scholarly journals Economic Security & the Regulation of Gig Work in California: From AB5 to Proposition 22

2021 ◽  
pp. 203195252110631
Author(s):  
Veena B. Dubal
Keyword(s):  
Unemployment Insurance ◽  
Safety Net ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Ethnographic Research ◽  
Independent Contractors ◽  
Living Wages ◽  
State Employment ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Welfare State

Employment is the primary legal and political means to address economic inequality in the United States. With the evisceration of the welfare state, employment is also key to democratic outcomes. Despite this, self-employed work deployed by labour platforms like Uber has grown in recent years. What can we learn from worker demands and recent regulatory attempts to clarify and extend who is covered by employment protections? Based on a decade of legal and ethnographic research in the state of California, I situate the legal and regulatory history of labour platform work in the context of platform workers’ experiences and responses to the insecurities and poverty promulgated by their putative status as independent contractors. In highlighting this history, I argue that self-organised labour platform workers were critical to the passage of a state law (AB5) that would have forced companies to treat them as employees—with access to predictable living wages, unemployment insurance, workers’ compensation, and health insurance, among other safety net protections. Finally, I show how, leveraging tremendous structural and instrumental power, the major labour platform companies, in the middle of the global Coronavirus pandemic, sponsored a successful referendum on AB5, and lay out the anti-democratic implications of the referendum's passage.

Abstract 090: Armenian Ethnicity: An Independent Risk Factor for Positive Exercise Treadmill Tests

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (suppl_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ara H Rostomian ◽  
Daniel Sanchez ◽  
Jonathan Soverow
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Safety Net ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Health ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Safety Net Hospital ◽  
Exercise Treadmill ◽  
History Of

Background: Several studies have examined the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) among larger racial and ethnic groups such as Hispanics and African-Americans in the United States, but limited information is available on smaller subgroups such as Armenians. According to the World Health Organization, Armenia ranks eighth in CVD rates among all countries however it is unclear if Armenian immigrants living in the US have the same high rates of disease. This study examined whether being of Armenian descent increased the risk of having a positive exercise treadmill test (ETT) among patients treated at a safety net hospital in Los Angeles County. Methods: Data on patients who received an ETT from 2008-2011 were used to conduct a retrospective analysis of the relationship between Armenian ethnicity and ETT result as a surrogate measure for CVD. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the odds ratios (OR) for having a positive ETT among Armenians relative to non-Armenians, adjusting for the following pre-specified covariates: gender, age, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, smoking, family history of coronary artery disease (CAD), and patient history of CAD. Results: A total of 5,297 patients, ages 18 to 89, were included. Of these, 13% were Armenian and 46% were male, with an average age of 53 years. Armenians had higher odds of having a positive ETT than non-Armenians (Crude OR=1.30, p=0.037, CI:1.02,1.66). After adjusting for CV risk factors, Armenians were still significantly more likely to have a positive ETT than non-Armenians (OR=1.33, p=0.029, CI:1.03,1.71). CAD (OR 2.02, p<0.001, CI:1.38,2.96), and hyperlipidemia (OR=1.31, p=0.008, CI:1.07,1.60) were also significantly associated with a positive ETT. Conclusion: Armenians have a higher likelihood of having a positive ETT than non-Armenians. This relationship appears to be independent of traditional CV risk factors and suggests a role for cultural and/or genetic influences.

Charity and Philanthropy

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoltan J. Acs
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Welfare State ◽  
The United States ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Self Reliance ◽  
Bill Gates ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Philanthropy ◽  
Viable System ◽  
The Welfare State

This chapter traces the history of philanthropy and shows the extent to which it is woven into the very fabric of the American entrepreneurial experiment. In order to understand philanthropy as a viable system for recycling wealth and creating opportunity, it is worth probing the dynamics that have sustained philanthropic giving and the conditions under which it has prospered and wavered. After providing a historical background on philanthropy in the United States, the chapter considers the Giving Pledge, an idea put forth by Bill Gates and Warren Buffett that commits billionaires to give away one-half of their wealth in their lifetimes. It then looks at the origins of American generosity, along with volunteerism, associations, and self-reliance. It also discusses mass philanthropy, the welfare state and the persistence of philanthropy, political philanthropy, and the rationale behind philanthropy and charity.

American Jewish History

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hasia Diner
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Jewish History ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
First Century ◽  
American Jewish History ◽  
Modern Jewish History ◽  
History Of ◽  
American Jewish ◽  
Scholarly Inquiry

American Jewish history as a field of scholarly inquiry takes as its subject-matter the experience of Jews in the United States and places it within the context of both modern Jewish history and the history of the United States. Its practitioners see their intellectual project as inextricably connected to both histories. At the beginning of the twenty-first century the enterprise of American Jewish history enjoys a condition of robust health. By the 1990s American immigration history had generally declined in favour within the ranks of American historians. That Jews, outsiders to American culture upon their arrival in the United States, were able to penetrate barriers and enter the mainstream clashes with the way historians want to see the American past. As a group who craved both economic security and respectability, their story lacks the dramatic punch of resisters and rebels to the American ethos.

Searching for Christian America

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Lauren R. Kerby
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Political Behavior ◽  
Religion And Politics ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ethnographic Research ◽  
Dynamic Relationship ◽  
History Of ◽  
White Evangelicals ◽  
Heritage Industry ◽  
Christian Nationalism

This chapter introduces how white evangelicals imagine and reimagine the American past and how their dynamic relationship to the nation informs their political behavior. It draws on ethnographic research on Christian heritage tourism in Washington, D.C.; the history of the Christian Right; narrative theories of identity; and the material culture of the nation’s capital. Together, these sources show that white evangelicals imagine themselves in four different roles in the American story—founders, exiles, victims, and saviors—and that they see history as the key to America’s salvation. In their view, the nation is in decline, but if they can restore their nostalgic, imagined past, it will prosper once more. This jeremiad is central to white Christian nationalism, and it is perpetuated by the Christian heritage industry, including Christian heritage tours that capitalize on the ambient Christianity of D.C. Attention to this lived history is essential for understanding how religion and politics entwine in the United States today.

When Wall Street Met Main Street: The Quest for an Investors' Democracy and the Emergence of the Retail Investor in the United States, 1890–1930

2008 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 619-630
Author(s):  
Julia Cathleen Ott
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Securities Market ◽  
Market Regulation ◽  
Financial Industry ◽  
Wall Street ◽  
Main Street ◽  
Retail Investor ◽  
History Of ◽  
Government Corporations

“When Wall Street met Main Street” recovers the lost history of the American investor and locates the origins of conservative belief in the ability of laissez-faire financialmarkets to provide economic security and justice for all. Bond and stock marketing by the federal government, corporations, and the financial industry is analyzed alongside emerging investor-centered theories of political economy and the relevant debates over economic reform. As early twentieth century securities marketers and their ideological allies promoted investment, they wrestled with the meaning of citizenship and democracy under industrial corporate capitalism. The ideas and institutions examined in this study endured the Crash of 1929, shaping the parameters of New Deal securities market regulation and sustaining opposition to modern liberalism until the present day.

scholarly journals Quantifying the Benefits of Social Insurance: Unemployment Insurance and Health

2020 ◽  
Vol 102 (3) ◽  
pp. 490-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elira Kuka
Keyword(s):  
Unemployment Insurance ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
Insurance Coverage ◽  
Risky Behaviors ◽  
Health Insurance Coverage ◽  
Safety Net ◽  
The United States ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
Unemployment Rates ◽  
Reported Health

While the unemployment insurance (UI) program is one of the largest safety net programs in the United States, research on its benefits is limited. This paper exploits plausibly exogenous changes in state UI laws to empirically estimate whether UI generosity mitigates any of the previously documented negative health effects of job loss. The results show that higher UI generosity increases health insurance coverage and utilization, with stronger effects during periods of high unemployment rates. During such periods, higher UI generosity also leads to improved self-reported health. Finally, I find no effects on risky behaviors or health conditions.

scholarly journals To the question of ensuring international economic security: logics and key stages

2020 ◽  
pp. 38-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrei Andreevich Kovalev
Keyword(s):  
International Economic ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Sustainable Growth ◽  
Global System ◽  
Logical Aspect ◽  
History Of

The goal of this work is to examine the history of ensuring international economic security. This goal can be achieved through the following tasks: 1) determine and explore the stages of ensuring international economic security within historical-logical aspect; 2) characterize and signify the key events of these stages; 3) assess the effectiveness of the mechanism of international legal provision of economic security within the highlighted historical periods. History of ensuring international economic security allows understanding it as the state of global economy, which drives the significant and sustainable growth of economic indexes and demonstrates efficient satisfaction of the economic interests of all nations. In this article, the provision of international economic security was examined within the historical-logical aspect, determining three stages of this process: 1) period between two world wars, when for the first time humanity set forth a task to ensure economic security as the paramount existential factor; 2) during the 1940&rsquo;s &ndash; 1980&rsquo;s the struggle between the global system of Socialism and Capitalist world also took place as a competition for economic efficiency of the two socioeconomic formations; 3) the third period, arriving after the collapse of the Soviet Union and global system of Socialism, is characterized as creation of unipolar world that is dominated by the United States, which initiated the globalization processes. This led to collision of civilizations, threatening to morph into a large-scale civilizational conflict. At the current stage of civilizational collision, it is difficult to reach a consensus in majority of the key issues pertaining to international economic security.

scholarly journals The Normative Impact of Unemployment Insurance

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-125
Author(s):  
Jean-Pierre Tabin ◽  
Raluca Enescu
Keyword(s):  
Information System ◽  
Welfare State ◽  
Unemployment Insurance ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Foreign Workers ◽  
Close Link ◽  
History Of ◽  
Domestic Labour ◽  
Gendered Roles ◽  
The Welfare State

The debate on classification instruments for social security regimes opened by Esping-Andersen (1990) usually neglects the examination of the normative impact of the welfare state. This article focus on this latter through an analysis of systems of protection against unemployment in 11 of the European countries included in the database known as the Mutual Information System on Social Protection (MISSOC).We show in this article that unemployment insurance only recognize legal, authorized and declared salaried employees who have resided in the country for a set period of time, which confirms the close link between social policy and nationality, with some foreign workers being excluded from the circle of beneficiaries because of these norms. Unemployment insurance also always considers jobs as rare social goods - workers are expected to hold on to them, but they are declined differently along a person’s life course. The dominance of the male employment norm and the complete lack of consideration given to domestic labour by unemployment insurance contribute to structuring gendered roles as separate and hierarchically organized. Disparities between countries, whether related to contextual differences or to the history of the local welfare state, do not weaken these arguments since they are not founded upon fundamentally different conceptions of unemployment.

MOVE

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Kent Evans
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Police Department ◽  
The United States ◽  
United States Government ◽  
Ethnographic Research ◽  
States Government ◽  
Tear Gas ◽  
History Of ◽  
Improvised Explosives

This book is a religious history of MOVE, a small, mostly African American religious group devoted to the religious teachings of John Africa that emerged in Philadelphia in the early 1970s. MOVE is perhaps best known for the MOVE Bombing. In 1985, the Philadelphia Police Department—working in concert with federal and state law enforcement—attacked a home that MOVE people shared in West Philadelphia, involving hundreds of police officers and firefighters and using tear gas, 10,000 rounds of ammunition, and improvised explosives. Most infamously, a police officer dropped a bomb containing C-4 explosives, which he had acquired from the FBI, from a helicopter onto the roof of the MOVE house. The bomb started a fire, which officials allowed to spread in hopes of burning MOVE people out of the house. Police officers fired upon MOVE people who tried to escape the flames. Eleven MOVE people died in the attack, including John Africa. Five of those who died were children. Based on never-before-seen law enforcement records and extensive archival and ethnographic research, MOVE: An American Religion reinterprets the history of MOVE from its origins in the late 1960s, its growth in the early 1970s, its conflicts with the United States government from the mid-1970s to the mid-1980s, and its presence today. It is the first full-length academic study of MOVE since 1994 and is the first book to consider MOVE as a religion.

When the Old Left Was Young

1993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Cohen
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Political Protest ◽  
World War ◽  
Old Left ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Depression Era ◽  
Comprehensive History ◽  
The Welfare State

The Depression era saw the first mass student movement in American history. The crusade, led in large part by young Communists, was both an anti-war campaign and a movement championing a broader and more egalitarian vision of the welfare state than that of the New Dealers. The movement arose from a massive political awakening on campus, caused by the economic crisis of the 1930s, the escalating international tensions, and threat of world war wrought by fascism. At its peak, in the late 1930s, the movement mobilized at least a half million collegians in annual strikes against war. Never before, and not again until the 1960s, were so many undergraduates mobilized for political protest in the United States. The movement lost nearly all its momentum in 1939, when the signing of the Hitler-Stalin pact served to discredit the student Communist leaders. Adding to the emerging portrait of political life in the 1930s, this book is the result of an extraordinary amount of research, has fascinating individual stories to tell, and offers the first comprehensive history of this student insurgency.

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