scholarly journals Perceiver Effects in First Impressions Reflect Generalized Stereotypes: Evidence of Consistency Across Time, Groups, and Contexts

2021 ◽  
pp. 194855062110667
Author(s):  
Richard Rau ◽  
Nicole M. Lawless DesJardins ◽  
Lisa Maria Niemeyer ◽  
Mitja D. Back ◽  
Sanjay Srivastava ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Interpersonal Perception ◽  
The Other ◽  
First Impressions ◽  
Global Evaluation ◽  
Empirically Supported ◽  
Specific Trait ◽  
Item Content ◽  
Rule Out ◽  
Perceiver Effects

In interpersonal perception, perceivers’ tendencies for judging the average target (perceiver effects) are commonly assumed to reflect generalized stereotypes about “the other.” This is empirically supported by findings of consistent rank-orders of perceiver effects across measurement occasions, but previous studies could not rule out important alternative explanations for consistency. Here, we present a strict test of the generalized stereotype account in two studies ( ns 146 and 295) in which participants provided mutual impressions in distinct, uniquely composed groups. Results reveal that perceiver effects are quite consistent on the level of global evaluation and acquiescence but less consistent on the level of specific trait- or item-content. The finding that perceivers who saw others in globally positive or negative ways in one situation also saw other targets in similar ways in entirely different situations across time, groups, and contexts is strong evidence for the generalized stereotype account and has vital implications.

scholarly journals Perceiver effects in first impressions reflect generalized stereotypes: Evidence of consistency across time, groups, and contexts.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Rau ◽  
Lisa Maria Niemeyer ◽  
Nicole M. Lawless DesJardins ◽  
Sanjay Srivastava ◽  
Mitja Back ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Interpersonal Perception ◽  
The Other ◽  
First Impressions ◽  
Global Evaluation ◽  
Empirically Supported ◽  
Specific Trait ◽  
Item Content ◽  
Rule Out ◽  
Perceiver Effects

In interpersonal perception, perceivers’ tendencies for judging the average target (perceiver effects) are commonly assumed to reflect generalized stereotypes about “the other”. This is empirically supported by findings of consistent rank-orders of perceiver effects across measurement occasions, but previous studies could not rule out important alternative explanations for consistency. Here, we present a strict test of the generalized stereotype account in two studies (ns 146 and 295) in which participants provided mutual impressions in distinct, uniquely composed groups. Results reveal that perceiver effects are quite consistent on the level of global evaluation and acquiescence but less consistent on the level of specific trait- or item-content. The finding that perceivers who saw others in globally positive or negative ways in one situation also saw other targets in similar ways in entirely different situations across time, groups, and contexts is strong evidence for the generalized stereotype account and has vital implications.

Modernism, Empiricism, and Rationalism

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-47
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Squires
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Modern Poetry ◽  
Philosophical Perspective ◽  
Irish Poetry ◽  
Dimensional Spectrum ◽  
Culture History ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Rule Out

Modernism is usually defined historically as the composite movement at the beginning of the twentieth century which led to a radical break with what had gone before in literature and the other arts. Given the problems of the continuing use of the concept to cover subsequent writing, this essay proposes an alternative, philosophical perspective which explores the impact of rationalism (what we bring to the world) on the prevailing empiricism (what we take from the world) of modern poetry, which leads to a concern with consciousness rather than experience. This in turn involves a re-conceptualisation of the lyric or narrative I, of language itself as a phenomenon, and of other poetic themes such as nature, culture, history, and art. Against the background of the dominant empiricism of modern Irish poetry as presented in Crotty's anthology, the essay explores these ideas in terms of a small number of poets who may be considered modernist in various ways. This does not rule out modernist elements in some other poets and the initial distinction between a poetics of experience and one of consciousness is better seen as a multi-dimensional spectrum that requires further, more detailed analysis than is possible here.

BLOCKADE OF THE SURGE OF PROLACTIN AT PRO-OESTRUS BY ADMINISTRATION OF ANTI-OESTROGENIC SUBSTANCE, MER-25

1973 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 769-774 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akira Yokoyama ◽  
Hiroshi Tomogane ◽  
Katuaki Ôta
Keyword(s):  
Strong Evidence ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand

ABSTRACT A non-steroidal oestrogen antagonist, MER-25, was administered to cycling rats for elucidating the role of oestrogen in the surge of prolactin observed on the afternoon of pro-oestrus (POe). In animals injected with 20 mg of MER-25 intramuscularly on the afternoon (16.30 h) of the first day of dioestrus (D-1), the surge of prolactin was blocked while the level of prolactin on the afternoon of POe of these animals was significantly higher than that of the corresponding controls injected with oil. Ovulation was also blocked in these animals treated with the drug on the afternoon of D-l. On the other hand, treatment on the morning (10.30 h) of the 2nd day of dioestrus failed to prevent not only the surge of prolactin but also ovulation. These observations provide strong evidence for the view that oestrogen is responsible for the surge of prolactin on the afternoon of POe, and that the surge is accompanied by that of LH.

scholarly journals EXPRESS: When Two Actors Perform Different Tasks: Still No Evidence for Shared Task-Sets in Joint Task Switching

2021 ◽  
pp. 174702182110315
Author(s):  
Motonori Yamaguchi ◽  
Husnain H. Shah ◽  
Bernhard Hommel
Keyword(s):  
Task Switching ◽  
The Other ◽  
Shared Task ◽  
Joint Condition ◽  
Task Instructions ◽  
Switch Costs ◽  
Joint Task ◽  
Task Sets ◽  
Rule Out

Two different variations of joint task switching led to different conclusions as to whether co-acting individuals share the same task-sets. The present study aimed at bridging this gap by replicating the version in which two actors performed two different tasks. Experiment 1 showed switch costs across two actors in a joint condition, which agreed with previous studies, but also yielded even larger switch costs in a solo condition, which contradicted the claim that actors represent an alternative task as their own when it is carried out by the co-actor but not when no one carries it out. Experiments 2 and 3 further examined switch costs in the solo condition with the aim to rule out possible influences of task instructions for and experiences with the other task that was not assigned to the actor. Before participants were instructed on the second of the two tasks, switch costs were still obtained without a co-actor when explicit task names (“COLOUR” and “SHAPE”) served as go/nogo signals (Experiment 2), but not when arbitrary symbols (“XXXX” and “​​​​”) served as go/nogo signals (Experiment 3). The results thus imply that switch costs depend on participants’ knowledge of task cues being assigned to two different tasks, but not on whether the other task is performed by a co-actor. These findings undermine the assumption that switch costs in the joint conditions reflect shared task-sets between co-actors in this procedure.

scholarly journals The Glucosamine Controversy; A Pharmacokinetic Issue

2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Aghazadeh-Habashi ◽  
Fakhreddin Jamali
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
The Other ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Assessment Metrics ◽  
Disease Modifying ◽  
Clinical Trial Results ◽  
Higher Doses ◽  
Positive Results ◽  
Rule Out

Glucosamine (GlcN) is a naturally occurring aminosugar that is widely used to treat osteoarthritis despite controversial clinical trial results. Animal studies, on the other hand, unequivocally suggest anti-inflammatory and disease modifying effects for GlcN. Many explanations have been offered as to the root of the controversy. They include superiority of a crystalline sulphate salt over HCl, industry bias, insensitive assessment metrics and poor methodology. Herein, we rule out a difference in bioequivalence between GlcN salts and that of chemically equivalent doses and suggest additional factors; i.e., inconsistency in the chemical potency of some products used, under-dosing of patients as well as variable and erratic bioavailability indices for the lack of GlcN efficacy observed in some studies. Clinical trials using higher doses of pharmaceutical grade GlcN or formulations with greater bioavailability should yield positive results. This article is open to POST-PUBLICATION REVIEW. Registered readers (see “For Readers”) may comment by clicking on ABSTRACT on the issue’s contents page.

scholarly journals Dynamic Causal Relationships among GDP, Exports, and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in the Developing Countries

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohsen Mehrara ◽  
Amin Haghnejad ◽  
Jalal Dehnavi ◽  
Fereshteh Jandaghi Meybodi
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fdi Inflows ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Growth Hypothesis

Using panel techniques, this paper estimates the causality among economic growth, exports, and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflows for developing countries over the period of 1980 to 2008. The study indicates that; firstly, there is strong evidence of bidirectional causality between economic growth and FDI inflows. Secondly, the exports-led growth hypothesis is supported by the finding of unidirectional causality running from exports to economic growth in both the short-run and the long-run. Thirdly, export is not Granger caused by economic growth and FDI inflow in either the short run or the long run. On the basis of the obtained results, it is recommended that outward-oriented strategies and policies of attracting FDI be pursued by developing countries to achieve higher rates of economic growth. On the other hand, the countries can increase FDI inflows by stimulating their economic growth.

scholarly journals Rewiry metafory. Między ozdobą dyskursu a zwierciadłem duszy

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 46-69
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Popek
Keyword(s):  
Donald Davidson ◽  
The Other ◽  
Gottlob Frege ◽  
Ernst Cassirer ◽  
Rhetorical Tradition ◽  
Complex Sentences ◽  
George Lakoff ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Linguistic Phenomenon ◽  
Rule Out

The purpose of the text is to make some reconnaissance in the area of title "districts of metaphor" (or hunting grounds of metaphor) as well as reference to the unsolvable problems which are implied by a metaphorical mystery of metaphysical expressions. Thy are the order of the day in the main currents of philosophy. Starting from the rhetorical tradition of metaphor (the Aristotelian attempts of definition of metaphor as such) and of terms additional related with it (Max Black), I gradually illustrate what involves its post-rhetorical tradition. I show that philosophical symbolism derives from Aristotle’s hermeneutics, which becomes a gateway for understanding the mystery of metaphor. Like browsing in themselves mirrors, it grows also from simple phrases in complex sentences. In semantic sense, while the symbol has many meanings, the metaphor has a double meaning. It is not however limited by this matter, because in some sense, it has broader content than a symbol, as it introduces into language meanings that in the symbol are only internal (Paul Ricoeur). We also encounter reflective metaphors in our everyday speech and in the attempts of associative penetration into other people's expression. Conceptual decoding of metaphors is common for users of language (George Lakoff, Mark Johnson). On the other hand, there are specific districts of metaphorical expressions, which are reserved for poetic metaphors (Donald Davidson). Noteworthy are also the very unobvious contexts of metaphor in which the authors do not talk about this linguistic phenomenon directly (eg. Gottlob Frege, Ernst Cassirer). Declarative answer to the question whether the metaphor is a simply ornament of discourse or rather a mirror of the soul, is not possible too. Perhaps the metaphor as such includes the both variants. One must consider that being an ornament of speech or writing does not rule out it is also something more than just decoration. It wonders, bothers, disquiet, returning us into our souls. It is also like the unifying soul of all people – in cognitive sense.

scholarly journals Sharia Life Insurance Business and Risk Management Based on Sharia Principles: Regulatory Perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 395-414
Author(s):  
Parmujianto Parmujianto
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Life Insurance ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
The Other ◽  
Theoretical Contribution ◽  
Depth Data ◽  
Regulatory Perspective ◽  
Insurance Business ◽  
Business Entities ◽  
Rule Out

Abstract: Sharia life insurance is an agreement between two parties. One is obliged to pay a contribution or premium, and the other must ensure a full guarantee of the insurers. It should undertake the protection of a contingent or uncertain loss based on the contract. This research used a descriptive qualitative approach. It seeks to explore and understand the central phenomenon to obtain in-depth data to reveal the facts on the research object. The theoretical contribution in this study can contribute to the insights about the insurance partnership of ASYKI, Inc. to increase the number of insurance participants. It is expected that people do not have doubts about sharia life insurance in a formal juridical manner related to insurance. The result of the research showed that Asuransi Shariah Keluarga Indonesia ASYKI, Inc Pasuruan Unit's performance is generally good. According to Law No.40 of 2014, its risk management is sharia-oriented. However, it does not rule out individuals who register individually. Still, ASYKI, Inc. Pasuruan Unit provides some solutions. They should register with the ASYKI partners. It opens an opportunity for the polis applicants to easily recognize and apply sharia life insurance without going through business entities or companies that act as intermediaries.الملخص: التأمين على الحياة في الشريعة هو تأمين أو اتفاق بين طرفين يلتزم فيه أحد الطرفين بدفع  تراكات أو أقساط والآخر ملزم بتقديم ضمانات كاملة لدافعي الاشتراكات / الاشتراكات / الأقساط إذا حدث شيء ما الطرف الأول أو ممتلكاته وفقًا للاتفاق المبرم. النهج المستخدم في هذه الدراسة هو نهج وصفي نوعي. يسعى هذا النهج إلى استكشاف وفهم الظاهرة المركزية من أجل الحصول على بيانات متعمقة لكشف الحقائق التي حدثت في موضوع البحث. يمكن أن تساهم المساهمات النظرية في هذه الدراسة في المعرفة حول شراكة التأمين لـ PT. ASYKI في زيادة عدد المشاركين في التأمين. من الناحية العملية حتى لا يساور الناس شك حول التأمين الشرعي على الحياة ، سواء من الناحية القانونية أو الرسمية المتعلقة بالتأمين .وقد أظهرت نتائج هذه الدراسة أن PT. تعتبر وحدة ASYKI Pasuruan  للتأمين الشرعي للأسرة الإندونيسية بشكل عام جيدة ووفقًا للقانون رقم 40 لعام 2014 في إدارة إدارة المخاطر على أساس مبادئ الشريعة الإسلامية ، على الرغم من أنه من الممكن للأفراد التسجيل بشكل فردي ، وهو الحل الذي تقدمه PT. يجب أن تسجل وحدة  ASYKI Pasuruan بوالص التأمين الموجهة بشكل فردي إلى أحد الشركاء الذين يعملون مع PT. سيفتح ASYKI وفي المستقبل فرصًا لمسجلي السياسة الفردية بحيث يكون الجمهور أكثر حرية في التعرف على التأمين على الحياة وتطبيقه وفقًا للشريعة بسهولة دون الحاجة إلى المرور عبر كيان تجاري أو شركة تعمل كوسيط. Abstrak: Asuransi jiwa syari’ah merupakan pertanggungan atau perjanjian antara dua belah pihak yangmana pihak satu berkewajiban membayar kontribusi atau premi dan yang lainnya memiliki kewajiban memberikan jaminan sepenuhnya kepada pembayar iuran/kontribusi/premi apabila terjadi sesuatu yang menimpa pihak pertama atau barang miliknya sesuai dengan perjanjian yang sudah dibuat. Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif.  Pendekatan  ini berusaha mengekplorasi dan memahami gejala sentral agar mendapatkan data yang mendalam guna mengungkapkan fakta yang terjadi pada objek penelitian. Kontribusi teoritis  dalam penelitian ini dapat memberikan sumbangsih ilmu pengetahuan tentang kemitraan asuransi  PT. ASYKI dalam menambah jumlah peserta asuransi. Adapun secara praktis agar masyarakat tidak memiliki keraguan mengenai asuransi jiwa shariah, baik secara yuridis formal yang berhubungan dengan perasuransian. Hasil dari penelitian ini bahwa PT. Asuransi Shariah Keluarga Indonesia ASYKI Unit Pasuruan secara umum dan keseluruan sudah baik  dan sesuai dengan UU No.40 Tahun 2014 dalam pengelolaan manajemen resiko sudah berdasarkan prinsip shariah, meskipun tidak menutup kemungkinan ada individu yang mendaftarkan diri secara perorangan, namun solusi yang ditawarkan dari pihak PT. ASYKI Unit Pasuruan hendaknya pendaftar poli asuransi secara individu di arahkan pada salah satu mitra yang bekerja sama dengan PT. ASYKI dan ke depannya akan membuka peluang bagi pendaftar polis secara perorangan sehingga masyarakat lebih leluasa untuk mengenal dan menerapkan asuransi jiwa shariah dengan mudah tanpa harus melalui badan usaha atau perusahaan yang menjadi perantara.

scholarly journals COVID-19: A Therapeutic Approach Based on Pathophysiological Staging

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-37
Author(s):  
Christian Domingo Ribas
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Failure ◽  
Therapeutic Approach ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
The Other ◽  
Present Evidence ◽  
Respiratory Events ◽  
Therapeutic Decisions ◽  
Disease Staging ◽  
The One ◽  
Rule Out

The COVID-19 pandemic is a recently emerging problem. This has caused that the knowledge of the disease has been progressive and, therefore, the therapeutic decisions have been conditioned by this lack of knowledge on the one hand and by the therapeutic limitations on the other. Many published studies are methodologically weak and their conclusions, of limited value, have contributed to creating confusion on the therapeutic approach of the disease. In the present paper, we propose a therapeutic approach based on a new disease staging. The therapeutic approach is divided into two big sections: the pharmacological treatment for the phase of viral replication, cytokine storm or late respiratory events (which includes the adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)) and the treatment of the respiratory failure In every stage, we discuss the pathophysiology and comment (accept or rule out) the pharmacological options according to the present evidence. Moreover, we indicate how respiratory failure should be treated. Some characteristics are based on the evidence found in the literature. Others are the result of my experience in other situations.

scholarly journals Holistic and conceptual character of the mental in Donald Davidson’s work

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-142
Author(s):  
Milos Bogdanovic
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Ontological Category ◽  
Conceptual Category ◽  
Central Thesis ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
Rule Out

In this paper we will try to confront Quine?s and Davidson?s holistic position through Davidson?s thesis of mental as a non-ontological category. In this regard, since Davidson came to this position through the thesis of mental as a decidedly conceptual category, we will try to show how this approach does not, nevertheless, rule out the possibility of its interpretation in ontological terms. However, in what follows we will draw attention to the fact that mental can be interpreted so that it proves to be immune to ontologization in Quine?s sense. This would be the evidence of different ways, which are not necessarily compatible, to argue for Davidson?s central thesis - the thesis about holistic character of mental - as well as, which is closely related, a certain difference that exists between Davidson?s view of mental as a conceptual category on the one hand, and a holistic category on the other hand.

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