Mestizaje and the Significance of Phenotype in Guatemala

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristian L. Paredes
Keyword(s):  
Skin Color ◽  
First Language ◽  
Color Discrimination ◽  
Representative Survey ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Direct Association ◽  
Distinct Dimension ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Local Significance

Ethnic issues in Guatemala are commonly analyzed using theoretical frameworks that underscore the role of Maya activism in promoting Mayan identification. However, these frameworks often pay insufficient attention to the local significance of phenotype. In this study, I propose an alternative framework to explain ethno-racial status in contexts of mestizaje. Based on this framework, I investigate whether phenotype, captured by skin color, is a significant dimension of ethno-racial status in Guatemala using nationally representative survey data and regression analysis. I specifically examine the association between skin color and ethnic self-identification, and differences by ethno-racial characteristics in the perception of skin color discrimination and in the desire for a whiter skin color. I find evidence of a direct association between skin color and ladino self-identification, evidence of a greater perception of skin color discrimination by individuals with more indigenous characteristics, and evidence of a direct association between indigenous ancestry, captured by indigenous first language, and the desire for a whiter skin color. These findings reveal the significance of phenotype as a distinct dimension of ethno-racial status in Guatemala beyond ancestry and ethnic self-identification.

Colorism and Physical Health: Evidence from a National Survey

2021 ◽  
pp. 002214652097964
Author(s):  
Ellis P. Monk
Keyword(s):  
African Americans ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Physical Health ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
Color Discrimination ◽  
Physical Health Outcomes ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Everyday Discrimination

This study uses nationally representative data to extend a steadily growing body of research on the health consequences of skin color by comparatively examining the consequences of perceived ingroup and outgroup skin color discrimination (perceived colorism) for physical health among African Americans. Using a comprehensive set of measures of physical health, I find that perceived ingroup colorism is significantly associated with worse physical health outcomes among African Americans. Notably, the magnitude of ingroup colorism’s associations with most of these outcomes rivals or even exceeds that of major lifetime discrimination, everyday discrimination, and perceived outgroup colorism. These findings compellingly suggest the inclusion of perceived colorism measures in future survey data collection efforts.

scholarly journals Overconfidence in news judgments is associated with false news susceptibility

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (23) ◽  
pp. e2019527118
Author(s):  
Benjamin A. Lyons ◽  
Jacob M. Montgomery ◽  
Andrew M. Guess ◽  
Brendan Nyhan ◽  
Jason Reifler
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Real World ◽  
Representative Survey ◽  
Relative Ability ◽  
Current Events ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
False News ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
News Headlines

We examine the role of overconfidence in news judgment using two large nationally representative survey samples. First, we show that three in four Americans overestimate their relative ability to distinguish between legitimate and false news headlines; respondents place themselves 22 percentiles higher than warranted on average. This overconfidence is, in turn, correlated with consequential differences in real-world beliefs and behavior. We show that overconfident individuals are more likely to visit untrustworthy websites in behavioral data; to fail to successfully distinguish between true and false claims about current events in survey questions; and to report greater willingness to like or share false content on social media, especially when it is politically congenial. In all, these results paint a worrying picture: The individuals who are least equipped to identify false news content are also the least aware of their own limitations and, therefore, more susceptible to believing it and spreading it further.

Explaining the association of race and COVID-19 vaccination intentions: the role of behavioral beliefs and trust in COVID-19 information sources

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chioma Woko ◽  
Leeann Siegel ◽  
Robert Hornik
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Social Media ◽  
Information Sources ◽  
Black Americans ◽  
Representative Survey ◽  
Behavioral Beliefs ◽  
Mainstream Media ◽  
Public Health Officials ◽  
Nationally Representative

The development of a COVID-19 vaccine is a critical strategy for combatting the pandemic. However, in order for vaccination efforts to succeed, there must be widespread willingness to vaccinate. Prior research has found that Black Americans, who have already been disproportionately impacted by the pandemic, report lower intentions to get a vaccine than do other populations. In this study, we investigate potential causes of this disparity, focusing on vaccine-related behavioral beliefs and trust in four COVID-19 information sources (mainstream media, social media, President Trump, and public health officials and agencies). Using a nationally-representative survey (n=889), we demonstrate that differences in vaccine beliefs explain the lower vaccine intentions reported by Black participants compared to non-Black participants. However, while we find associations between trust in information sources and vaccine beliefs, we do not find evidence that differences in trust accounted for the observed differences in vaccine beliefs by race. Furthermore, we found evidence of moderation; the association of trust in two sources, Trump and public health officials and agencies, with beliefs were smaller among Black participants. Overall, our results suggest that trust in information sources alone does not explain the observed relationship between race and vaccine beliefs. This relationship warrants further investigation.

scholarly journals Personality and individual attitudes toward vaccination: a nationally representative survey in the United States

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fang-Yu Lin ◽  
Ching-Hsing Wang
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Health Benefits ◽  
The United States ◽  
Emotional Stability ◽  
Representative Survey ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Point Increase ◽  
Nationally Representative

Abstract Background Although past studies have identified factors associated with individual perceptions of vaccination, limited attention has been paid to the role of personality in individual attitudes toward vaccination. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of personality as measured by the Big Five personality traits on individual attitudes toward vaccination using a nationally representative survey in the United States. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of 3276 American citizens who were aged 18 and above and lived in 50 U.S. states and Washington D.C. from the American National Election Studies. The survey was collected through face-to-face and online interviews using structured questionnaires in 2016. The multistage stratified cluster sampling procedure was used for face-to-face interview, whereas the USPS DSF was used to select the sample for online interview. Multivariable ordinal logistic regression was used to assess how personality traits (extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and openness to experience) as main explanatory variables influence the outcome variables – individual attitudes toward health benefits of vaccination and support for school vaccination. Results More than two-thirds of respondents perceive health benefit of vaccination and support vaccination requirements for school entry, whereas about one-tenth of respondents have safety concerns about vaccination and oppose the vaccination requirements. After adjusting for ideology, insurance status, and demographic variables, the traits of agreeableness, conscientiousness and emotional stability remain significantly associated with attitude toward vaccination; conscientiousness is significantly associated with support for school vaccination. The odds of reporting health benefits of vaccination associated with one-point increase in agreeableness, conscientiousness and emotional stability are 1.05 (95% confidence intervals [CI] = 1.01–1.08), 1.05 (95% CI = 1.02–1.09) and 1.03 (95% CI = 1.00–1.06), respectively. For a one-point increase in conscientiousness, the odds of supporting school vaccination increase by 1.08 (95% CI = 1.05–1.12). Conclusions People high in agreeableness, conscientiousness and emotional stability are more likely to regard vaccination as beneficial, whereas those high in conscientiousness are more likely to support school-based vaccine requirement. This study highlights the importance of personality in shaping individual attitudes toward vaccination. More research is needed to understand the role of personality in individual health attitudes and behavior.

Resonance

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amin Ghaziani
Keyword(s):  
Survey Data ◽  
Sexual Minorities ◽  
Cultural Significance ◽  
Representative Survey ◽  
Gallup Poll ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Gays And Lesbians ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Right

This chapter examines how Boystown can retain its queer character, how an increasing presence of straight residents affects this possibility, and how different types of sexual minorities perceive the cultural significance of gayborhoods in Chicago. Although Americans are more tolerant of gay people in general, one study, using nationally representative survey data from a Gallup poll, found that more than a quarter of Americans still prefer to not have them as their neighbors. Many gays and lesbians wonder about the right balance between inclusion and straight dominance in the gayborhood. The chapter considers the role of existing gayborhoods as safe harbors and think about how they can retain their cultural and institutional character despite the arrival of more straight newcomers.

scholarly journals Traumatic rift: How conspiracy beliefs undermine cohesion after societal trauma?

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michal Bilewicz ◽  
Marta Witkowska ◽  
Myrto Pantazi ◽  
Theofilos Gkinopoulos ◽  
Olivier Klein
Keyword(s):  
Military Officers ◽  
Representative Survey ◽  
Conspiracy Theories ◽  
Airplane Crash ◽  
Internal Conflicts ◽  
Conspiracy Beliefs ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Societal Trauma ◽  
Conspiracy Thinking

Collective traumas may often lead to deep societal divides and internal conflicts. In this article, we propose that conspiracy theories emerging in response to victimizing events may play a key role in the breakdown of social cohesion. We performed a nationally representative survey in Poland (N = 965) two years after the Smoleńsk airplane crash in which the Polish president was killed, together with 95 political officials and high-ranking military officers. The survey found that people endorsing conspiratorial accounts of the Smoleńsk catastrophe preferred to distance themselves from conspiracy non-believers, while skeptics preferred greater distance to conspiracy believers. We also examined the role of people’s belief in the uniqueness of in-group historical suffering as an important antecedent of both conspiracy thinking and hostility towards outgroups (conspiracy believers and non-believers).

scholarly journals Examining the Pathoplastic Moderating Role of Education on the Association between Depressive Mood and Self-Rated Health among Cancer Survivors: A Population-Based Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 4042-4052
Author(s):  
Anao Zhang ◽  
Kaipeng Wang ◽  
Adam S. DuVall
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Cancer Survivors ◽  
The United States ◽  
Depressive Mood ◽  
Self Rated Health ◽  
Ordered Logistic Regression ◽  
Direct Association ◽  
Nationally Representative

Objective: Self-rated health (SRH) is a salient patient outcome for cancer survivors, and depressive mood and education are known determinants of cancer survivors’ SRH. Moving beyond the well-established direct association between depressive mood, education, and SRH among cancer survivors, this epidemiological study investigated the pathoplastic role of education on depressive mood in relation to SRH among a nationally representative sample of cancer survivors in the United States. Methods: The 2019 National Health Interview Survey was analyzed using data from adult participants (≥18 years old) who self-reported as cancer survivors (n = 3844). Ordered logistic regression was used to evaluate the direct impact of depressive mood and education in relation to SRH. In addition, the pathoplastic moderating effect was evaluated using ordered logistic regression with an interaction term of depressive mood and education in the regression model. All analyses adjusted for complex sample weights so that findings are nationally representative. Results: After adjusting for all covariates, U.S. cancer survivors’ depressive mood was significantly associated with lower SRH, and U.S. cancer survivors’ higher education was significantly associated with higher SRH. As a pathoplastic moderator, cancer survivors’ education significantly moderated the association between depressive mood and SRH. The negative association between depressive mood and SRH was significantly greater among those with higher education. Conclusion: Moving beyond the direct association between depressive mood, education, and SRH, education served as a pathoplastic moderator in relation to depressive mood and SRH. Psycho-oncology providers need to be mindful of the “protective-risk” effect of education in relation to cancer survivors’ depressive mood and SRH.

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