Do Trade and Poverty Cause Each Other? Evidence from BRICS

Any two variables that are observable have one or the other form of relationship. This is particularly a statistical relationship. But for a statistical relationship to be cause and effect, a theoretical relationship is important. The theoretical relationship can be quantified to search for the evidence of causality. The possible outcomes can be no causality, unidirectional causality, or bidirectional causality. The present study aims at searching for evidence from BRICS countries regarding trade causing poverty or vice versa. Applied econometrics approach is used in the study. Panel econometric techniques have been employed to identify presence/absence of causality between the variables. Apart from this, the study also uses equality of means to identify whether trade and poverty proxies are symmetrical or asymmetrical. The study finds no causal relationship between trade and poverty for BRICS countries except that poverty headcount at $3.2 per day causes trade balance. With respect to the impact on the GINI index, lowest 10 percent income share and poverty headcount ratios are integral to reduce the inequality in the BRICS countries.

Evaluation of the Knowledge and Practise of Esthetic Dentistry amongst the Practicing Dentists of Private Dental Colleges of Navi Mumbai- A Questionnaire-based Study

Purpose: The inter-disciplinary approach to practise and also should constantly update their knowledge to keep up with the demands that this field presents. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge, attitude and practice of Esthetic dentistry amongst the practicing dentists of private dental colleges in Navi Mumbai, through a questionnaire- based study. Materials and Methods: Self-administered KAP (Knowledge, Attitude, Practise) questionnaires were distributed amongst the practicing dentists of private dental colleges in Navi Mumbai. A total of 100 questionnaires were distributed. Statistical analysis used: Pearson’s chi. Sq. test was applied and the likelihood ratio calculated for each question. Independent T Test was applied for equality of means between the groups, i.e. both gender and graduate and post graduate qualifications. Results: Most of the dentists were aware of the field and practise of Esthetic dentistry, although there were some differences found between the general dentists and specialists in adopting and accepting new dental procedures. According to them, Finances played a major role in opting for an esthetic treatment by patients. Conclusion: With the advances in esthetic dentistry and increased level of patients’ expectations and awareness, practicing dentists should be well versed with the same, by attending continuing dental education programs and courses to update their skill and knowledge. Also Finances plays a major role in opting for an esthetic treatment.

Pengaruh Pembelajaran Matematika Menggunakan Model Learning Cycle Terhadap Hasil Belajar Siswa Pokok Bahasan Barisan Dan Deret Kelas XI IPA SMAN 1 Kerinci

The purpose of writing this research is to determine the learning outcomes of mathematics learning on the subject matter of the language of sequences and series by using the learning cycle learning model before using the learning cycle learning model (Lecture learning model). This study uses quantitative research methods with an experimental approach. The population of this research is all students of class XI IPA using purposive sampling technique, the class that will be sampled in this study is seen from the level of ability possessed by each student in understanding the subject matter of sequences and series, where the sample is 25 control class students, and 25 experimental class students. There are three stages of data collection techniques, namely the preparation stage, the implementation stage and the final stage. The analysis of the instrument test carried out in this experimental study used a test of validity and reliability, a test of the level of difficulty of the test items, and a test of discriminating power. While the technique to analyze the data using normality test, homogeneity test, and hypothesis testing using t-test. The results of this study indicate that there are differences in student learning outcomes on the subject matter of sequences and series before using the Learning Cycle learning model and after using the Learning Cycle learning model. This can be seen by using the t-test part of the t-test for Equality of Means, the sig value is known. (2 tailed) of 0.000 < 0.05.

People with Disabilities in the Workplace: Results of a Survey Conducted among Polish and Finnish Employers

The key aspect of the inclusion of people with disabilities (PwD) in the workplace is how they are perceived by employers who make decisions on hiring employees. The article presents the results of CAWI (Computer Assisted Web Interview) research conducted among Polish and Finnish employers (n = 414) in 2021 using a proprietary questionnaire. Employers were asked to assess the state policy in the field of PwD’s inclusion, the social atmosphere in this respect, the level of acceptance of privileges/special solutions dedicated to PwD in the workplace and the knowledge of the specificity of disability. When analysing the obtained data, we verified the differentiation of Polish and Finnish employers’ assessments, the impact of respondents’ characteristics on their assessment and the relations between the assessments of various aspects of PwD’s inclusion. For the analysis, we used the t-test of independent samples for equality of means and the Pearson correlation coefficient. The results showed that Finnish respondents assess the conditions for the full inclusion of PwD much better than Polish ones. The characteristics most differentiating employers’ assessments is gender and the fact of employing PwD. There were also correlations between the responses of respondents in both countries to three out of four analysed questions from the questionnaire. The differences found in this study indicate that it would be worth extending the research to other European countries to generalize conclusions about the influence of cultural determinants on the situation of PwD on the labour market.

Testing for equality of means with equal and unequal variances

In this paper, we are interested in comparing the conventional t –test with the proposed t – test for testing equality of means with unequal and equal variances. Here, we proposed harmonic mean of variances as an alternative to the pooled sample variance when there is heterogeneity of variances. Two sets of secondary data were obtained from Agricultural Development Project (KWADP) and the Ministry of Agriculture in Ilorin, Kwara State to demonstrate the two test statistics used and the results show that the proposed t – test statistic is found to be appropriate than the conventional t – test statistic when we have unequal variances but the conventional t – test perform better when we have equal variances.

The antimicrobial activity of polyfloral honey and its awareness among urban consumers in Slovakia

The current interdisciplinary research studies the antimicrobial activity of selected polyfloral kinds of honey (n = 30) against three microorganisms (gram-positive bacteria Enterococcus faecalis, gram-negative bacteria Salmonella enterica, and one yeast Candida krusei) as well as investigates consumer behavior and awareness towards honey healing properties. Consumer research involved 617 honey consumers living in urban areas. T-test for Equality of means, non-parametric tests, and descriptive statistics were applied. Results showed that antimicrobial activity was found in all honey samples with a concentration of 50%. Nevertheless, better activity was obtained in honey samples from urban beekeepers compared to samples from retail stores. Results of consumer research showed that honey is mostly used as food (sweetener in beverages, ingredient in the recipe, or direct consumption) and as medicine mainly during the winter period. The consumer awareness towards honey healing effects was very high (97%), however, 1/3 of respondents were not able to list any specific examples, and only 11 % mentioned antibacterial activity. Furthermore, more than 70% of respondents did not know to explain the term “medical honey” and more than 50% of respondents are not aware of the maximum temperature used for heating honey without decreasing its biologically active compounds.

Rural Height Penalty or Socioeconomic Penalization? The Nutritional Inequality in Backward Spain

This article studies the evolution of nutritional inequality, measured through the male adult height, in one of the poorest regions of Spain, in southwestern Europe: Extremadura. With a wide sample of statures of recruits born between 1855 and 1979, conscripted between 1876 and 2000, the research delves into the urban-rural height gap using coefficients of variation, tests of equality of means and proxy variables of a socioeconomic nature. The results of the analysis reveal that the strong anthropometric growth that Extremadura experienced since the last decades of the 19th century was accompanied by a less internal inequality. The lower heterogeneity did not eliminate, however, the urban-rural height gap during the period under study. In this sense, despite the absence of environmental differences between urban and rural areas in Extremadura, there was a clear rural height penalty in the region from the mid-19th century to the late 20th century. Rural punishment was fundamentally related to the greater presence of agrarian workers and the lower presence of wealthy families in villages and small towns. On the contrary, educational differences or differences in terms of nutritional health were not as decisive in the rural height penalization, at least when such differences are measured with the sources of military recruitment.

The Effectiveness of Using the Zondaag Maandag Traditional Sports Game Model to Improve Learning Outcomes of Basic Motion for Children aged 10-12 Years

This study aims to see the effectiveness of using the traditional zondaag mandaag sports game model in improving the basic motion learning outcomes of children aged 10-12 years. The research method used to test the effectiveness with a quantitative descriptive approach using the True Experimental Design research design in the form of a Pretest-Postest Control Group Design. The research sample used was 60 students who were divided into 30 students of experimental class and 30 students of control class with a closed questionnaire instrument using a Likert scale of movement skills test adopted from the Test of Gross Motor Development. The results showed that the test data obtained Equal variances assumed and t-test for Equality of Means with a value of t = 17.877, df = 58 (n-2) and sig (2 tailed) or p-value = 0.000 <0.05 or H0 was rejected. Thus the hypothesis proposed is tested by the data so that it can be concluded that the results of learning the basic motion of the experimental group using the traditional zondaag mandaag sports game model are higher or more effective than the control group using conventional learning models.

Measurement of Subpubic Angle in Radiograph

Introduction: Subpubic angle, an important parameter used for sex determination in the pelvis, is the angle between two inferior pubic rami below the symphysis pubis. This study was carried out to determine the subpubic angle among the individuals referred for pelvic and KUB radiographs in the department of Radiology and Imaging, Tribhuvan University, Teaching Hospital.Methods: Prospective cross-sectional study was done on 120 individuals. The subpubic angle was measured by drawing two tangent lines on the inferior border of the pubic rami. The subpubic angle of both sexes was measured. An independent sample t-test for equality of means was used to determine the difference between the two sexes regarding the subpubic angle. The correlation between the subpubic angle and the age of subjects was obtained using Pearson Correlation Coefficients in males and females.Results: The range of the subpubic angle in male was 82o to 122° and the mean was 104.72°±10.47°. In females, the range was 96o to 159° and the mean was 137.15°±11.92° with a significant statistical difference from the angle in male (p<0.05). The subpubic angle was not significantly correlated with age in males (r=0.029, p=0.824) whereas, in females, the correlation of subpubic angle with age was significant (r=-0.303, p=0.019).Conclusion: The mean subpubic angle was significantly wider in females than in males in this study. We found a weak negative correlation between subpubic angle and age in females whereas in the male there was no correlation between age and subpubic angle.

Inmigración y educación: experiencias de discriminación en la Comunidad de Madrid = Immigration and Education: Inequalities and Experiences of Discrimination at Madrid’s Community

La educación constituye uno de los pilares fundamentales de la sociedad y se ve afectada de forma compleja por los fenómenos migratorios. Esto supone un doble reto, tanto para el sistema educativo del país receptor como para los propios estudiantes y sus familias. En este trabajo se evalúa si el éxito educativo español es diferente según el lugar de origen y si los distintos colectivos de jóvenes de origen inmigrante sufren una estigmatización en relación con su probable progresión académica por parte de la sociedad, en general, y del profesorado, en particular. La metodología utilizada ha sido una aproximación multimétodo; utilizando datos recabados del INE y el informe PISA (2015, 2018), los cuales se han analizado con técnicas estadísticas básicas, pruebas de normalidad de las variables, así como el contraste de hipótesis de la τ de Student de comprobación de igualdad de medias. Se trabajó, con técnicas cualitativas de observación participante y entrevista a personal de la comunidad educativa para valorar el nivel de integración de los inmigrantes en el sistema educativo español y su grado de satisfacción.Los resultados obtenidos muestran que el fracaso escolar de los jóvenes inmigrantes es un fenómeno que se da en todo el ámbito nacional. El profesorado presenta dificultades para enseñar en aulas donde hay mayor número de alumnos con problemas de comprensión del idioma, con niveles educativos más dispares, mayores diferencias culturales y, sobre todo, una cierta tendencia a la formación de grupos de alumnos de la misma nacionalidad con problemas de integración en el aula. Las políticas públicas deberían responder a esta problemática de fracaso escolar, discriminación e integración en las aulas y las investigaciones deberían profundizar en esta línea.AbstractEducation is one of the fundamental pillars of society and it’s affected complexly by the migratory phenomenon. This is a double challenge for the education system of the host country as it is the students themselves and their families. In this project, we evaluated whether the Spanish educational success is different according to the place of origin and whether the different groups of young of immigrants suffer any stigma in relation to their likely progression academically on behalf of the society, in general, and from teachers, in particular. The methodology used has been a multi-method approach; using data collected from the INE and the PISA report (2015, 2018), which have been analyzed with basic statistical techniques, tests of normality of the variables, as well as the hypothesis contrast of the τ of Student of equality of means. We worked with qualitative techniques of participant observation and interviews with staff of the education community to assess the level of integration of immigrants in the Spanish education system and their degree of satisfaction. The results obtained show that the school failure of young immigrants is a phenomenon that occurs throughout the country. The teaching staff show difficulties in teaching in classrooms where there are more students with language comprehension problems, with dramatically varying education levels, greater cultural differences and, above all, a certain tendency towards the formation of groups of students of the same nationality with problems of integration in the classroom. Public policies should respond to this problem of school failure, discrimination and integration in classrooms and research should be more extensive in this area.