A detailed review of forensic facial reconstruction techniques

2021 ◽  
pp. 002581722198959
Author(s):  
Arjun Kundu ◽  
Michael Streed ◽  
Paloma J Galzi ◽  
Abraham Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Bone Structure ◽  
Facial Reconstruction ◽  
Facial Features ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Detailed Review ◽  
Feasible Alternative ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
The Relationship

Facial reconstruction is an effective forensic technique that can help recreate a victim’s facial appearance from the skull. It is typically used to assist law enforcement agencies to identify missing deceased persons. Reconstruction techniques are usually based on the relationship between the underlying hard tissues, such as bone structure, and soft tissues such as the facial muscles and facial features. Facial reconstruction can be a feasible alternative to identify the remains from a decomposed, mutilated, or skeletonised corpse. It is important to remember that although the outcomes are empirical in nature, the technique has been applied widely in many situations. Recent advancements in technology and computer-based techniques have increased the accuracy and validity of this forensic discipline. We consider the most commonly used facial reconstruction techniques in this paper, with a detailed description of manual 3D techniques.

The Analysis of Criminal Intelligence

1975 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 232-238
Author(s):  
Douglas H. Harris
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Intelligence Analysis ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Criminal Intelligence ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
And Control

Criminal intelligence is a law enforcement function that supports investigators, decision-makers, and policymakers in their attempt to prevent and control crime. This paper describes recent efforts to improve the effectiveness of criminal intelligence through the development and implementation of analytical methods. The intelligence analysis cycle is defined, programs to enhance analytical capabilities within law enforcement agencies are summarized, and a new computer-based program for intelligence analysis is described.

scholarly journals THEORETICAL BASES OF EXPERT PREVENTION: CONCEPT AND TASKS

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-162
Author(s):  
N. Filipenko ◽  
O. Uhrovetskyi ◽  
O. Sharapova
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Forensic Institutions ◽  
Special Knowledge ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Conceptual Foundations ◽  
The Relationship

The article analyzes conceptual foundations, views and ideas concerning the essence of expert prevention. The relationship between the concepts of «prevention» and «prevention», which is in contact with each other, is investigated, because one of the main problems of the criminal investigation of the phenomenon of expert prevention is the ambiguity of both scientific understanding and the practical application of the corresponding conceptual-categorical apparatus. It is emphasized that the essence of expert prevention is the influence of the relevant subjects on crime through the use of special professional knowledge. That is, to the subject of forensic examination, should include studies of circumstances on the basis of which can be and should be developed scientific, organizational and technical measures of preventive nature. Proven that among the tasks of preventive nature, which can be solved by the staff of judicial-expert institutions, the development of aimed at forecasting in criminalistic aspects of circumstances contributing to the commission of crimes, taking into account the possibilities of certain types of expert research, should occupy an important place. It is proved that the preventive activities of forensic institutions of Ukraine should be carried out: in the production of examinations in specific criminal, administrative or civil cases; by summarizing expert, as well as forensic investigative practices; in the process of research on expert prevention; by providing on the basis of special knowledge of scientific and practical assistance to government agencies and public organizations in identifying circumstances conducive to the commission of crimes. In order to improve the quality of expert-preventive activities, the staff of the forensic institutions of Ukraine should pay maximum attention to the promotion of preventive activities among representatives of law enforcement and law enforcement agencies. On the basis of the analysis, the author’s definition of expert prevention is given: the activity of a forensic expert based on the laws and by-laws of normative legal acts, aimed at revealing the circumstances contributing to the commission of a crime, and the development of measures for their elimination with the use of special knowledge.

scholarly journals Militarization and police violence: The case of the 1033 program

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 205316801771288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Casey Delehanty ◽  
Jack Mewhirter ◽  
Ryan Welch ◽  
Jason Wilks
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Department Of Defense ◽  
Violent Behavior ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Police Violence ◽  
Military Equipment ◽  
Multiple Dimensions ◽  
The Us ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
The Relationship

Does increased militarization of law enforcement agencies (LEAs) lead to an increase in violent behavior among officers? We theorize that the receipt of military equipment increases multiple dimensions of LEA militarization (material, cultural, organizational, and operational) and that such increases lead to more violent behavior. The US Department of Defense 1033 program makes excess military equipment, including weapons and vehicles, available to local LEAs. The variation in the amount of transferred equipment allows us to probe the relationship between military transfers and police violence. We estimate a series of regressions that test the effect of 1033 transfers on three dependent variables meant to capture police violence: the number of civilian casualties; the change in the number of civilian casualties; and the number of dogs killed by police. We find a positive and statistically significant relationship between 1033 transfers and fatalities from officer-involved shootings across all models.

A Study on Police bean Bag Injuries in a Pork Model

2003 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 124-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
JTS Chan ◽  
RSD Yeung
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
The Body ◽  
Deadly Force ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Body Regions ◽  
Minor Injuries ◽  
Bean Bag ◽  
Thigh Region

Introduction Currently law enforcement agencies in 10 countries have been granted approval for the use of police bean bag. The need for “less lethal” weapon to control violent suspects is under hot discussion. The manufacturer acknowledges that this weapon will only cause bruises, skin abrasions and minor injuries so as to incapacitate the violent suspect. The objective of this study was to see the degree of trauma produced by shooting police bean bag at different firing ranges. Materials and methods Fresh pork was chosen for this test. The pork was subjected to police bean bag challenge at two different firing ranges. A standard shotgun (Model Remington 870P) was used. In order to test the degree of trauma to different parts of the body, regions with small amount of soft tissue (pig rib) and large amount of soft tissue (pig thigh) were selected. Each region would receive challenge of police bean bag at three and five meters range shot. The above test was repeated with heavy clothing covering the pork. Results It was shown that all shots of police bean bag could produce injuries, ranging from minor indentation to laceration of soft tissues. The degree of trauma was greatly diminished if the target had been protected by heavy clothing. Moreover, the trauma produced on rib region was more severe than that of the thigh region. The larger volume of soft tissue, the better absorption of kinetic energy was expected and resulted in lesser degree of injuries. Conclusion Although police bean bag can still produce injuries, there is great potential for bean bag technology as this is an alternative to deadly force. Both suspects and law enforcement agencies can benefit from this less lethal technology as police bean bag clearly causes fewer fatal injuries and death than traditional bullets.

scholarly journals Features of operation regulation with virtual assets for mining activities

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-95
Author(s):  
Tetiana DMYTRENKO ◽  
◽  
Valeriya VOLKOVA
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Financial Markets ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Mining Activities ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Legislative Framework ◽  
Criminal Intent ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The article deals with the peculiarities of suspicious transactions in financial markets related to the use of cryptocurrencies, it also studies current issues regarding the classification of virtual assets. The features of countering suspicious transactions in financial markets associated with the use of cryptocurrency are highlighted. Topical issues of taxonomy of virtual assets and risk assessment of service providers' activities in assessing the risk of operations with virtual assets related to their use in legalization operations are investigated. The concepts of regulation of virtual assets are considered. The concept of mining, the problem of the relationship of varieties of mining activity to the classification of certain types of activity, its legalization are defined, and recommendations for the classification of mining activities are given. The relationship between miners, validators and virtual asset providers (VASP) in the event of a cyberattack or in the presence of certain rights to the network has been analyzed, which leads to the classification of this type of activity as risky regarding the use of cryptocurrencies with criminal intent. It is also underlined the need to introduce a risk-based approach to countering money laundering and terrorist financing (AML / CFT) by national state supervisory and law enforcement agencies, enterprises involved in the virtual asset market, preventing threats and developing a legislative framework for regulation the crypto market and interaction on these issues at the international level.

scholarly journals Koordinasi Wewenang Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi (KPK) dengan Penegak Hukum Lainnya dalam Melakukan Penyidikan Tindak Pidana Korupsi

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-124
Author(s):  
Ni Putu Gita Loka Chindiyana Dewi ◽  
I Nyoman Sujana ◽  
Luh Putu Suryani
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Legal Research ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Implementation Approach ◽  
The World ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Crime Of Corruption

Corruption is a problem in the economy of every nation in the world, whether in Government or private environments. With the promulgation of Act No. 31 of the year 1999 Jo Act No. 20 year 2001. The Government in the year 2002 through Law – Law Number 30 year 2002 about corruption eradication Commission formed corruption eradication Commission (KPK) which is a specialized agency in dealing with the special corruption. At issue is how the authorities of the corruption eradication Commission (KPK) in conducting the investigation, the crime of corruption? And how coordination between the corruption eradication Commission (KPK) and other law enforcement agencies in conducting the investigation, the crime of corruption? The study used is the normative legal research i.e. research examines law is a law written from various aspects, but does not examine aspects of applied or implementation. Approach this research method by means of reviewing all laws, understanding the hierarchy of principles and legislation. The conclusion in May of this research is that in regards to the investigation of criminal acts of corruption, the corruption eradication Commission (KPK) has authority that is doing the coordination and supervision that can perform the takeover against investigation or the prosecution conducted by the Police and the Prosecutor's Office. But in the relationship between the coordination with other law enforcement agencies KPK still haven't made good cooperation.

Integration of Women Into Law Enforcement Agencies in Ukraine: the Sociological Dimension

2021 ◽  
pp. 116-133
Author(s):  
О. О. DAVYDYUK
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Psychological Consequences ◽  
Sociological Study ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Professional Activities ◽  
Professional Environment ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship

The article reveals the main trends in the process of feminization of law enforcement agencies in Ukraine, the sociological study describes the features and contradictions of women’s professional activities in force structures and the state of gender stereotypes and guidelines of men and women in law enforcement agencies. The article aims to identify the socio-psychological consequences of increasing the number of women in force law enforcement agencies and the nature of the relationship between the formed views on the role and place of women in law enforcement agencies and the relationship between women and men in this professional environment. To achieve this goal, a sociological survey was conducted, during which 784 employees of law enforcement agencies of Ukraine were interviewed (46.9 % women; 52.7 % men). The novelty lies in the definition of the main types of sexism in the professional environment of law enforcement agencies, it is also established that in modern conditions of formation of the gender structure of Ukrainian law enforcement agencies, stereotypes and directives based on patriarchal notions are predominant in employees of both genders that determine the recognition of lower and more limited professional abilities of female employees, and in this regard, their auxiliary (contractual) role position in all types of professional activities of law enforcement agencies. At the same time, the tendency of transformation of gender stereotypes and attitudes is revealed, which is determined by the strengthening of egalitarianism and weakening of traditional stereotypes and attitudes of employees of both sexes. It was found that the resource of gender tolerance (when the respondent clearly indicated that gender does not matter) in force structures is in the range of 40-60 %, depending on the question. Respondents (both men and women) showed situational gender flexibility, using both traditionally male (masculine) and female (feminine) models in assessing the professional environment of law enforcement agencies for gender equality. It is determined that women rate their abilities, competence, efficiency in force structures higher than men. Characterization of the processes of feminization in force structures is necessary to make timely and adequate efforts to remove or mitigate the emerging contradictions.

The Police Informer/Handler Relationship: Is it Really Unique?

2003 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Billingsley
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Common Assumption ◽  
Police Service ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Veil ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Relationship

The use of informers by the police service in the UK has been the subject of recent research, even though the police service in this country has been protective towards this particular investigative method. It has been revealed from this research that there is a common assumption that the use of informers is quite unique among police relationships. This paper examines whether in fact the relationship between an informer and the police is really that unique, or whether it is the secrecy which surrounds it that provokes such an assumption. The paper relies heavily on a comparison with other relationships, starting with typical professional partnerships, then examining other police relationships. The factors which emerge from these relationships have been compared to police/informer relationships to determine how dissimilar they are. The paper suggests there are in fact many similarities between a police/ informer relationship and other professional partnerships, and concludes that it is probably the secrecy which the police have maintained that has created the assumption that the relationship is unique. It is suggested by the author that if the police/informer relationship became more transparent and accountable then this may lead to law enforcement agencies being less able to hide behind the veil of secrecy, which may help the concept of openness within the criminal justice system.

scholarly journals The Eyes of Law Enforcement in the New Panopticon: Police-Community Racial Asymmetry and the Use of Surveillance Technology

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josh A. Hendrix ◽  
Travis A. Taniguchi ◽  
Kevin J. Strom ◽  
Kelle A. Barrick ◽  
Nicole J. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Supplementary Information ◽  
Police Departments ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Local Law Enforcement ◽  
Surveillance Technology ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Crime Reports

This study examines the relationship between police-community racial asymmetry and the use of surveillance technology by local law enforcement. The data come from a nationally representative survey of law enforcement agencies, with supplementary information provided by the Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics Survey, the Census, and the Uniform Crime Reports. Results indicate that police departments that underrepresent African Americans in the community are more likely to use or plan to implement surveillance technology, controlling for a range of agency-and contextual-level factors. One potential explanation for these findings is that surveillance technology operates as a form of social control that is differentially applied to racial minorities to manage what is perceived to be a greater proclivity toward criminal behavior. The implications of these findings are discussed.

Campus law enforcement: the relationship between emergency preparedness and community policing

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 741-753
Author(s):  
Sherah L. Basham
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Community Policing ◽  
Emergency Preparedness ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Campus Law Enforcement ◽  
The Relationship

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between emergency preparedness and community policing within campus law enforcement agencies, as well as agency and campus characteristics that impact the level of emergency preparedness activities.Design/methodology/approachUsing data from the 2011–2012 Survey of Campus Law Enforcement Agencies, this study employs ordinary least squares regression modeling to examine emergency preparedness and community policing relationships within 298 campus law enforcement agencies.FindingsCommunity policing is the greatest predictor of emergency preparedness in campus law enforcement agencies. This finding refutes arguments that emergency preparedness and community policing are incompatible policing innovations.Research limitations/implicationsThis study is limited by the use of secondary data. Future research should utilize survey measures to better isolate the roles and functions of community policing and emergency preparedness.Practical implicationsThe findings have implications for campus law enforcement agencies to view emergency preparedness and community policing activities as interrelated. Specifically, agency administration can benefit by taking a holistic approach to campus policing and preparedness.Originality/valueThis paper extends the current research in municipal policing to the campus police environment. This paper also adds to the limited body of literature on the relationships between community policing and emergency preparedness.

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