scholarly journals Implementation of the goal-setting components in popular physical activity apps: Review and content analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 205520761986270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dario Baretta ◽  
Paulina Bondaronek ◽  
Artur Direito ◽  
Patrizia Steca
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Goal Setting ◽  
Action Planning ◽  
Rater Reliability ◽  
Scale Item ◽  
Goal Difficulty ◽  
Goal Specificity ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Item Scale

Objective Goal setting is an effective strategy to promote physical activity. Commercial apps that tackle physical activity often include goal setting; however, it is unknown whether the implementation of the goal-setting components is congruent with the theory. This study evaluated the quality of goal setting in popular free and paid physical activity apps by assessing the presence of effective goal-setting components. Methods A six-item scale was developed based on the goal-setting literature and used for coding each app for the presence/absence of goal-setting components (i.e. specificity, difficulty, action planning, timeframe, goal evaluation and goal re-evaluation). Cohen’s Kappa was used to evaluate inter-rater reliability for each scale item. The number of goal-setting components included in the 40 apps was calculated and the difference between free and paid apps was assessed. Results All scale items achieved satisfactory inter-rater reliability except ‘goal evaluation’. The most frequently included goal-setting components in popular physical activity apps were ‘goal specificity’ (95% of the apps) and ‘goal timeframe’ (67.5%). Conversely, only 47.5% and 25% of the apps implemented ‘action planning’ and ‘goal difficulty’, respectively, and none included ‘goal re-evaluation’. No differences emerged between free and paid apps. Conclusions The quality of the goal-setting strategy in popular physical activity apps could be improved by introducing components scarcely implemented to date. In particular, tailoring the goal difficulty to the users’ ability level and re-evaluating the goals based on achievements should be implemented to increase the quality of goal setting.

The Effects of Goal Specificity and Goal Difficulty on the Performance of Badminton Skills in Children

2000 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 270-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert P. Mooney ◽  
Nanette Mutrie
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Social Comparison ◽  
Goal Setting ◽  
Age Effects ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Activity Settings ◽  
Goal Difficulty ◽  
Goal Setting Theory ◽  
Goal Specificity ◽  
Setting Theory

The present study examines the effects of goal specificity and goal difficulty on performance in a sports setting for children while attempting to control for the effects of social comparison. Participants (N = 46) were matched on their baseline performance on two badminton tasks (underhand serve and drop shot) and then randomly assigned to one of three goal setting conditions: (a) easy goals, (b) difficult goals, and (c) do-your-best goals. Results suggest that the easy and difficult groups showed a significant improvement in performance for both experimental tasks, whereas the do-your-best group did not display any improvement. However, no significant differences were found between easy goals and difficult goals. Further analyses reveal that age effects were not significant. Manipulation checks indicate that all children accepted their assigned goals and intended to try extremely hard to reach them. The implications of these results are discussed in terms of Locke’s (18) goal setting theory as well as previous research in physical activity settings. Future directions for research are suggested.

Pygmalion and Employee Learning: The Role of Leader Behaviors

2009 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 1248-1267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xander M. Bezuijen ◽  
Peter T. van den Berg ◽  
Karen van Dam ◽  
Henk Thierry
Keyword(s):  
Employee Engagement ◽  
Goal Setting ◽  
Learning Opportunities ◽  
Learning Activities ◽  
Leader Behaviors ◽  
Pygmalion Effect ◽  
Exchange Relationship ◽  
Goal Difficulty ◽  
Goal Specificity ◽  
Feedback Data

The aim of this study was to investigate which leader behaviors mediate the relationship between leader expectations and employee engagement in learning activities. Based on Rosenthal’s Pygmalion model, five potential mediators of the Pygmalion effect were distinguished: leader—member exchange relationship, goal setting (i.e., goal specificity, goal difficulty), providing learning opportunities, and feedback. Data from 904 manager—subordinate dyads in six organizations showed that leader expectations were related to employee engagement in learning activities. Goal specificity, goal difficulty, and providing learning opportunities proved to be mediators. These findings suggest that goal setting lies at the heart of the Pygmalion effect.

Assessing functionality in Schizophrenia: The psychosocial remission in Schizophrenia scale (PSRS)

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 2072-2072
Author(s):  
Y. Barak
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health Professionals ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Community Services ◽  
Psychiatric Nurses ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Rater Reliability ◽  
Achievable Goal ◽  
Symptomatic Remission ◽  
Item Scale

BackgroundRemission, both symptomatic and psychosocial, is now an achievable goal in a substantial proportion of schizophrenia patients.Objectiveto develop a brief, clinician rated scale for the assessment of psychosocial remission in schizophrenia (the PSRS). The scale is to match the quantification of symptomatic remission as delineated by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) task force.Methoda “bank” of 124 questions pertaining to psychosocial remission was derived from published scales reflecting two domains: quality of life (QoL) and activities of daily living (ADL). Psychiatrists, residents, psychiatric nurses and community nurses were presented with the questions. All were asked to choose the 8 items they considered as reflecting the essence of psychosocial remission. Inter-rater reliability of the final scale version was assessed amongst psychiatrists.Resultsthe questions' “bank” was reviewed by 429 mental health professionals. The four items found to be most frequently sanctioned in the QoL domain were: a. familial relations (endorsed by 78% of participants), b. understanding and self-awareness (46%), c. energy (58%) and d. interest in every-day life (38%). The four items sanctioned in the I-ADL domain were: a. self-care (86%), b. activism (65%), c. responsibility for medications (54%) and d. use of community services (32%). Inter-rater reliability amongst 70 psychiatrists ranged from 0.67 to 0.83.Conclusionthe PSRS is an 8-item scale quantifying psychosocial remission in schizophrenia in a manner that complements symptomatic assessment of remission. The PSRS may be useful for both research and clinical evaluation.

scholarly journals GOAL SETTING THEORY: THE EFFECT OF INCENTIVE MODERATION ON INDIVIDUAL PERFORMANCE

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-106
Author(s):  
Yudi Hartono ◽  
◽  
Monika Palupi Murniati ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Goal Setting ◽  
Goal Attainment ◽  
Individual Performance ◽  
Reinforcement Theory ◽  
Individual Motivation ◽  
Goal Difficulty ◽  
Goal Setting Theory ◽  
Goal Specificity ◽  
Setting Theory ◽  
The Impact

This study uses goal-setting theory and reinforcement theory to explain the formation of individual motivation in achieving goals. Testing the effect of goal specificity used the experimental method to test the impact of goal specificity, different goal difficulty on the same quota incentive system as the 2x2x1 experimental design. This study's findings confirm the goal-setting theory shown from the higher achievement of participants' goals when participants are given specific and challenging goals than participant goals in different variations of goal specificity and goal difficulty. This study found that participants have a greater focus on goal specificity in driving goal attainment behavior. The findings of this study confirm the reinforcement theory shown from achieving goals that exceed targets. Positive consequences become arguments for individuals to do the same action

scholarly journals Social gradient in health-related quality of life among urban residents in Limassol, Cyprus: Research article

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Panagiota Ellina ◽  
Nicos Middleton ◽  
Ekaterini Lambrinou ◽  
Christiana Kouta
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Physical Activity ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Social Gradient ◽  
Health Related Quality ◽  
Social Inequalities In Health ◽  
Related Quality ◽  
Health Related ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Background: Social inequalities in health threaten social cohesion and, therefore, their investigation is an important research field. Monitoring the health of the population is necessary to identify health needs, design programs focused in people’s needs and to evaluate the effectiveness of health policies.Methods: A cross-sectional survey using primary data was applied. The study investigates the size and the extent of social inequalities in quality of life and health behaviours in Limassol, Cyprus. Data collection was done by door-to-door survey, in the form of interviews. The sample consisted of 450 residents aged 45-64 across 45 randomly selected neighbourhoods, that met the selection criteria. The tools used were: Demographic questionnaire, SF 36 Questionnaire, IPAQ- International Physical Activity Questionnaire short form.Results: The social gradient appears in all social indicators. As for the physical dimension of health has a strong relationship between health-related quality of life with the education index. Specifically, the difference between the two poles is 12 points for men and 14 points for women (p = 0.16). Profession systematically appears to have a stronger relationship with men than with women, and is present in both physical and mental dimensions. Specifically, the difference between the two poles is 13 points for men and 10 points for women (p = 0.31).Conclusions: Exploring social inequalities in health-related quality of life, is a complex situation influencing social, physical and psychological health state. It seems that young male individuals, who are highly educated, employed full time, earning high incomes and engaging in mild physical activity, have significantly higher level of health-related life quality, compared to other middle age adult groups, living in Limassol. This finding is in agreement with other studies that show correlations between gender and the patterns of risk factors.

scholarly journals Social gradient in health-related quality of life among urban residents in Limassol, Cyprus: Research article

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Panagiota Ellina ◽  
Nicos Middleton ◽  
Ekaterini Lambrinou ◽  
Christiana Kouta
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Physical Activity ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Social Gradient ◽  
Health Related Quality ◽  
Social Inequalities In Health ◽  
Related Quality ◽  
Health Related ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Background: Social inequalities in health threaten social cohesion and, therefore, their investigation is an important research field. Monitoring the health of the population is necessary to identify health needs, design programs focused in people’s needs and to evaluate the effectiveness of health policies.Methods: A cross-sectional survey using primary data was applied. The study investigates the size and the extent of social inequalities in quality of life and health behaviours in Limassol, Cyprus. Data collection was done by door-to-door survey, in the form of interviews. The sample consisted of 450 residents aged 45-64 across 45 randomly selected neighbourhoods, that met the selection criteria. The tools used were: Demographic questionnaire, SF 36 Questionnaire, IPAQ- International Physical Activity Questionnaire short form.Results: The social gradient appears in all social indicators. As for the physical dimension of health has a strong relationship between health-related quality of life with the education index. Specifically, the difference between the two poles is 12 points for men and 14 points for women (p = 0.16). Profession systematically appears to have a stronger relationship with men than with women, and is present in both physical and mental dimensions. Specifically, the difference between the two poles is 13 points for men and 10 points for women (p = 0.31).Conclusions: Exploring social inequalities in health-related quality of life, is a complex situation influencing social, physical and psychological health state. It seems that young male individuals, who are highly educated, employed full time, earning high incomes and engaging in mild physical activity, have significantly higher level of health-related life quality, compared to other middle age adult groups, living in Limassol. This finding is in agreement with other studies that show correlations between gender and the patterns of risk factors.

Can Persuasive Messages Encourage Individuals to Create Action Plans for Physical Activity?

2014 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 413-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shane N. Sweet ◽  
Lawrence R. Brawley ◽  
Alexandra Hatchell ◽  
Heather L. Gainforth ◽  
Amy E. Latimer-Cheung
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Action Planning ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Action Plans ◽  
Persuasive Messages ◽  
Gain And Loss ◽  
Planning Group

Given the positive influence of action planning on physical activity, persuasive messages could be designed to promote action planning. The purpose of this paper was to test action planning messages in two studies. Participants were allocated to one of two message groups, reading either a physical activity only or physical activity plus action planning message (Study 1) and either a gain-framed or loss-framed action planning message (Study 2). The percent of individuals who created an action plan and the quality of the plans were evaluated. In Study 1, individuals in the physical activity plus action planning group created as many action plans as the physical activity only group, but their plans were higher quality. In Study 2, Week 2 differences between the gain- and loss-framed message groups were found for action planning. To our knowledge, these studies were the first to investigate message-induced action planning as a behavior. More research is needed to optimize these messages.

Effects of Goal Specificity, Goal Difficulty, and Information Feedback on Endurance Performance

1987 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard K. Hall ◽  
Mobert S. Weinberg ◽  
Allen Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Goal Setting ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Information Feedback ◽  
Goal Difficulty ◽  
Activity Setting ◽  
Goal Specificity ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Types Of Information ◽  
The Relationship

The purpose of the present investigation was twofold: first, to examine the relationship between goal difficulty, goal specificity, and endurance performance in a physical activity setting, and second, to determine the relationship between different types of information feedback, goals, and performance. Subjects (N = 94) performed on a hand dynamometer endurance task, being asked to hold a one-third maximum contraction for as long as possible. The subjects were randomly assigned to one of the following goal-setting conditions: (a) Do your best, (b) improve by 40 s, or (c) improve by 70 s. They were provided with either concurrent or terminal feedback in a 2 x 3 x 2 (feedback x goals x trials) design. Performance results indicated a significant goals-by-trials interaction with the 40- and 70-s goal groups exhibiting significantly more improvement than the "do your best" group. No significant performance differences were found between the two feedback groups. However, significant differences in the performance-associated cognitions of the feedback groups indicated a preference for concurrent feedback as an adjunct to goals. Results are discussed in terms of Locke's goal-setting theory as well as some recent field research investigating the goal-setting performance relationship in physical education settings.

scholarly journals Behavior Change Techniques in Wrist-Worn Wearables to Promote Physical Activity: Content Analysis (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Düking ◽  
Marie Tafler ◽  
Birgit Wallmann-Sperlich ◽  
Billy Sperlich ◽  
Sonja Kleih
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Content Analysis ◽  
Behavior Change ◽  
Goal Setting ◽  
Wearable Sensors ◽  
Action Planning ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
Behavior Change Techniques ◽  
Self Monitoring ◽  
Current Behavior

BACKGROUND Decreasing levels of physical activity (PA) increase the incidences of noncommunicable diseases, obesity, and mortality. To counteract these developments, interventions aiming to increase PA are urgently needed. Mobile health (mHealth) solutions such as wearable sensors (wearables) may assist with an improvement in PA. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to examine which behavior change techniques (BCTs) are incorporated in currently available commercial high-end wearables that target users’ PA behavior. METHODS The BCTs incorporated in 5 different high-end wearables (Apple Watch Series 3, Garmin Vívoactive 3, Fitbit Versa, Xiaomi Amazfit Stratos 2, and Polar M600) were assessed by 2 researchers using the BCT Taxonomy version 1 (BCTTv1). Effectiveness of the incorporated BCTs in promoting PA behavior was assessed by a content analysis of the existing literature. RESULTS The most common BCTs were goal setting (behavior), action planning, review behavior goal(s), discrepancy between current behavior and goal, feedback on behavior, self-monitoring of behavior, and biofeedback. Fitbit Versa, Garmin Vívoactive 3, Apple Watch Series 3, Polar M600, and Xiaomi Amazfit Stratos 2 incorporated 17, 16, 12, 11, and 11 BCTs, respectively, which are proven to effectively promote PA. CONCLUSIONS Wearables employ different numbers and combinations of BCTs, which might impact their effectiveness in improving PA. To promote PA by employing wearables, we encourage researchers to develop a taxonomy specifically designed to assess BCTs incorporated in wearables. We also encourage manufacturers to customize BCTs based on the targeted populations.

scholarly journals Goal setting and achievement for walking: A series of n-of-1 digital interventions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillaume Chevance ◽  
Dario Baretta ◽  
Natalie Golaszewski ◽  
Michelle Takemoto ◽  
Sama Shrestha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Goal Setting ◽  
Goal Achievement ◽  
Additive Models ◽  
Performance Goals ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Performance Goal ◽  
Random Factor ◽  
Goal Difficulty ◽  
Physical Activity Levels

Objective: Despite evidence that goal setting is valuable for physical activity promotion, recent studies highlighted a potential over oversimplification in the application of this behavior change technique. While more difficult performance goals might trigger higher physical activity levels, higher performance goals might concurrently be more difficult to achieve, which could reduce long-term motivation. This study examined i) the association between performance goal difficulty and physical activity and ii) the association between performance goal difficulty and goal achievement. Methods: This study used data from an e-Health intervention among inactive overweight adults (n = 20). The study duration included a 2-week baseline period and an intervention phase of 80 days. During the intervention, participants received a daily step goal experimentally manipulated by taking participants’ baseline physical activity median (i.e., number of steps) multiplied by a pseudo-random factor ranging from 1 to 2.6. A continuous measure of goal achievement was inferred for each day by dividing the daily number of steps by the goal prescribed that day. Linear and generalized additive models were fit for each participant. Results: The results confirm that, for a majority of the participants involved in the study, performance goal difficulty was positively and significantly associated with physical activity (n=14), but, concurrently, negatively and significantly associated with goal achievement (n=19). These associations were mainly linear. Conclusion: At the daily level, setting a higher physical activity goal leads to engaging in higher physical activity levels, but concurrently lower goal achievement.

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