scholarly journals The Story of Dr Stella (1927-2006)

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-128
Author(s):  
Richard Van Praagh
Keyword(s):  
Charles Darwin ◽  
Surgical Repair ◽  
Venous Drainage ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Septal Defects ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First Time ◽  
Survival Of The Fittest ◽  
Heterotaxy Syndromes

A life of professional caring, research, teaching, and inspiration—this is the legacy of Dr Stella Zacharioudaki Van Praagh, MD. Among her many outstanding contributions, only a few are recorded here: (1) a new surgical operation for closing apical muscular ventricular septal defects, (2) a newly discovered form of anomalous pulmonary venous drainage and its surgical repair, (3) a new understanding of sinus venosus defects and their surgical repair, (4) the realization that the concept of atrial-level isomerism (mirror-imagery) in the heterotaxy syndromes of asplenia, polysplenia, and single right-sided spleen is erroneous, (5) the understanding that it is possible to diagnose the atrial situs in the majority of cases of the heterotaxy syndromes, and (6) the fact that the concepts of evolution, natural selection, and survival of the fittest were described by Empedocles, an ancient Greek philosopher, in the fifth century bc, and that these concepts were not discovered and published for the first time by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russell Wallace in the 19th century (1858 ad). Dr Stella was conversant with ancient Greek and read it frequently in an ancient Greek study group that she headed. Dr Stella translated from ancient Greek into English a portion of Aristotle’s The Physics in which Empedocles’ understanding is cited at length. There is no doubt about what Empedocles thought.

Darwin's two competing phylogenetic trees: marsupials as ancestors or sister taxa?

2012 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. David Archibald
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Record ◽  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Charles Darwin ◽  
The Other ◽  
Charles Lyell ◽  
Single Origin ◽  
Molecular Studies ◽  
Richard Owen ◽  
First Time

Studies of the origin and diversification of major groups of plants and animals are contentious topics in current evolutionary biology. This includes the study of the timing and relationships of the two major clades of extant mammals – marsupials and placentals. Molecular studies concerned with marsupial and placental origin and diversification can be at odds with the fossil record. Such studies are, however, not a recent phenomenon. Over 150 years ago Charles Darwin weighed two alternative views on the origin of marsupials and placentals. Less than a year after the publication of On the origin of species, Darwin outlined these in a letter to Charles Lyell dated 23 September 1860. The letter concluded with two competing phylogenetic diagrams. One showed marsupials as ancestral to both living marsupials and placentals, whereas the other showed a non-marsupial, non-placental as being ancestral to both living marsupials and placentals. These two diagrams are published here for the first time. These are the only such competing phylogenetic diagrams that Darwin is known to have produced. In addition to examining the question of mammalian origins in this letter and in other manuscript notes discussed here, Darwin confronted the broader issue as to whether major groups of animals had a single origin (monophyly) or were the result of “continuous creation” as advocated for some groups by Richard Owen. Charles Lyell had held similar views to those of Owen, but it is clear from correspondence with Darwin that he was beginning to accept the idea of monophyly of major groups.

Victorian Pain

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Ablow
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Victorian Literature ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Charles Darwin ◽  
Harriet Martineau ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Natural Philosophers ◽  
First Time

The nineteenth century introduced developments in science and medicine that made the eradication of pain conceivable for the first time. This new understanding of pain brought with it a complex set of moral and philosophical dilemmas. If pain serves no obvious purpose, how do we reconcile its existence with a well-ordered universe? Examining how writers of the day engaged with such questions, this book offers a compelling new literary and philosophical history of modern pain. The book provides close readings of novelists Charlotte Brontë and Thomas Hardy and political and natural philosophers John Stuart Mill, Harriet Martineau, and Charles Darwin, as well as a variety of medical, scientific, and popular writers of the Victorian age. The book explores how discussions of pain served as investigations into the status of persons and the nature and parameters of social life. No longer conceivable as divine trial or punishment, pain in the nineteenth century came to seem instead like a historical accident suggesting little or nothing about the individual who suffers. A landmark study of Victorian literature and the history of pain, the book shows how these writers came to see pain as a social as well as a personal problem. Rather than simply self-evident to the sufferer and unknowable to anyone else, pain was also understood to be produced between persons—and even, perhaps, by the fictions they read.

Bonobos

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Line Drawings ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First Time

This is a comprehensive, illustrated catalogue of the 200+ marine chronometers in the collections of Royal Museums Greenwich. Every chronometer has been completely dismantled, studied and recorded, and illustrations include especially commissioned line drawings as well as photographs. The collection is also used to illustrate a newly researched and up-to-date chapter describing the history of the marine chronometer, so the book is much more than simply a catalogue. The history chapter naturally includes the story of John Harrison’s pioneering work in creating the first practical marine timekeepers, all four of which are included in the catalogue, newly photographed and described in minute detail for the first time. In fact full technical and historical data are provided for all of the marine chronometers in the collection, to an extent never before attempted, including biographical details of every maker represented. A chapter describes how the 19th century English chronometer was manufactured, and another provides comprehensive and logically arranged information on how to assess and date a given marine chronometer, something collectors and dealers find particularly difficult. For further help in identification of chronometers, appendices include a pictorial record of the number punches used by specific makers to number their movements, and the maker’s punches used by the rough movement makers. There is also a close-up pictorial guide to the various compensation balances used in chronometers in the collection, a technical Glossary of terms used in the catalogue text and a concordance of the various inventory numbers used in the collection over the years.

scholarly journals Catalogue of the primatological collection of the Torino University

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mara Calvini ◽  
Maria Stella Siori ◽  
Spartaco Gippoliti ◽  
Marco Pavia
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Great Part ◽  
Type Specimen ◽  
Zoological Garden ◽  
Historical Material ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First Time

The revised catalogue of primatological material stored in the Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali of Torino and in the Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi of the Università degli Studi di Torino and belonging to the historical material of the Torino University is introduced. The material, 494 specimens belonging to 399 individuals of 122 taxa, is of particular importance since specimens were mainly obtained during the 19th Century and the beginning of the 20th Century. A relevant part of the collection was created by the collaborators of the Museum, among which it is worth to mention F. De Filippi, A. Borelli and E. Festa, while other material came from purchases and donations from private people or the Royal Zoological Garden of Torino. Great part of the specimens is stuffed but also the osteological materials are of particular importance, as many of them derived from the specimens before being prepared and consisting of skulls or more or less complete skeletons. After this revision, the Lectotype and Paralectotypes of <em>Alouatta</em> <em>palliata</em> <em>aequatorialis</em> have been selected, and the type-specimen of the <em>brunnea</em> variety of <em>Cebus</em> <em>albifrons</em> <em>cuscinus</em> has been recognized. In addition, some specimens of particular historical-scientific importance have also been identified and here presented for the first time.

A cardiopulmonary bypass strategy to support a patient with vein of Galen malformation

Perfusion ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 026765912110015
Author(s):  
Alex Robertson ◽  
Nagarajan Muthialu ◽  
Mike Broadhead
Keyword(s):  
Cardiopulmonary Bypass ◽  
Surgical Repair ◽  
Circulatory Arrest ◽  
Ductus Arteriosus ◽  
Venous Drainage ◽  
Deep Hypothermic Circulatory Arrest ◽  
Vein Of Galen ◽  
Vein Of Galen Malformation ◽  
Neurological Sequelae ◽  
Ph Stat

We present a dissection of the patent ductus arteriosus and pulmonary artery for surgical repair utilising cardiopulmonary bypass in the setting of vein of Galen malformation. Several strategies were employed to attenuate the cerebral shunt including pH-stat, high cardiac index, restrictive venous drainage, continuous ventilation and deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. The patient recovered from surgery with no apparent neurological sequelae.

La part d’Henri Weil dans l’édition du De la musique attribué à Plutarque (Paris, E. Leroux, 1900)

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-265
Author(s):  
Laurent Calvié
Keyword(s):  
Original Condition ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Close Collaboration ◽  
First Time ◽  
Ancient Texts

The Weil-Reinach edition of the De musica attributed to Plutarch is the result of a close collaboration of two among the best philologists and specialists of ancient Greek music active in France between the 19th and the 20th centuries : H. Weil and his pupil Th. Reinach. The latter (who personally provided the collation of the manuscripts, some of the exegetical notes and the index) put together the material, but it was Weil who should be regarded as primarily responsible for the work, whose overall organization and component parts are perfectly consistent with the principles and methods that he had already applied to his previous editions : the subordination of the criticism of the texts, founded on the recension of manuscripts, to their history and interpretation. The interventionism typical of this publication derives from the extremely ambitious target that Weil imposed on all his ecdotic works : the reconstruction not of the corrupt archetype of the extant Byzantine and Humanist manuscripts, but of the original condition of the ancient texts. Viewed in this light, the Weil-Reinach edition of the De musica is a treasure of erudition and intelligence, in which the textual problems of a text, which had been deeply altered since antiquity, are raised for the first time.

scholarly journals Giovanni Aldini: From Animal Electricity to Human Brain Stimulation

2004 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 576-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
André Parent
Keyword(s):  
Electric Current ◽  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Experimental Physics ◽  
Influential Book ◽  
The University ◽  
Luigi Galvani ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First Time ◽  
Deep Brain ◽  
Crucial Experiments

Two hundred years ago, Giovanni Aldini published a highly influential book that reported experiments in which the principles of Luigi Galvani (animal electricity) and Alessandro Volta (bimetallic electricity) were used together for the first time. Aldini was born in Bologna in 1762 and graduated in physics at the University of his native town in 1782. As nephew and assistant of Galvani, he actively participated in a series of crucial experiments with frog's muscles that led to the idea that electricity was the long-sought vital force coursing from brain to muscles. Aldini became professor of experimental physics at the University of Bologna in 1798. He traveled extensively throughout Europe, spending much time defending the concept of his discreet uncle against the incessant attacks of Volta, who did not believe in animal electricity. Aldini used Volta's bimetallic pile to apply electric current to dismembered bodies of animals and humans; these spectacular galvanic reanimation experiments made a strong and enduring impression on his contemporaries. Aldini also treated patients with personality disorders and reported complete rehabilitation following transcranial administration of electric current. Aldini's work laid the ground for the development of various forms of electrotherapy that were heavily used later in the 19th century. Even today, deep brain stimulation, a procedure currently employed to relieve patients with motor or behavioral disorders, owes much to Aldini and galvanism. In recognition of his merits, Aldini was made a knight of the Iron Crown and a councillor of state at Milan, where he died in 1834.

De windmolen

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-32
Author(s):  
JOS BAZELMANS
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First Time ◽  
At Home

The windmill. The origins of a Dutch icon The windmill is an icon of the Netherlands. But when did this instrument acquire this symbolic role at home and abroad? After all, mills are also common outside of the Netherlands. In this essay, it is argued that during the second half of the 19th century, foreigners systematically identified the Netherlands and the windmill for the first time. More than in other countries, there was a varied use of mills in the Netherlands, large and robust mills and clusters of industrial mills. Within the Netherlands itself, development towards an iconic position is only visible around the turn of the century when the mill turned out to be a plus in tourist recruitment abroad and when mills were slowly disappearing from the landscape.

THE SUCCESSION TO THE SPARTAN KINGSHIP, 520–400 BC

2011 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 43-58
Author(s):  
BRENDA GRIFFITH-WILLIAMS
Keyword(s):  
Fifth Century ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Formal Procedure ◽  
Fixed Order

Abstract According to ancient Greek historiographers, succession to the Spartan kingship in the sixth and fifth centuries BC followed a fixed order based on the principle of male primogeniture. A king who left no son was succeeded by his oldest surviving brother or closest collateral kinsman. If the deceased king left only a daughter, his male heir was probably expected to secure the succession by marrying her; and, if the new king already had sons by a previous wife, it is possible that they were excluded from the succession in favour of his sons by the deceased king's daughter. At least by the fifth century, Sparta had a formal procedure for the adjudication of a contested succession, or the deposition of a reigning king who was found not to be a legitimate descendant of Heracles. It may be that physical or mental incapacity could also disqualify a contender from the kingship.

scholarly journals Senatorial Revision of I. N. Tolstoy of Yakutsk Region in 1844

2020 ◽  
pp. 271-290
Author(s):  
A. I. Arkhipova ◽  
P. P. Petrov
Keyword(s):  
Management System ◽  
Office Work ◽  
Regional Administration ◽  
City Hall ◽  
Russian State ◽  
National Archives ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Audit Activity ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First Time

For the first time in historiography, an attempt is made to illuminate the activities of Senator I.N. Tolstoy in conducting an audit of the regional management system of the Yakutsk region. Particular attention is paid to the audit of office work of the Yakutsk regional administration and the Yakutsk city hall. The novelty of the study is in the fact that, based on an analysis of archival sources first introduced into scientific circulation, the specifics of the functioning of the regional administration in the second quarter of the 19th century is revealed, and the results of the audit are considered as prerequisites for expanding the rights of administrative independence of the Yakutsk region from the Irkutsk province. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that this was the only senatorial revision for all years in the territory of the vast and geographically remote Yakutsk region, which has not undergone extensive scientific study. In the course of the presentation of the substantive part, a review of the main directions of the audit activity in relation to the regional and district levels of government, as well as its inspection supervision of the activities of the lower administrative authorities, including the city hall, was performed. Based on the author’s development, it was proved that the senatorial audit, reflecting the attention of the imperial authorities to the periphery, was aimed primarily at increasing the efficiency of the Siberian suburbs management system on the example of the Yakutsk region through personnel shifts and elimination of identified office work disturbances. The study was based on documents first discovered in the archives of the Russian State Historical Archive and the National Archives of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia).

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