  
Yosser Cherni ◽  
Mohamed Souhaiel Chelly ◽  
Lee Hill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Strength Training ◽  
Physical Performance ◽  
Young Female ◽  
T Test ◽  
Countermovement Jump ◽  
Elastic Band ◽  
Change Of Direction ◽  
Repeated Sprint ◽  
Back Extensor ◽  
Medicine Ball

Maximal strength, power and his derivates (sprint, change of direction repeatedly and jump) are considered as major determinants of success in elite handball players. Contrast strength training with elastic band (CSTEB) program is form of resistance training, and may play an important method of training to improve this quality. This study examined the effects of 10-week contrast strength training with elastic band (CSTEB) program on physical performance in young female handball players. Thirty participants (age: 15.7  ±  0.3 years; body mass: 63.7  ±  3.7 kg; body height: 166.8  ±  3.8 cm; body fat: 26.9  ±  3.4; and Maturity-offset: 2.9  ±  0.3 years) were randomly assigned between experimental group (EG; n = 15) and control group (CG; n = 15). Two-way analyses of variance (group × time) were assessed for handgrip; back extensor; medicine ball throw; 30-m sprint times; Modified Illinois change-of-direction (Illinois-MT); four jump tests [(squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), countermovement jump with arms (CMJA) and five jump test (5JT)]; static (stork) and dynamic (Y balance) balance tests; and repeated sprint T-test (RSTT). The EG enhanced all strength performance [handgrip right, handgrip left, back extensor strength and medicine ball throw (p < 0.001)] compared to CG. The EG enhanced all sprint performance. The EG also improved performance in the Illinois-MT. All jump performance improved significantly [SJ (p = 0.007), CMJ (p = 0.001) and CMJA (p = 0.001)] except 5JT in the EG. Of the same, 3 of 4 repeated sprint T-test scores [RSTT-Best-Time, RSTT-Mean-Time and RSTT-Total-Time] increased significantly in the EG relative to the CG. Conversely, there were no significant changes in balance performance between groups. It is concluded that 10-weeks of CSTEB improved physical performance (strength, sprint, change of direction, jump, and repeated change of direction) measures in young female handball players.

Effects of a Combined Upper- and Lower-Limb Plyometric Training Program on High-Intensity Actions in Female U14 Handball Players

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 465-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehrez Hammami ◽  
Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo ◽  
Nawel Gaamouri ◽  
Gaith Aloui ◽  
Roy J. Shephard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Training Program ◽  
Lower Limb ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Plyometric Training ◽  
Countermovement Jump ◽  
Change Of Direction ◽  
Jump Test ◽  
Body Strength ◽  
Improved Performance ◽  
Experimental Group

Purpose: To analyze the effects of a 9-week plyometric training program on the sprint times (5, 10, 20, and 30 m), change-of-direction speed (modified T test and modified Illinois test), jumping (squat jump, countermovement jump, countermovement jump with arms, and horizontal 5-jump test), upper-body strength (right and left handgrip, back extensor strength, and medicine ball throw), and balance (Y and stork balance tests) of female handball players. Methods: Athletes were randomly divided into experimental (n = 21; age = 13.5 [0.3] y) and control (n = 20; age = 13.3 [0.3] y) groups. Training exercises and matches were performed together, but the experimental group replaced a part of their normal regimen by biweekly upper- and lower-limb plyometric training. Results: Both groups improved performance, but to a greater extent in the experimental group compared with controls for 20- and 30-m sprint times (Δ% = 9.6, P < .05, d = 0.557 and Δ% = 20.9, P < .001, d = 1.07, respectively), change of direction (T test: P < .01, Δ% = 14.5, d = 0.993 and Illinois test: P < .01, Δ% = 7.9, d = 0.769), vertical and horizontal jumping (P < .05), all measures of upper-limb strength (P < .001), and left-leg stork balance (P < .001, Δ% = 49.9, d = 1.07). Conclusions: A plyometric training program allows female junior handball players to improve important components of their physical performance.

scholarly journals Short-Term Compound Training on Physical Performance in Young Soccer Players

Sports ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Athos Trecroci ◽  
Marco Duca ◽  
Damiano Formenti ◽  
Giampietro Alberti ◽  
F. Marcello Iaia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Jump ◽  
The Other ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Plyometric Training ◽  
Countermovement Jump ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Squat Jump ◽  
Change Of Direction ◽  
Compound Training ◽  
Strength Exercises

This study aimed to investigate the effects of a five-week compound training (with strength and plyometric exercises performed on separate days) on sprint, change of direction, and vertical jump in young soccer players. Eighteen novices in strength and plyometric training were assigned to either a compound training (CMPT) or a control condition (CNT). Both groups trained three times per week. One session was dedicated to soccer-specific drills. The other two weekly sessions were dedicated to circuit-based training routines employing on one-day strength exercises and on the other day plyometric exercises in the CMPT group. At the same time, the CNT group performed two weekly soccer-specific training sessions. All players were tested by 15-m sprint, change-of-direction and acceleration test (CODAT), squat jump, and countermovement jump with arms swing tests. CMPT group improved CODAT, squat jump and countermovement jump to a higher extent compared to CNT group (large vs small or trivial effects, p < 0.05), while both groups had similar 15-m sprint performance (p > 0.05). These results support the use of compound training to improve change of direction and vertical jump performances in young novice soccer players, which are unfamiliar with structured and advanced strength and plyometric training.

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