scholarly journals Agency Correlates of Police Militarization: The Case of MRAPs

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brett Burkhardt ◽  
Keith Baker
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Department Of Defense ◽  
National Data ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Military Equipment ◽  
Military Occupations ◽  
Asset Forfeiture ◽  
Domestic Law ◽  
The U.S

In 2014, protests in Ferguson, Missouri (MO), and the subsequent law enforcement response, shined a light on police militarization—the adoption of military styles, equipment, and tactics within law enforcement. Since 1990, the U.S. Department of Defense has transferred excess military equipment to domestic law enforcement agencies via the federal 1033 program. This article examines transfers of mine-resistant ambush-protected vehicles or MRAPs. Designed to withstand explosive blasts during U.S. military occupations in Iraq and Afghanistan, surplus MRAPs have been shipped to more than 800 domestic law enforcement agencies. This article uses national data on law enforcement agencies and on 1033 program transfers to analyze the pattern of MRAP distribution. The results show that MRAPs are disproportionately acquired by agencies that have warrior tendencies and rely on asset forfeiture to generate revenue. This pattern of militarization is consistent with a model of governance that views citizens as both opportunities and threats.

scholarly journals Agency Correlates of Police Militarization: The Case of MRAPs

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brett C. Burkhardt ◽  
Keith Baker
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Department Of Defense ◽  
National Data ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Military Equipment ◽  
Military Occupations ◽  
Asset Forfeiture ◽  
Domestic Law ◽  
The U.S

In 2014, protests in Ferguson, Missouri (MO), and the subsequent law enforcement response, shined a light on police militarization—the adoption of military styles, equipment, and tactics within law enforcement. Since 1990, the U.S. Department of Defense has transferred excess military equipment to domestic law enforcement agencies via the federal 1033 program. This article examines transfers of mine-resistant ambush-protected vehicles or MRAPs. Designed to withstand explosive blasts during U.S. military occupations in Iraq and Afghanistan, surplus MRAPs have been shipped to more than 800 domestic law enforcement agencies. This article uses national data on law enforcement agencies and on 1033 program transfers to analyze the pattern of MRAP distribution. The results show that MRAPs are disproportionately acquired by agencies that have warrior tendencies and rely on asset forfeiture to generate revenue. This pattern of militarization is consistent with a model of governance that views citizens as both opportunities and threats.

scholarly journals Militarization and police violence: The case of the 1033 program

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 205316801771288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Casey Delehanty ◽  
Jack Mewhirter ◽  
Ryan Welch ◽  
Jason Wilks
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Department Of Defense ◽  
Violent Behavior ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Police Violence ◽  
Military Equipment ◽  
Multiple Dimensions ◽  
The Us ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
The Relationship

Does increased militarization of law enforcement agencies (LEAs) lead to an increase in violent behavior among officers? We theorize that the receipt of military equipment increases multiple dimensions of LEA militarization (material, cultural, organizational, and operational) and that such increases lead to more violent behavior. The US Department of Defense 1033 program makes excess military equipment, including weapons and vehicles, available to local LEAs. The variation in the amount of transferred equipment allows us to probe the relationship between military transfers and police violence. We estimate a series of regressions that test the effect of 1033 transfers on three dependent variables meant to capture police violence: the number of civilian casualties; the change in the number of civilian casualties; and the number of dogs killed by police. We find a positive and statistically significant relationship between 1033 transfers and fatalities from officer-involved shootings across all models.

The Evolution of International Collaboration in the Global Intelligence Era

2010 ◽  
pp. 211-226
Author(s):  
A. Denis Clift
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
International Collaboration ◽  
Intelligence Community ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
New Era ◽  
Prevention Act ◽  
Foreign Intelligence ◽  
Domestic Law ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Analyze Data

This article discusses the evolution of the internal collaboration in procuring intelligence specifically in the global intelligence era. After the 9/11 attack and the passage of the 2004 Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act, the U.S. entered the era of national intelligence. This era is marked by the joining of domestic and foreign intelligence into national intelligence. The Director of National Intelligence (DNI) was formed and the DNI was tasked of ensuring that foreign intelligence and domestic law enforcement agencies worked together in ways never before with information needed to protect the U.S. citizen. In this new era, it has become apparent that U.S. intelligence alone cannot collect and analyze data, the information, and the intelligence necessary to meet its responsibilities and carry out its mandate of safe-guarding the nation. Sharing arrangements and international intelligence partnerships hence became significant and essential. Effective international collaboration has become a new standard which measured the effectiveness and the accountability of the Intelligence Community.

scholarly journals Corporate Governance of Artificial Intelligence in the Public Interest

Information ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 275
Author(s):  
Peter Cihon ◽  
Jonas Schuett ◽  
Seth D. Baum
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Corporate Governance ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Nonprofit Organizations ◽  
Public Interest ◽  
Department Of Defense ◽  
The Public ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Media ◽  
The U.S

Corporations play a major role in artificial intelligence (AI) research, development, and deployment, with profound consequences for society. This paper surveys opportunities to improve how corporations govern their AI activities so as to better advance the public interest. The paper focuses on the roles of and opportunities for a wide range of actors inside the corporation—managers, workers, and investors—and outside the corporation—corporate partners and competitors, industry consortia, nonprofit organizations, the public, the media, and governments. Whereas prior work on multistakeholder AI governance has proposed dedicated institutions to bring together diverse actors and stakeholders, this paper explores the opportunities they have even in the absence of dedicated multistakeholder institutions. The paper illustrates these opportunities with many cases, including the participation of Google in the U.S. Department of Defense Project Maven; the publication of potentially harmful AI research by OpenAI, with input from the Partnership on AI; and the sale of facial recognition technology to law enforcement by corporations including Amazon, IBM, and Microsoft. These and other cases demonstrate the wide range of mechanisms to advance AI corporate governance in the public interest, especially when diverse actors work together.

scholarly journals Biotypologies of Terrorism

1970 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Pugliese
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Department Of Defense ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
International Association ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Suicide Bombers ◽  
The Us ◽  
Chiefs Of Police ◽  
The Military

The International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) document, ‘Training Keys #581: Suicide (Homicide) Bombers: Part 1,’ is designed to assist law enforcement authorities in the pre-emptive capture of prospective suicide bombers. In this essay, Pugliese focuses on the training key to examine the manner in which essentialised biotypologies are mobilised and reproduced within the context of the so-called ‘war on terror.’ The use of biotypologies by both the military and law enforcement agencies reproduces a disciplinary biopolitical regime premised on normative conceptualisations of race, gender and bodily behaviour. Pugliese discusses these regimes in the context of the US Department of Defense and its advocacy of ‘identity dominance’ through the development of new technologies such as gait signature biometrics. Situated in this context, he shows how biotypologies of targeted subjects are instrumental in fomenting cultural panics concerning the Arab and/or Muslim and/or figure ‘of Middle Eastern appearance’.

A Thousand Thirsty Beaches

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Lindquist Dorr
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Transportation Networks ◽  
The United States ◽  
Coast Guard ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Supply Networks ◽  
The People ◽  
Distilled Spirits ◽  
The U.S

Lisa Lindquist Dorr tells the story of the vast smuggling network that brought high-end distilled spirits and, eventually, other cargoes (including undocumented immigrants) from Great Britain and Europe through Cuba to the United States between 1920 and the end of Prohibition. Because of their proximity to liquor-exporting islands, the numerous beaches along the southern coast presented ideal landing points for smugglers and distribution points for their supply networks. From the warehouses of liquor wholesalers in Havana to the decks of rum runners to transportation networks heading northward, Dorr explores these operations, from the people who ran the trade to the determined efforts of the U.S. Coast Guard and other law enforcement agencies to stop liquor traffic on the high seas, in Cuba, and in southern communities. In the process, she shows the role smuggling played in creating a more transnational, enterprising, and modern South.

scholarly journals Auditor Involvement With Law Enforcement Agencies: A Specialized Niche

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur F. Hintz ◽  
Michael W. Fedoryshyn
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Internal Control ◽  
The United States ◽  
Public Confidence ◽  
Criminal Cases ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Local Law Enforcement ◽  
Police Agencies ◽  
State And Local ◽  
Asset Forfeiture

With over 18,000 state and local law enforcement agencies in the United States, opportunities exist for auditors to assist police agencies design and implement effective and efficient procedures for control of cash and other properties. Auditor involvement can improve police performance and help maintain public confidence in the police departments ability to serve and protect the public interest.The article discusses how auditors can provide a valuable service to police agencies by improving the agencies internal control over assets entrusted to them as evidence in criminal cases or to aid in their fight against crime. It discusses the needed audit procedures for such an engagement.The article also discusses the special audit procedures for police agencies, which are involved in the Federal Asset Forfeiture Program.

Does training matter in public organizations? Assessing training effects in the U.S. law enforcement agencies

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 454-478
Author(s):  
Yongbeom Hur
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Crime Control ◽  
Public Organizations ◽  
Control Performance ◽  
Training Effects ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
The U.S

AbstractThis study examined the consequences of training on organizations. With data collected from 464 U.S. law enforcement agencies, training effects were explored in terms of crime control performance and sworn officers' resignation in regression analysis. According to the findings, training did not significantly improve crime control performance and police officers tended to stay in current organizations when they received a longer training. This study also found that law enforcement agencies in large cities tended to require longer training hours for their police officers.

Are Police Officers More Likely to Kill African-American Suspects?

2007 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary Kleck
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Law Enforcement Officers ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
National Data ◽  
Face Analysis ◽  
Criminal Suspects ◽  
Legal Interventions ◽  
The U.S

In recent psychological research decisions by police officers to shoot criminal suspects are often assumed to be racially biased, and it is concluded that officers are more likely to shoot African-American suspects. This assumption was tested with national data on persons killed during legal interventions and with data bearing on the African-American proportion of criminal suspects law enforcement officers face. Analysis indicates that the African-American share of persons killed by law enforcement officers, while higher than the African-American percentage of the U.S. population, is lower than one would expect based on the estimated African-American proportion of suspects confronted in violent encounters or the African-American percentage of suspects who kill police officers.

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