scholarly journals TOPOI – A method for analysing settlement units and their linkages in an urban–rural fabric

2022 ◽  
pp. 239980832110438
Author(s):  
Vanessa Carlow ◽  
Olaf Mumm ◽  
Dirk Neumann ◽  
Anne-Kathrin Schneider ◽  
Boris Schröder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Small Towns ◽  
Rural Setting ◽  
Integrated Analysis ◽  
Form Function ◽  
Physical Form ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Spatial Linkages ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Many years, urbanisation research has largely focused the development of urban agglomerations and megacity regions, whereas less attention was paid on the development of medium-sized cities, small towns, villages, or rural areas. Yet many interrelations and spatial linkages between urban and rural areas exist. In this paper, we present a novel method called ‘TOPOI’ for the integrated analysis and description of settlement units in an urban–rural setting. The TOPOI-method enhances the understanding of the built environment by clustering and describing settlement units of similar characteristics with view to their physical form, function, and connectivity. The method is built on known planning parameters, but does not limit the analysis of settlement units to their administrative boundaries. Based on 11 indicators, 13 TOPOI-classes were identified in two exemplary study regions revealing new insights into urban–rural settlement types. This allows a better understanding of urban–rural linkages and therefore opens up new pathways for a more sustainable development.

scholarly journals Small towns as mediators towards spatial resilience: The case study of network of settlements in Vojvodina region

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-342
Author(s):  
Ivan Simic ◽  
Ratko Bajcetic
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Small Towns ◽  
Ecological Resilience ◽  
Spatial Resilience ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Rural Character ◽  
Entire Network

The development of settlements in Vojvodina is burdened by numerous problems, both environmental and social, which seriously jeopardize their path towards resilience. The effects of climate changes have been identified mostly in the form of floods, inundations and prolonged droughts affecting agriculture as the dominant activity in the region. On the other hand, settlements in Vojvodina, especially small towns and villages, suffer from chronic depopulation and the 'emptying' effect. Naturally, this transfers its consequences to major cities and the entire regional network of settlements. In this article we will focus on a particular type of settlement in Vojvodina - small towns, specific because of their urban-rural character and their significance within the above-mentioned issues. What are the possibilities for this type of settlement to improve its ecological resilience, a property that is the conditio sine qua non of sustainability? Our assumption is that small towns, due to their hybrid urban-rural character, possess sufficient flexibility and polyvalence to take on the role of the 'fluid object' i.e. the mediator that allows the proliferation of relational objects between urban and rural areas, and that will allow spatial resilience of the entire network of settlements. We will use the concept of spatial resilience in order to extend the question of ecological resilience of one type of settlement to the entire network of towns.

scholarly journals Rural Height Penalty or Socioeconomic Penalization? The Nutritional Inequality in Backward Spain

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 4483
Author(s):  
Antonio M. Linares-Luján ◽  
Francisco M. Parejo-Moruno
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Small Towns ◽  
Male Adult ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Military Recruitment ◽  
Equality Of Means ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
The 19Th Century

This article studies the evolution of nutritional inequality, measured through the male adult height, in one of the poorest regions of Spain, in southwestern Europe: Extremadura. With a wide sample of statures of recruits born between 1855 and 1979, conscripted between 1876 and 2000, the research delves into the urban-rural height gap using coefficients of variation, tests of equality of means and proxy variables of a socioeconomic nature. The results of the analysis reveal that the strong anthropometric growth that Extremadura experienced since the last decades of the 19th century was accompanied by a less internal inequality. The lower heterogeneity did not eliminate, however, the urban-rural height gap during the period under study. In this sense, despite the absence of environmental differences between urban and rural areas in Extremadura, there was a clear rural height penalty in the region from the mid-19th century to the late 20th century. Rural punishment was fundamentally related to the greater presence of agrarian workers and the lower presence of wealthy families in villages and small towns. On the contrary, educational differences or differences in terms of nutritional health were not as decisive in the rural height penalization, at least when such differences are measured with the sources of military recruitment.

An Analysis of Consumption Pattern in Pakistan

1982 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 275-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rehana Siddiqui
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Household Size ◽  
Consumption Pattern ◽  
Total Expenditure ◽  
Demand Growth ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

The paper aims at testing the validity of Engel's law with data on Pakistan. Consumption functions for urban and rural areas have been estimated separately. These functions are shown to be determined by total expenditure and household size. Engel's law is confirmed for some commodity groups but not for all. Following tests of urban-rural homogeneity and of stability of urban and rural consumption functions, demand growth rates for different food and non-food items have been calculated, assuming different growth rates of total expenditure and household size.

scholarly journals Delineation of the Urban-Rural Boundary through Data Fusion: Applications to Improve Urban and Rural Environments and Promote Intensive and Healthy Urban Development

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (13) ◽  
pp. 7180
Author(s):  
Jun Zhang ◽  
Xiaodie Yuan ◽  
Xueping Tan ◽  
Xue Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Wavelet Transform ◽  
Rural Development ◽  
Data Fusion ◽  
Urban Development ◽  
Urban Sprawl ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Healthy Development ◽  
Kappa Value ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

As one of the most important methods for limiting urban sprawl, the accurate delineation of the urban–rural boundary not only promotes the intensive use of urban resources, but also helps to alleviate the urban issues caused by urban sprawl, realizing the intensive and healthy development of urban cities. Previous studies on delineating urban–rural boundaries were only based on the level of urban and rural development reflected by night-time light (NTL) data, ignoring the differences in the spatial development between urban and rural areas; so, the comprehensive consideration of NTL and point of interest (POI) data can help improve the accuracy of urban–rural boundary delineation. In this study, the NTL and POI data were fused using wavelet transform, and then the urban–rural boundary before and after data fusion was delineated by multiresolution segmentation. Finally, the delineation results were verified. The verification result shows that the accuracy of delineating the urban–rural boundary using only NTL data is 84.20%, and the Kappa value is 0.6549; the accuracy using the fusion of NTL and POI data on the basis of wavelet transform is 93.2%, and the Kappa value is 0.8132. Therefore, we concluded that the proposed method of using wavelet transform to fuse NTL and POI data considers the differences between urban and rural development, which significantly improves the accuracy of the delineation of urban–rural boundaries. Accurate delineation of urban–rural boundaries is helpful for optimizing internal spatial structure in both urban and rural areas, alleviating environmental problems resulting from urban development, assisting the formulation of development policies for urban and rural fringes, and promoting the intensive and healthy development of urban areas.

scholarly journals Association between Rural Land Use Transition and Urban–Rural Integration Development: From 2009 to 2018 Based on County-Level Data in Shandong Province, China

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1228
Author(s):  
Zhiheng Yang ◽  
Nengneng Shen ◽  
Yanbo Qu ◽  
Bailin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Shandong Province ◽  
County Level ◽  
Rural Land ◽  
Integrated Development ◽  
Land Use Transition ◽  
Rural Land Use ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Integrated development in urban and rural areas has led to a new form of urban–rural interdependence, which promotes rural territorial functional evolution and land use changes. Rural land use transition, showing the synchronous development between cities and villages, is an important window through which to observe integrated development in urban and rural areas. We focus on uncovering the association between rural land use transition and urban–rural integration development (URID), put forward a dynamic relationship assumption between rural land use transformation and URID stages based on the transmission mechanism of urban–rural linkages, and undertake empirical analysis using the panel regression model with the data of county-level administrative units in Shandong Province, China. The results show that rural land use transition has maintained a close association with URID, and that the changes in cultivated land, forest land, and surface-water area are highly related to URID. There are different leading urban–rural linkages in rural areas around big-sized cities, mid-sized cities, and small-sized cities, which determine whether rural areas are in different URID stages of high, medium, or low levels. Further, rural areas can take different actions to promote URID at different stages through strengthening or introducing urban–rural linkages driven by economies of scale and deepening urbanization. This provides a reference for developing countries to formulate rural land use policies on achieving the goal of URID.

scholarly journals Decomposing Urban-rural Differences in Multimorbidity Among Older Adults in India: A Study Based on Lasi Data

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shekhar Chauhan ◽  
Shobhit Srivast ◽  
Pradeep Kumar ◽  
Ratna Patel
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Decomposition Analysis ◽  
The Public ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
Ageing Study ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Abstract Background: Multimorbidity is defined as the co-occurrence of two or more than two diseases in the same person. With rising longevity, multimorbidity has become a prominent concern among the older population. Evidence from both developed and developing countries shows that older people are at much higher risk of multimorbidity, however, urban-rural differential remained scarce. Therefore, this study examines urban-rural differential in multimorbidity among older adults by decomposing the risk factors of multimorbidity and identifying the covariates that contributed to the change in multimorbidity.Methods: The study utilized information from 31,464 older adults (rural-20,725 and urban-10,739) aged 60 years and above from the recent release of the Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI) wave 1 data. Descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate decomposition analysis techniques were used.Results: Overall, significant urban-rural differences were found in the prevalence of multimorbidity among older adults (difference: 16.3; p<0.001). Moreover, obese/overweight and high-risk waist circumference were found to narrow the difference in the prevalence of multimorbidity among older adults between urban and rural areas by 8% and 9.1%, respectively.Conclusion: There is a need to substantially increase the public sector investment in healthcare to address the multimorbidity among older adults, more so in urban areas, without compromising the needs of older adults in rural areas.

scholarly journals Demographic dynamics, urban-rural divides and the (changing) mother's age at birth in Greece: a regional analysis, 1980–2016

2018 ◽  
pp. 67-86
Author(s):  
Luca Salvati ◽  
Ilaria Zambon
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Regional Analysis ◽  
Age At First Birth ◽  
Fertility Trends ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Mother’S Age ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Age At Birth

Being more sensitive to economic fluctuations, childbearing postponement increased during the second demographic transition and was accompanied by a moderate decline in the number of children per woman and the progressive rise of mother’s age at first birth. Under the hypothesis that recessions have a marked influence on population dynamics, the present study investigates spatial changes in mother’s age at birth in Greece with the aim to assess the differential impact of economic crisis along the urban-rural gradient. The percent composition of births by mother's age class – considered a gross indicator of fertility under a changing socioeconomic context – was studied at 4 spatial scales (the whole country, administrative regions, prefectures and metropolitan areas or specific economic districts) over an economic cycle from expansion to recession (1980–2016). While stimulating childbearing postponement observed since the early 1980s, empirical results of this study indicate that the 2007 recession was quite neutral on fertility trends in Greece, consolidating the traditional divide between urban and rural areas.

scholarly journals Motivation and job satisfaction of healthcare professionals in urban and rural areas in the autonomous province of Vojvodina, Serbia

2018 ◽  
Vol 71 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 33-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maja Grujicic ◽  
Jelena Jovicic-Bata ◽  
Budimka Novakovic
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Healthcare Professionals ◽  
Work Motivation ◽  
Rural Setting ◽  
Rural Healthcare ◽  
Quality Health Care ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Autonomous Province

Introduction. ?otivation and job satisfaction of healthcare professionals represent the basis for providing quality health care. The aim of the study was to establish whether ther? is a difference in motivation and job satisfaction among healthcare professionals in urban and rural areas in Vojvodina, Serbia. Material and Methods. The study included 574 healthcare professionals in urban area, and 145 in rural setting, from three health centers. Data collection was performed by a self-administered questionnaire. Results. Urban healthcare professionals, compared to rural healthcare workers, were significantly more motivated by the factor of work motivation - achieving the goals of the health center. In comparison with rural healthcare professionals, urban healthcare workers are significantly more satisfied with personal qualities of their immediate supervisors, job security guaranteed by their institution, immediate support at work they received from managers, and professional supervision of their work. Conclusion. Compared to rural healthcare professionals, urban healthcare workers are more work motivated and job satisfied.

Współpraca gmin obwarzankowych na płaszczyźnie gospodarczej. Zarys problemu

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 247-259
Author(s):  
Lech Jańczuk
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Rural Municipality ◽  
Research Hypothesis ◽  
Economic Level ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Rural Municipalities ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

There are “urban-rural municipalities” in Polish administration nomenclature. They are territorial units where urban and rural areas have one name and one local government. There are also urban and rural municipalities that have one name but different local governments. That neighborhood of municipalities in Polish may be described as “municipalities bagel”. The aim of this article was to investigate whether and to what extent the “municipalities bagel” cooperate (coordinate) the exercising public tasks on the economic level. The article attempts to verify the research hypothesis: in “municipalities bagel” there is a lack of coordination of the exercising public tasks”. The research method was a diagnostic survey in which the questionnaire was conducted. In December 2019, questionnaire forms were sent to all “municipalities bagel” in Poland. The results of the research indicated a lack of coordination in the performance of public tasks between “municipalities bagel”. The result is a reduction of the efficiency of performance of public duties in such municipalities. The “municipalities bagel” are functionally related areas. This link is characterized by the subordination of the interests of the rural municipality (especially economic). The development of bagel rural communes is determined by the development and cooperation with their urban counterparts.

Urban-Rural Synergy in Shrinking Regions Through Application of e-co Model

2020 ◽  
pp. 335-360
Author(s):  
Tijana M. Vujičić ◽  
Dijana Simonović
Keyword(s):  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Alternative Model ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Rural Urbanization ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Shrinking Regions ◽  
Northwest Region

Many regions worldwide are faced with the problem of shrinkage, manifested through demographic decline, economic loss, and perforation of the urban tissue. Starting from the assumption that the shrinking phenomenon is present in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the research deals with the diagnosis of the shrinking condition in urban and rural areas of the northwest region of the country. In the light of the shrinkage problems, the chapter defines a new alternative model—e-co—which should enable the recovery from the crisis and restore the vitality of the region. The chance for recovery is recognized in the processes of rural urbanization and urban ruralization, the integration of rural values and urban advantages, the modern globality, and traditional locality.

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