Militarization and police violence: The case of the 1033 program

Does increased militarization of law enforcement agencies (LEAs) lead to an increase in violent behavior among officers? We theorize that the receipt of military equipment increases multiple dimensions of LEA militarization (material, cultural, organizational, and operational) and that such increases lead to more violent behavior. The US Department of Defense 1033 program makes excess military equipment, including weapons and vehicles, available to local LEAs. The variation in the amount of transferred equipment allows us to probe the relationship between military transfers and police violence. We estimate a series of regressions that test the effect of 1033 transfers on three dependent variables meant to capture police violence: the number of civilian casualties; the change in the number of civilian casualties; and the number of dogs killed by police. We find a positive and statistically significant relationship between 1033 transfers and fatalities from officer-involved shootings across all models.

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Agency Correlates of Police Militarization: The Case of MRAPs

Police Quarterly ◽

10.1177/1098611118800780 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 161-191 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Brett C. Burkhardt ◽

Keith Baker

Keyword(s):

Law Enforcement ◽

Department Of Defense ◽

National Data ◽

Law Enforcement Agencies ◽

Military Equipment ◽

Military Occupations ◽

Asset Forfeiture ◽

Domestic Law ◽

The U.S

In 2014, protests in Ferguson, Missouri (MO), and the subsequent law enforcement response, shined a light on police militarization—the adoption of military styles, equipment, and tactics within law enforcement. Since 1990, the U.S. Department of Defense has transferred excess military equipment to domestic law enforcement agencies via the federal 1033 program. This article examines transfers of mine-resistant ambush-protected vehicles or MRAPs. Designed to withstand explosive blasts during U.S. military occupations in Iraq and Afghanistan, surplus MRAPs have been shipped to more than 800 domestic law enforcement agencies. This article uses national data on law enforcement agencies and on 1033 program transfers to analyze the pattern of MRAP distribution. The results show that MRAPs are disproportionately acquired by agencies that have warrior tendencies and rely on asset forfeiture to generate revenue. This pattern of militarization is consistent with a model of governance that views citizens as both opportunities and threats.

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Biotypologies of Terrorism

Cultural Studies Review ◽

10.5130/csr.v14i2.2071 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Joseph Pugliese

Keyword(s):

Law Enforcement ◽

Department Of Defense ◽

New Technologies ◽

International Association ◽

Middle Eastern ◽

Law Enforcement Agencies ◽

Suicide Bombers ◽

The Us ◽

Chiefs Of Police ◽

The Military

The International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) document, ‘Training Keys #581: Suicide (Homicide) Bombers: Part 1,’ is designed to assist law enforcement authorities in the pre-emptive capture of prospective suicide bombers. In this essay, Pugliese focuses on the training key to examine the manner in which essentialised biotypologies are mobilised and reproduced within the context of the so-called ‘war on terror.’ The use of biotypologies by both the military and law enforcement agencies reproduces a disciplinary biopolitical regime premised on normative conceptualisations of race, gender and bodily behaviour. Pugliese discusses these regimes in the context of the US Department of Defense and its advocacy of ‘identity dominance’ through the development of new technologies such as gait signature biometrics. Situated in this context, he shows how biotypologies of targeted subjects are instrumental in fomenting cultural panics concerning the Arab and/or Muslim and/or figure ‘of Middle Eastern appearance’.

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Agency Correlates of Police Militarization: The Case of MRAPs

10.31235/osf.io/y5bvn ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Brett Burkhardt ◽

Keith Baker

Keyword(s):

Law Enforcement ◽

Department Of Defense ◽

National Data ◽

Law Enforcement Agencies ◽

Military Equipment ◽

Military Occupations ◽

Asset Forfeiture ◽

Domestic Law ◽

The U.S

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Charting a Course for Body-Worn Cameras in the Twenty-First Century

Cops, Cameras, and Crisis ◽

10.18574/nyu/9781479820177.003.0005 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 103-138

Author(s):

Michael D. White ◽

Aili Malm

Keyword(s):

Law Enforcement ◽

Critical Incident ◽

Best Practice ◽

First Century ◽

Department Of Justice ◽

Law Enforcement Agencies ◽

The Public ◽

Diffusion Characteristics ◽

The Us ◽

Practice Implementation

There are two objectives in this chapter. The first is a forward-looking review of the next set of challenges for BWC adopters. These challenges span the factors that can influence diffusion (characteristics of the innovation, innovators, and environment) and center on both human and technological elements of a BWC program. The authors assess the next set of human-based challenges with BWCs, such as addressing activation compliance (and dealing with low-end activators), addressing controversies surrounding the public release of video and officers’ authority to review video after a critical incident (i.e., a shooting), managing citizens’ and other nonusers’ expectations of the technology (handling the onset of a “CSI effect” with BWCs, where if there is no video, then it did not happen), and being responsive to changing laws on evidence, privacy, and access to BWC footage. The authors also consider emerging technological innovations such as automatic activation, the integration of BWCs and facial recognition, and the role and use of “big data” with BWCs. The second objective centers on planning and implementation. More specifically, the authors delve into how law enforcement agencies can navigate the well-known and newly emerging challenges surrounding BWCs in order optimize the likelihood of achieving positive outcomes. In particular, they focus on a “best-practice” implementation guide developed by the US Department of Justice, called the “Law Enforcement Implementation Checklist.” The chapter concludes with a few important takeaway messages regarding the future of BWCs in policing.

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Are the Effects of Legitimacy and Its Components Invariant? Operationalization and the Generality of Sunshine and Tyler’s Empowerment Hypothesis

Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency ◽

10.1177/0022427820926228 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 58 (1) ◽

pp. 3-40

Author(s):

Bryanna Fox ◽

Richard K. Moule ◽

Chae M. Jaynes ◽

Megan M. Parry

Keyword(s):

Law Enforcement ◽

Public Support ◽

National Sample ◽

Ordinary Least Squares ◽

Interactive Effects ◽

Direct Effects ◽

Military Equipment ◽

Interaction Terms ◽

Normative Factors ◽

The Relationship

Objectives: To assess whether the relationship between legitimacy and police empowerment is sensitive to the operationalization of legitimacy, and whether the effects of legitimacy and its components on empowerment are invariant. Empowerment is examined in the context of police militarization—public support for the discretionary use of surplus military equipment by law enforcement. Method: Using a national sample of 702 American adults and a series of ordinary least squares regressions, the direct and interactive effects of legitimacy and its components on empowerment are examined. Results: The composite measure of legitimacy, as well as its individual components, each exert direct effects on police empowerment. Instrumental factors have persisting, albeit weaker, effects relative to normative factors. Interaction terms between the composite legitimacy measure or its components and sociodemographic characteristics were not statistically significant. In short, the effects of legitimacy and its components on empowerment appear invariant. Conclusions: Findings provide additional evidence of the generality of Tyler’s process–based model and extend these considerations to the burgeoning literature on public empowerment of police.

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Regulation of Behavioral Deviations in the Youth Environment

Journal of Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University ◽

10.15330/jpnu.8.1.165-173 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 165-173

Author(s):

Roksolyana Zozulyak-Sluchyk

Keyword(s):

Law Enforcement ◽

Criminal Behavior ◽

Deviant Behavior ◽

Violent Behavior ◽

Preschool Age ◽

Social Regulation ◽

Negative Consequences ◽

Law Enforcement Agencies ◽

Judicial Practice ◽

Science Regulation

The problem of regulation of behavioral deviations in the youth environment attracts the attention of many researchers in various branches of science. Regulation of behavioral deviations means the prevention of unfavorable living conditions of adolescents, namely the elimination of factors that can cause certain negative consequences. The article reveals and analyzes the important factors that determine the criminal behavior of adolescents. In particular, such factors are singled out: uncensored propaganda of negative behavior styles that provoke adolescents to imitate «heroes» with bloody and violent behavior; the influence of families that give their children little attention from preschool age, turn a blind eye to their bad behavior, have an irresponsible attitude to the world around them and the environment, encourage their children’s whims; inconsistency of legal reform, extremes in modern judicial practice. The results of the study of predisposition to criminal behavior of adolescents are also presented. The methods chosen for the study: “Diagnosis of the tendency to overcome social norms and rules (Yu.A. Kleiberg)”, “Methods of diagnosing the tendency to deviant behavior (A.N. Orel)”, “Diagnosis of hostility (according to the Cook-Medley scale)”, “Obozov-Shchokintest to determine the degree of determination”, “A. Bass-A. Dark diagnosis of indicators and forms of aggression”. The type of social regulation of behavioral deviations such as individual prevention of juvenile delinquency is considered in detail. Its essence is purposeful work with a particular teenager and their closest people. Social workers, social educators and modern law enforcement agencies are comprehensively called to carry out this type. Individual prevention is directed at the adolescent and their negative traits, the environment that shapes them, as well as the conditions, circumstances and situations that contribute to or facilitate the commission of crimes by minors.

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AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE US AND THE TALIBAN: START A DIALOGUE

BULLETIN Series Historical and socio-political sciences ◽

10.51889/2020-2.1728-5461.21 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 65 (2) ◽

Author(s):

D.A. Aitzhanov ◽

◽

L.N. Nursultanova ◽

Keyword(s):

Human Rights ◽

Law Enforcement ◽

Economic Situation ◽

Domestic Policy ◽

Political Crisis ◽

Law Enforcement Agencies ◽

Us Military ◽

The Us

The authors of the article analyze the situation in Afghanistan: establishing dialogue with Taliban and signing an agreement on a ceasefire, timing of withdrawal of the US military, the economic situation and the protracted political crisis. The role of Russia, China, Iran and Pakistan in addressing this issue is touched. The positions of Russia and China on Afghanistan are similar: strengthening of national army, law enforcement agencies, as well as respect for human rights and freedoms. Iran fears that Pakistan will be able to intervene in Afghanistan’s domestic policy and is therefore taking steps to establish cooperation with the Taliban. The main goal of Pakistan in Afghanistan is to further strengthen its influence in this country and prevent a strong rapprochement with India.

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THEORETICAL BASES OF EXPERT PREVENTION: CONCEPT AND TASKS

Theory and Practice of Forensic Science and Criminalistics ◽

10.32353/khrife.2.2019.11 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 151-162

Author(s):

N. Filipenko ◽

O. Uhrovetskyi ◽

O. Sharapova

Keyword(s):

Law Enforcement ◽

Law Enforcement Agencies ◽

Important Place ◽

Forensic Institutions ◽

Special Knowledge ◽

The Subject ◽

Definition Of ◽

Conceptual Foundations ◽

The Relationship

The article analyzes conceptual foundations, views and ideas concerning the essence of expert prevention. The relationship between the concepts of «prevention» and «prevention», which is in contact with each other, is investigated, because one of the main problems of the criminal investigation of the phenomenon of expert prevention is the ambiguity of both scientific understanding and the practical application of the corresponding conceptual-categorical apparatus. It is emphasized that the essence of expert prevention is the influence of the relevant subjects on crime through the use of special professional knowledge. That is, to the subject of forensic examination, should include studies of circumstances on the basis of which can be and should be developed scientific, organizational and technical measures of preventive nature. Proven that among the tasks of preventive nature, which can be solved by the staff of judicial-expert institutions, the development of aimed at forecasting in criminalistic aspects of circumstances contributing to the commission of crimes, taking into account the possibilities of certain types of expert research, should occupy an important place. It is proved that the preventive activities of forensic institutions of Ukraine should be carried out: in the production of examinations in specific criminal, administrative or civil cases; by summarizing expert, as well as forensic investigative practices; in the process of research on expert prevention; by providing on the basis of special knowledge of scientific and practical assistance to government agencies and public organizations in identifying circumstances conducive to the commission of crimes. In order to improve the quality of expert-preventive activities, the staff of the forensic institutions of Ukraine should pay maximum attention to the promotion of preventive activities among representatives of law enforcement and law enforcement agencies. On the basis of the analysis, the author’s definition of expert prevention is given: the activity of a forensic expert based on the laws and by-laws of normative legal acts, aimed at revealing the circumstances contributing to the commission of a crime, and the development of measures for their elimination with the use of special knowledge.

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A detailed review of forensic facial reconstruction techniques

Medico-Legal Journal ◽

10.1177/0025817221989591 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 002581722198959

Author(s):

Arjun Kundu ◽

Michael Streed ◽

Paloma J Galzi ◽

Abraham Johnson

Keyword(s):

Law Enforcement ◽

Soft Tissues ◽

Bone Structure ◽

Facial Reconstruction ◽

Facial Features ◽

Law Enforcement Agencies ◽

Detailed Review ◽

Feasible Alternative ◽

Computer Based ◽

The Relationship

Facial reconstruction is an effective forensic technique that can help recreate a victim’s facial appearance from the skull. It is typically used to assist law enforcement agencies to identify missing deceased persons. Reconstruction techniques are usually based on the relationship between the underlying hard tissues, such as bone structure, and soft tissues such as the facial muscles and facial features. Facial reconstruction can be a feasible alternative to identify the remains from a decomposed, mutilated, or skeletonised corpse. It is important to remember that although the outcomes are empirical in nature, the technique has been applied widely in many situations. Recent advancements in technology and computer-based techniques have increased the accuracy and validity of this forensic discipline. We consider the most commonly used facial reconstruction techniques in this paper, with a detailed description of manual 3D techniques.

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Evaluating Profitability of Individual Timber Deliveries in the US South

Forests ◽

10.3390/f12040437 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 437

Author(s):

Joseph L. Conrad

Keyword(s):

Monte Carlo Simulation ◽

Monte Carlo ◽

Gps Tracking ◽

Hourly Wage ◽

Us South ◽

Wood Supply ◽

The Us ◽

Dependent Variables ◽

The Relationship ◽

Harvest Site

Timber transportation is an essential and often unprofitable segment of the wood supply chain. This study evaluated the profitability of individual timber deliveries for log truck owners in the US South. Origin and destination data were collected from 909 deliveries from 257 harvest sites. Travel time and distance were estimated using ArcGIS and GPS tracking. Monte Carlo Simulation was used to calculate 1000 unique combinations of payload, harvest site turn-time, mill turn-time, and percent-loaded km, yielding a dataset of 909,000 deliveries. Hauling costs and revenues for each delivery were estimated using published estimates. Driver wages were estimated in two ways: an hourly wage of $30.60 (USD) and 30% of the gross revenue from the load being delivered. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the relationship between six dependent variables and profitability. Only 14% of deliveries were profitable when the driver was paid an hourly wage versus 42% when the driver was paid 30% of gross revenue. Deliveries with one-way haul distances between 49 and 113 km (31–70 mi) were least likely to be profitable. Many deliveries could be profitable if logging businesses and mills reduced turn-times to under 20 min at mills and 30 min at harvest sites.

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