Effects of Goal Specificity, Goal Difficulty, and Information Feedback on Endurance Performance

1987 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard K. Hall ◽  
Mobert S. Weinberg ◽  
Allen Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Goal Setting ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Information Feedback ◽  
Goal Difficulty ◽  
Activity Setting ◽  
Goal Specificity ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Types Of Information ◽  
The Relationship

The purpose of the present investigation was twofold: first, to examine the relationship between goal difficulty, goal specificity, and endurance performance in a physical activity setting, and second, to determine the relationship between different types of information feedback, goals, and performance. Subjects (N = 94) performed on a hand dynamometer endurance task, being asked to hold a one-third maximum contraction for as long as possible. The subjects were randomly assigned to one of the following goal-setting conditions: (a) Do your best, (b) improve by 40 s, or (c) improve by 70 s. They were provided with either concurrent or terminal feedback in a 2 x 3 x 2 (feedback x goals x trials) design. Performance results indicated a significant goals-by-trials interaction with the 40- and 70-s goal groups exhibiting significantly more improvement than the "do your best" group. No significant performance differences were found between the two feedback groups. However, significant differences in the performance-associated cognitions of the feedback groups indicated a preference for concurrent feedback as an adjunct to goals. Results are discussed in terms of Locke's goal-setting theory as well as some recent field research investigating the goal-setting performance relationship in physical education settings.

Effect of Goal Proximity and Goal Specificity on Muscular Endurance Performance: A Replication and Extension

1991 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 174-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gershon Tenenbaum ◽  
Saadia Pinchas ◽  
Gabi Elbaz ◽  
Michael Bar-Eli ◽  
Robert Weinberg
Keyword(s):  
High School Students ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Baseline Period ◽  
Short Term ◽  
School Students ◽  
Goal Specificity ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Relationship

The purpose of the present investigation was to extend the literature on the relationship between goal specificity, goal proximity, and performance by using high school students and attempting to control for the effects of social comparison. Subjects (N=214) in Experiment 1 were randomly assigned to one of five goal-setting conditions: (a) short-term goals, (b) long-term goals, (c) short- plus long-term goals,(d) do-your-best goals, and (e) no goals. After a 3-week baseline period, subjects were tested once a week on the 3-minute sit-up over the course of the 10-week experimental period. Results indicated that the short- plus long-term group exhibited the greatest increase in performance although the short-term and long-term groups also displayed significant improvements. In Experiment 2, a short- plus long-term group was compared against a do-your-best group. Results again revealed a significant improvement in performance for the combination-goal group whereas the do-your-best group did not display any improvement.

Pygmalion and Employee Learning: The Role of Leader Behaviors

2009 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 1248-1267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xander M. Bezuijen ◽  
Peter T. van den Berg ◽  
Karen van Dam ◽  
Henk Thierry
Keyword(s):  
Employee Engagement ◽  
Goal Setting ◽  
Learning Opportunities ◽  
Learning Activities ◽  
Leader Behaviors ◽  
Pygmalion Effect ◽  
Exchange Relationship ◽  
Goal Difficulty ◽  
Goal Specificity ◽  
Feedback Data

The aim of this study was to investigate which leader behaviors mediate the relationship between leader expectations and employee engagement in learning activities. Based on Rosenthal’s Pygmalion model, five potential mediators of the Pygmalion effect were distinguished: leader—member exchange relationship, goal setting (i.e., goal specificity, goal difficulty), providing learning opportunities, and feedback. Data from 904 manager—subordinate dyads in six organizations showed that leader expectations were related to employee engagement in learning activities. Goal specificity, goal difficulty, and providing learning opportunities proved to be mediators. These findings suggest that goal setting lies at the heart of the Pygmalion effect.

Leveraging functionality in safety routines: Examining the divergence of rules and performance

2009 ◽  
Vol 62 (9) ◽  
pp. 1399-1426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hille C. Bruns
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Hazardous Substances ◽  
Safety Regulations ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Biology Laboratory ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
And Training ◽  
Organizational Objectives

This study advances our understanding of why and how the performance of standardized safety routines varies. Based on six months of field research and interviews in a molecular biology laboratory, this study examines the divergence of safety regulations and actual routine performance. It identifies distinct routine components that address different aspects of safety. While safety regulations and training aim at preventing adverse effects of hazardous substances on the scientists, the scientists are concerned about potential contamination of their experiments. This study investigates the relationship between organizational and scientific objectives. It argues that organizational objectives fall behind scientific objectives in safety routine performance to the extent that their pursuit requires a set of actions separate from those actions that suffice to meet the scientists’ professional concern.

scholarly journals A relationship between attractiveness and performance in professional cyclists

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 20130966 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik Postma
Keyword(s):  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Facial Attractiveness ◽  
Hormonal Contraceptive ◽  
Endurance Capacity ◽  
Male Population ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Homogeneous Sample ◽  
Tour De France ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Relationship

Females often prefer to mate with high quality males, and one aspect of quality is physical performance. Although a preference for physically fitter males is therefore predicted, the relationship between attractiveness and performance has rarely been quantified. Here, I test for such a relationship in humans and ask whether variation in (endurance) performance is associated with variation in facial attractiveness within elite professional cyclists that finished the 2012 Tour de France. I show that riders that performed better were more attractive, and that this preference was strongest in women not using a hormonal contraceptive. Thereby, I show that, within this preselected but relatively homogeneous sample of the male population, facial attractiveness signals endurance performance. Provided that there is a relationship between performance-mediated attractiveness and reproductive success, this suggests that human endurance capacity has been subject to sexual selection in our evolutionary past.

Perceived Goal-Difficulty, Locus of Control, and Performance Ratings

1988 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 475-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
William J. Bigoness ◽  
Kimberlee M. Keef ◽  
Philip B. Du Bose
Keyword(s):  
Locus Of Control ◽  
Performance Ratings ◽  
Inverse Relation ◽  
Significant Relation ◽  
Entire Sample ◽  
Control Scale ◽  
Goal Difficulty ◽  
Nurses Perceptions ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Relationship

This study examined the moderating effect of locus of control upon the relationship between perceived goal-difficulty and performance ratings. Across the entire sample of 108 registered nurses, perceived goal difficulty was not significantly related to performance, whether assessed by self-ratings or supervisors' ratings. Locus of control, however, significantly moderated the relation between perceived goal-difficulty and self-ratings of performance. Among nurses who scored lower on the locus of control scale, indicating an internal orientation, there was a positive and statistically significant relation between perceived goal-difficulty and self-ratings of performance. On the other hand, among nurses scoring higher on the locus of control scale, indicating an external orientation, there was an inverse relation between perceived goal difficulty and self-ratings of performance. In addition, locus of control was weakly associated with supervisors' evaluations, self-evaluations, and nurses' perceptions of goal-difficulty. Magnitudes of rs ranged from −.19 to .15.

scholarly journals GOAL SETTING THEORY: THE EFFECT OF INCENTIVE MODERATION ON INDIVIDUAL PERFORMANCE

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-106
Author(s):  
Yudi Hartono ◽  
◽  
Monika Palupi Murniati ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Goal Setting ◽  
Goal Attainment ◽  
Individual Performance ◽  
Reinforcement Theory ◽  
Individual Motivation ◽  
Goal Difficulty ◽  
Goal Setting Theory ◽  
Goal Specificity ◽  
Setting Theory ◽  
The Impact

This study uses goal-setting theory and reinforcement theory to explain the formation of individual motivation in achieving goals. Testing the effect of goal specificity used the experimental method to test the impact of goal specificity, different goal difficulty on the same quota incentive system as the 2x2x1 experimental design. This study's findings confirm the goal-setting theory shown from the higher achievement of participants' goals when participants are given specific and challenging goals than participant goals in different variations of goal specificity and goal difficulty. This study found that participants have a greater focus on goal specificity in driving goal attainment behavior. The findings of this study confirm the reinforcement theory shown from achieving goals that exceed targets. Positive consequences become arguments for individuals to do the same action

scholarly journals Predicting Race Performance in Triathlon: The Role of Perfectionism, Achievement Goals, and Personal Goal Setting

2009 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joachim Stoeber ◽  
Mark A. Uphill ◽  
Sarah Hotham
Keyword(s):  
Goal Setting ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Sport Performance ◽  
Personal Goal ◽  
Personal Standards ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Approach Goals ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Race Performance

The question of how perfectionism affects performance is highly debated. Because empirical studies examining perfectionism and competitive sport performance are missing, the present research investigated how perfectionism affected race performance and what role athletes’ goals played in this relationship in two prospective studies with competitive triathletes (Study 1: N = 112; Study 2: N = 321). Regression analyses showed that perfectionistic personal standards, high performance-approach goals, low performance-avoidance goals, and high personal goals predicted race performance beyond athletes’ performance level. Moreover, the contrast between performance-avoidance and performance-approach goals mediated the relationship between perfectionistic personal standards and performance, whereas personal goal setting mediated the relationship between performance-approach goals and performance. The findings indicate that perfectionistic personal standards do not undermine competitive performance, but are associated with goals that help athletes achieve their best possible performance.

Studies of the relationship between satisfaction, goal-setting, and performance

1970 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edwin A. Locke ◽  
Norman Cartledge ◽  
Claramae S. Knerr
Keyword(s):  
Goal Setting ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Relationship

scholarly journals Factors Affecting Work Stress And Performance With Compensation Moderation In Working Load Relationships On The Performance Of Private Teachers In East Kalimantan

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 2398-2411
Author(s):  
Suyanto Et al.
Keyword(s):  
Work Stress ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
East Kalimantan ◽  
Work Conflict ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Tabulated Data

Lecturers as the spearhead in producing quality graduates in higher education are expected to always give the best performance at work. Good lecturer performance is influenced by many factors including workload, work conflict compensation and lecturer work stress so it is interesting to do further field research. The purpose of this study is to analyze and investigate the influence of work conflict and workload factors as internal factors among lecturers that have an impact on work stress and performance as well as the role of compensation mediators on the relationship between workload and lecturer performance in private universities in East Kalimantan. This study also took a sample of 259 lecturers as respondents in several districts and cities in East Kalimantan Province. Questionnaires were distributed to all samples to determine respondents' perceptions of the variables studied and collected in tabulated data. The tabulated data results were further analyzed using Smart PLS 3.3.2 software and descriptive statistics and inferential statistics to solve the equation structure model used in this study. The study found that work conflict has a positive and significant direct effect on job stress and performance. Workload has a positive and significant effect on work stress and performance. Meanwhile, work stress has a positive but insignificant effect on performance. Compensation is not able to strengthen the relationship between workload and performance.

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