Area- and Individual-Level Correlates of Self-Rated Health: Implications for Geographic Health Disparities

Background Self-rated health (SRH) is a common measure of overall health. However, little is known about multilevel correlates of physical and mental SRH. Methods Patients attending primary care clinics completed a survey before their appointment, which we linked to community data from American Community Survey and other sources (n = 455). We conducted multilevel logistic regression to assess correlates of excellent/very good versus good/fair/poor physical and mental SRH. Results 43.9% of participants had excellent/very good physical SRH, and 55.2% had excellent/very good mental SRH. Physical SRH was associated with age (odds ratio[OR] = 0.82 per 10 years; 95% confidence interval[CI] = 0.72-0.93) and community correlates, including retail establishment density (OR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.90-0.99) and percent of students eligible for free/reduced lunch (OR = 1.60, 95% CI = 1.08-2.38) (all P < .05). Mental SRH was not associated with any characteristics. Conclusions Practitioners in public health, social work, and medicine could use zip codes to intervene in patients and communities to improve physical SRH.

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Job Turnover and Divorce

10.31235/osf.io/v3zmc ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Philip N. Cohen

Keyword(s):

Population Survey ◽

Community Survey ◽

New Combination ◽

Job Turnover ◽

American Community Survey ◽

Turnover Rates ◽

High Turnover ◽

Individual Level ◽

One Year ◽

The Individual

Inspired by Pugh (2015), this paper explores the connection between work and couple stability, using a new combination of data from the Current Population Survey (CPS) and the American Community Survey (ACS). I test the association between job turnover, a contextual variable, and divorce at the individual level. Results show that people who work in jobs with high turnover rates – that is, jobs which many people are no longer working in one year later – are also more likely to divorce. One possible explanation is that people exposed to lower levels of commitment from employers, and employees, exhibit lower levels of commitment to their own marriages

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Debtors’ Blocks: How Monetary Sanctions Make Between-neighborhood Racial and Economic Inequalities Worse

Sociology of Race and Ethnicity ◽

10.1177/23326492211057817 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 233264922110578

Author(s):

Kate K. O’Neill ◽

Ian Kennedy ◽

Alexes Harris

Keyword(s):

Longitudinal Data ◽

Social Disorganization ◽

Washington State ◽

Community Survey ◽

American Community Survey ◽

High Poverty ◽

Individual Level ◽

Recent Scholarship ◽

Per Capita ◽

Neighborhood Level

Although recent scholarship has enumerated many individual-level consequences of criminal legal citations and sentences involving fines and fees, we know surprisingly little about the structural consequences of monetary sanctions or legal financial obligations (LFOs). We use social disorganization and critical race theories to examine neighborhood-level associations between and among LFO sentence amounts, poverty, and racial and ethnic demographics. Using longitudinal data from the Washington State Administrative Office of the Courts, and the American Community Survey, we find LFOs are more burdensome in high-poverty communities and of color, and that per-capita rates of LFOs sentenced are associated with increased future poverty rates across all neighborhoods.

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A Time-Space Stream of DACA Benefits and Barriers Gleaned From the American Community Survey

Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences ◽

10.1177/0739986320915849 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 42 (2) ◽

pp. 143-164

Author(s):

Richard C. Jones

Keyword(s):

Mexican Americans ◽

National Level ◽

State Level ◽

Work Force ◽

The United States ◽

Community Survey ◽

Control Group ◽

American Community Survey ◽

Individual Level ◽

Time Space

This study investigates the educational and economic attainment of Mexican Dreamers over the 4 years since DACA was implemented (2012–2016). A time-space stream of benefits and barriers is evaluated at the national, state, and individual levels. Based on assumptions linking the DACA-eligible to DACA recipients, I examine the annual American Community Survey (ACS) to glean insights not provided elsewhere. At national level, the results suggest that young Mexican Dreamers entered the workforce at higher rates, but college at lower rates, than a control group of Mexican Americans. At state level, in supportive states these Dreamers entered college at higher rates but the work force at slightly lower rates, than they did in restrictive states. At the individual level, it is revealed that DACA strongly promoted college over work for women, but just the reverse for men. These distinctions are bringing about new inequalities within the Mexican Dreamer community in the United States.

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Right-wing populism and self-rated health in Europe: a multilevel analysis

European Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1093/eurpub/ckz185.269 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽

Author(s):

I Backhaus ◽

S Kino ◽

G La Torre ◽

I Kawachi

Keyword(s):

Social Capital ◽

Confidence Interval ◽

Political Ideology ◽

European Social Survey ◽

Poor Health ◽

Right Wing ◽

Individual Level ◽

Self Rated Health ◽

Country Level ◽

Fair Poor

Abstract Background Individuals who hew to a conservative political ideology have been previously reported to have better self-rated health compared to liberals. No studies have examined whether the correlation between right-wing ideology and health also holds for populism, a brand of politics that is gaining momentum throughout the world. We tested whether the association still holds for right-wing populists. Methods We analysed data from 24617 respondents nested within 18 European countries included in the 2016 European Social Survey. Multilevel analyses were conducted to assess the relationship between political ideology and self-rated health, adjusting for other individual covariates (happiness and social capital) and country-level characteristics (democracy type). Results Individuals who voted for right-wing populist parties were 43% more likely to report fair/poor health compared to traditional conservatives (OR = 1.43, 95% confidence interval 1.23 to 1.67). The association was attenuated after controlling for individual-level variables, including happiness and access to social capital (OR = 1.21, confidence interval 1.03 to 1.42). Higher levels of social capital (informal networks, OR = 0.40, 95% confidence interval 0.29 to 0.56; trust, OR = 0.82, 95% confidence interval 0.74 to 0.92) and happiness (OR = 0.18, 95% confidence interval 0.15 to 0.22) were protectively correlated with fair/poor self-rated health. Conclusions Individuals voting for right-wing populist parties report worse health compared to conservatives. It remains unclear whether ideology is just a marker for health-related practices, or whether the values and beliefs associated with a particular brand of ideology leads to worse health. Key messages There is a significant association between voting for right-wing populist parties and self-rated poor health. Social capital was protectively correlated with self-rated health calling for renewed attention on the effects of social capital on political ideology and health.

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Right-wing populism and self-rated health in Europe: a multilevel analysis

Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health ◽

10.1136/jech-2018-211995 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 73 (12) ◽

pp. 1116-1121

Author(s):

Insa Backhaus ◽

Shiho Kino ◽

Giuseppe La Torre ◽

Ichiro Kawachi

Keyword(s):

Social Capital ◽

Political Ideology ◽

European Social Survey ◽

Right Wing ◽

Informal Networks ◽

Individual Level ◽

Self Rated Health ◽

Values And Beliefs ◽

Health Related ◽

Fair Poor

BackgroundIndividuals who identify as politically conservative have been previously shown to report better self-rated health compared with liberals. We tested whether this association still holds for right-wing populists, which are gaining strength as a political force in Europe in recent decades.MethodsWe analysed data from 24 617 respondents nested within 18 European countries included in the 2016 European Social Survey. Multilevel analyses were conducted to assess the association between political ideology and self-rated health, adjusting for other individual covariates (happiness and social capital).ResultsIndividuals who voted for right-wing populist parties were 43% more likely to report fair/poor health compared with traditional conservatives (OR=1.43, 95% CI 1.23 to 1.67). The association was attenuated (OR=1.21, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.42) after controlling for additional individual-level variables, including happiness and access to social capital. Higher levels of social capital (informal networks, OR=0.40, 95% CI 0.29 to 0.56; trust, OR=0.82, 95% CI 0.74 to 0.92) and happiness (OR=0.18, 95% CI 0.15 to 0.22) were protectively correlated with fair/poor self-rated health.ConclusionsIndividuals voting for right-wing populist parties report worse health compared with conservatives. It remains unclear whether ideology is just a marker for health-related practices, or whether the values and beliefs associated with a particular brand of ideology lead to worse health.

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Using a GIS and the American Community Survey to Address Community Health Problems

Geographic Information Systems and Health Applications ◽

10.4018/978-1-59140-042-4.ch003 ◽

2011 ◽

pp. 43-56

Author(s):

J.ane L. McCall ◽

Amy K. Pasini ◽

Richard B. Wait

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Information Systems ◽

Geographic Information Systems ◽

Community Health ◽

Case Studies ◽

Geographic Information ◽

Community Survey ◽

American Community Survey ◽

The Public ◽

Community Data

This chapter describes two case studies that demonstrate how the technology of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) can be combined with community data to address healthcare problems. The purpose is to present a model that can be replicated by other hospitals or those with an interest in promoting the public health.

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Exploring the determinants of exclusive breastfeeding among infants under-six months in Ethiopia using multilevel analysis

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0245034 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. e0245034

Author(s):

Shambel Aychew Tsegaw ◽

Yeshimebet Ali Dawed ◽

Erkihun Tadesse Amsalu

Keyword(s):

Logistic Regression ◽

Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽

Odds Ratio ◽

Maternal Employment ◽

Wealth Index ◽

Household Wealth ◽

Community Level ◽

Multilevel Logistic Regression ◽

Individual Level ◽

The Individual

Introduction Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) is the safest and healthiest option of feeding among infants in the first 6 months throughout the world. Thus, the promotion of EBF is essential to prevent complex infant health problems even at the adulthood level. But the majority of previous studies focused on individual- level determinants of EBF by using basic regression models in localized areas. This study aimed to identify the determinants of EBF at the individual and community level which would be helpful to design appropriate strategies for improving the practice of EBF. Methods It is a secondary data analysis using the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) data. A total of 1185 infants under 6 months of age were included in the analysis. A Multilevel logistic regression model was employed to investigate factors significantly associated with EBF among under-six infants in Ethiopia. Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to measure the association of variables whereas Intracluster correlation (ICC), median odds ratio (MOR), and proportional change in variance (PCV) were used to measure random effects (variation). Result In multilevel logistic regression; 4–5 months age infant (AOR = 0.04, 95%CI:0.02–0.07), female infants (AOR = 2.51, 95%CI:1.61–3.91), infant comorbidities (AOR = 0.35, 95%CI: 0.21–0.57), richest household wealth index (AOR = 10.34, 95%CI: 3.14–34.03) and antenatal care (AOR = 2.25, 95%CI:1.32–3.82) were individual- level determinants significantly associated with exclusive breastfeeding. Whereas, contextual region (AOR = 0.30, 95%CI: 0.10–0.87), community- level of postnatal visit (AOR = 2.77, 95%CI: 1.26–6.58) and community -level of maternal employment (AOR = 2.8, 95%CI: 1.21–6.47) were community level determinants significantly associated with EBF. The full model showed that46.8% of the variation of exclusive breastfeeding was explained by the combined factors at the individual and community levels. Similarly, it showed that the variation in exclusive breastfeeding across communities remained statistically significant (ICC = 8.77% and variance = 0.32 with P<0.001). Conclusion and recommendation Our study showed that both individual and community level determinants were significantly associated with EBF practice among under 6 infants. Based on our findings, it is recommended to promote and enhance antenatal and postnatal care services utilization of mothers to improve exclusive breastfeeding practice and more emphasis should be given to infants with comorbid conditions and those who were living in the pastoralist regions.

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