Risky Therefore Not Beneficial: Replication and Extension of Finucane et al.’s (2000) Affect Heuristic Experiment

2021 ◽  
pp. 194855062110567
Author(s):  
Emir Efendić ◽  
Subramanya Prasad Chandrashekar ◽  
Cheong Shing Lee ◽  
Lok Yan Yeung ◽  
Min Ji Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Affect Heuristic ◽  
Risks And Benefits ◽  
Strong Negative Relationship ◽  
Analytic Strategy

Risks and benefits are negatively related in people’s minds. Finucane et al. causally demonstrated that increasing risks of a hazard leads people to judge its benefits as lower. Vice versa, increasing benefits leads people to judge its risks as lower (original: r = −.74 [−0.92, −0.30]). This finding is consistent with an affective explanation, and the negative relationship is often presented as evidence for an affect heuristic. In two well-powered studies, using a more stringent analytic strategy, we replicated the original finding. We observed a strong negative relationship between judgments of risks and benefits across three technologies, although we do find that there was no change in risks when highlighting low benefits. We note that risks seem to be more responsive to manipulation (as opposed to benefits) and find evidence that the negative relationship can depend on incidental mood. We provided materials, data sets, and analyses on https://osf.io/sufjn/?view_only=6f8f5dc6ff524149a4ed5c6de9296ae8 .

scholarly journals Ambiguous support for extra-tropical accelerated diversification of rosids

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Gamisch
Keyword(s):  
Model Selection ◽  
Systematic Error ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Selection Procedure ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Diversification Rates ◽  
Model Selection Procedure ◽  
Strong Negative Relationship ◽  
Technical Issues

AbstractSun et al.1 used a comprehensive phylogenetic and a locality based climatic dataset to examine how past climates have driven diversification across 17 orders of rosids. They concluded that tropical rosids diversify slower than the (younger) non-tropical counterparts in part due to a strong negative relationship between paleo-temperature and diversification (i.e. higher diversification rates under lower temperatures). Their conclusions are based on tip rates (derived from BAMM2; DR3) and correlations with current temperature (e-SIM4) or binary tropicality data sets (BAMM/STRAPP5; FiSSE6) as well as tree-wide estimates of diversification with paleo-temperature (BAMM; RPANDA7) or tropicality (BiSSE8; HiSSE9). Here, I highlight several inconsistencies in their diversification analyses as well as a systematic error pertaining to the RPANDA model selection procedure, which, together with several minor technical issues, weaken the support for Sun et al.’s1 conclusions. A re-analysis of their BiSSE/HiSSE and RPANDA analyses are performed.

Teacher Attrition and Mobility Over Time

2021 ◽  
pp. 0013189X2110608
Author(s):  
Dan Goldhaber ◽  
Roddy Theobald
Keyword(s):  
Teacher Attrition ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Public School Teachers ◽  
School Teachers ◽  
Unemployment Rates ◽  
The Past ◽  
State Unemployment Rate ◽  
Strong Negative Relationship ◽  
State Unemployment ◽  
Over Time

We use 35 years of data on public school teachers in Washington to calculate several different measures of teacher attrition and mobility. We explore how these rates vary over time and their relationship with the state unemployment rate. Annual rates of teacher attrition from the workforce have been between 5% and 8% for each of the past 35 years, and there is a strong negative relationship between unemployment rates and these rates of attrition. This history suggests that teacher attrition is likely to increase as the economy recovers after the pandemic, but this increase is likely to be modest.

scholarly journals Physical Modeling of Landward Scour Due to Tsunami Bore Overtopping Seawall

2018 ◽  
Vol 203 ◽  
pp. 01003
Author(s):  
Raidan Maqtan ◽  
Badronnisa Yusuf ◽  
Saiful Bahri Hamzah
Keyword(s):  
Froude Number ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Structural Performance ◽  
Flow Depth ◽  
Initial Water ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
Strong Positive Relationship ◽  
Strong Negative Relationship ◽  
Wave Forms

many of the post tsunami field surveys which conducted by researchers revealed that, the failure due to scour at the landward toe of the seawall due to overtopping of tsunami wave forms one of the important types of coastal defence structures failure and constitutes one of the biggest threats to their structural performance. This study was intended to investigates the scour profile induced by tsunami bores at the landward toe of the vertical seawall and to discuss the effects of the parameters; tide level, incident bore Froude number Fb, incident bore height Hb, overtopping flow Froude number Fo, and overtopping flow depth Ho on the maximum scour depth induced at the landward toe of the seawall. A set of laboratory experiments were conducted at National Hydraulic Research Institute of Malaysia (NAHRIM) with the tichnique of dam break to generate the bore like tsunami. The experiments showed that the initial water level upstream of the seawall has a significant effect on the scour profile and there is a strong negative relationship exists with Froude number of the incident bore and a strong positive relationship exists with Froude number of the overtopping flow depth above the crest of the seawall.

scholarly journals Nest prospecting brown-headed cowbirds ‘parasitize’ social information when the value of personal information is lacking

2017 ◽  
Vol 284 (1861) ◽  
pp. 20171083 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. White ◽  
Hayden B. Davies ◽  
Samuel Agyapong ◽  
Nora Seegmiller
Keyword(s):  
Personal Information ◽  
Molothrus Ater ◽  
Social Information ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Brood Parasites ◽  
Nest Selection ◽  
Strong Negative Relationship ◽  
Nest Quality ◽  
Cognitive Challenges

Brood parasites face considerable cognitive challenges in locating and selecting host nests for their young. Here, we test whether female brown-headed cowbirds, Molothrus ater , could use information acquired from observing the nest prospecting patterns of conspecifics to influence their own patterns of nest selection. In laboratory-based experiments, we created a disparity in the amount of personal information females had about the quality of nests. Females with less personal information about the quality of two nests spent more time investigating the nest that more knowledgeable females investigated. Furthermore, there was a strong negative relationship between individual's ability to track nest quality using personal information and their tendency to copy others. These two contrasting strategies for selecting nests are equally effective, but lead to different patterns of parasitism.

scholarly journals Atmospheric Pollution, Health, and Height in Late Nineteenth Century Britain

2018 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 1210-1247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy E. Bailey ◽  
Timothy J. Hatton ◽  
Kris Inwood
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Child Development ◽  
Atmospheric Pollution ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Strong Negative Relationship ◽  
Late Nineteenth

In nineteenth century Britain atmospheric pollution from coal-fired industrialization was on the order of 50 times higher than today. We examine the effects of these emissions on child development by analysing the heights on enlistment during WWI of men born in England and Wales in the 1890s. We find a strong negative relationship between adult heights and the coal intensity of the districts in which these men were observed as children in the 1901 census. The subsequent decline in atmospheric pollution likely contributed to the long-term improvement in health and increase in height.

scholarly journals Risk Surface: A Visualization of Data Sharing Risk for Enterprise Users

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 297-301
Author(s):  
Mark F. St. John ◽  
Woodrow Gustafson ◽  
April Martin ◽  
Ronald A. Moore ◽  
Christopher A. Korkos
Keyword(s):  
Data Sharing ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Surface Design ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Shared Data ◽  
Risks And Benefits ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Risk Visualization ◽  
Visualization Of Data

Enterprises share a wide variety of data with different partners. Tracking the risks and benefits of this data sharing is important for avoiding unwarranted risks of data exploitation. Data sharing risk can be characterized as a combination of trust in data sharing partners to not exploit shared data and the sensitivity, or potential for harm, of the data. Data sharing benefits can be characterized as the value likely to accrue to the enterprise from sharing the data by making the enterprise’s objectives more likely to succeed. We developed a risk visualization concept called a risk surface to support users monitoring for high risks and poor risk-benefit trade-offs. The risk surface design was evaluated in a series of two focus groups conducted with human factors professionals. Across the two studies, the design was improved and ultimately rated as highly useful. A risk surface needs to 1) convey which data, as joined data sets, are shared with which partners, 2) convey the degree of risk due to sharing that data, 3) convey the benefits of the data sharing and the trade-off between risk and benefits, and 4) be easy to scan at scale, since enterprises are likely to share many different types of data with many different partners.

How Important are Value Orientations to Environmental Concern? A Comparison of National and International Tourists in Malaysia

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 265-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyed Ahmad Moumen Ghazvini ◽  
Lim Lay Kian ◽  
João Sarmento
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Protected Areas ◽  
Environmental Concern ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Value Orientation ◽  
Value Orientations ◽  
Environmental Beliefs ◽  
Strong Negative Relationship ◽  
And Behaviors

Environmental beliefs, intentions, and behaviors can be derived from three types of values, namely, egoistic, altruistic, and biospheric. Consequently, the understanding of tourists’ value orientations and their association with environmental concern is crucial for improving productive strategies in the management of natural resources and protected areas. This study aims to scrutinize the priorities of tripartite value orientation between national (Malaysian) and international tourists (mostly European), and to investigate the contribution of these three value orientations to tourists’ environmental concern. Results disclose that Malaysian tourists valorize egoistic values more than tourists from Europe and other developed countries and are thus less concerned about the environment compared with their international counterparts. Furthermore, egoistic values have a strong negative relationship with environmental concern, whereas altruistic and biospheric values are positively related to this variable.

scholarly journals The affect heuristic in judgments of risks and benefits

2000 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa L. Finucane ◽  
Ali Alhakami ◽  
Paul Slovic ◽  
Stephen M. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Affect Heuristic ◽  
Risks And Benefits

Reported MPC and Unobserved Heterogeneity

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 275-297
Author(s):  
Tullio Jappelli ◽  
Luigi Pistaferri
Keyword(s):  
Unobserved Heterogeneity ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Fiscal Policies ◽  
Regression Methods ◽  
Household Resources ◽  
Italian Survey ◽  
Marginal Propensity To Consume ◽  
Strong Negative Relationship ◽  
Marginal Propensity ◽  
The Relationship

Panel data on reported marginal propensity to consume in the 2010 and 2016 Italian Survey of Household Income and Wealth uncover a strong negative relationship between cash on hand and MPC. Even though the relationship is attenuated when using regression methods that control for unobserved heterogeneity, the amount of bias is moderate. MPC estimates are used to evaluate the effectiveness of revenue-neutral fiscal policies targeting different parts of the distribution of household resources. (JEL E21, E62, G51)

Large testes and brain sizes in odontocetes (order Cetacea, suborder Odontoceti): the influence of mating system on encephalization

2014 ◽  
Vol 92 (8) ◽  
pp. 721-726 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trish C. Kelley ◽  
Jeff W. Higdon ◽  
Steven H. Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Conflict ◽  
Mating Systems ◽  
Sexual Size Dimorphism ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Mass Measurements ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Brain Mass ◽  
Terrestrial Mammals ◽  
Machiavellian Intelligence

Little is known about their mating systems, but odontocetes may utilize the same types of mating systems as terrestrial mammals. Species with relatively large testes are likely to be polygynandrous, while species with smaller testes and greater sexual size dimorphism (SSD) are predicted to be polygynous. The “Machiavellian intelligence or sexual conflict” hypothesis predicts that polygynadrous species also evolved larger brains both to coerce conspecifics to mate and to resist mating attempts by undesirable mates. The “costly tissue” hypothesis predicts that species investing heavily in testes invest less in brain tissue and vice versa to conserve energy. Residual testes and brain mass measurements were used to test the sexual conflict and costly tissue hypotheses in 40 species of odontocetes. Correlations were performed on both raw data and independent contrasts to control for phylogeny. There was a significant positive correlation between residual testes mass and SSD in both data sets, and between residual testes mass and residual brain mass in the non-phylogenetically controlled data set. Results indicate a negative relationship between increased testes masses and SSD in odontocetes. There was no support for the costly tissue hypothesis. Support for Machiavellian intelligence or sexual conflict hypothesis was found only when phylogenetic effects were not considered.

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