A High-Throughput Image Cytometry Method for the Formation, Morphometric, and Viability Analysis of Drug-Treated Mammospheres

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (7) ◽  
pp. 723-733
Author(s):  
Sarah L. Kessel ◽  
Leo Li-Ying Chan
Keyword(s):  
Cell Lines ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Image Cytometry ◽  
Breast Cancer Cell Lines ◽  
Breast Cancers ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Mammosphere Formation ◽  
Viability Analysis ◽  
Sphere Formation ◽  
Mammosphere Assay

The nonadherent mammosphere assay has been commonly used to investigate cancer stem cell activities in breast cancers that have the ability to form tumorspheres and maintain tumor growth. The sphere formation step is critical, in that it enables the construction of the mammosphere models for downstream assays. The mammosphere assay has also been used to assess the effects of drug treatment on the tumorspheres formed from primary cancer cells or cell lines. Traditionally, the mammosphere formation has been evaluated by standard microscopy systems that required external software for additional analyses. However, this method can be time-consuming and low-throughput, thus impractical for high-throughput characterization of mammosphere models and screening for potential therapeutic cancer drugs. To overcome these challenges, we developed a plate-based high-throughput method to rapidly analyze mammospheres in whole wells using the Celigo Image Cytometer. The method is employed to characterize mammosphere formation and morphology for adherent and nonadherent propagation of four breast cancer cell lines (MCF7, MDA-MB-436, MDA-MB-231, and SKBR3). Next, the dose-dependent effects of four small molecule drugs (doxorubicin, paclitaxel, 8-quinolinol, and salinomycin) are characterized based on sphere formation and viability stained with calcein AM and propidium iodide. We observed growth and morphometric differences between adherent and nonadherent propagation of the four cell lines. Furthermore, drug treatments induced various effects on mammosphere formation, morphology, and viability. The proposed image cytometry method provides a useful tool suitable for high-throughput characterization and analysis of mammospheres, which can improve assay efficiency when investigating the formation capabilities and drug-induced cytotoxicity effects.

scholarly journals LPTO-06. A NOVEL BRAIN-PERMEANT CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENT FOR THE TREATMENT OF BREAST CANCER LEPTOMENINGEAL METASTASIS

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. i7-i7
Author(s):  
Jiaojiao Deng ◽  
Sophia Chernikova ◽  
Wolf-Nicolas Fischer ◽  
Kerry Koller ◽  
Bernd Jandeleit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Brain Tumors ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Agent ◽  
Leptomeningeal Metastasis ◽  
Breast Cancer Cell Lines ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Breast Cancers

Abstract Leptomeningeal metastasis (LM), a spread of cancer to the cerebrospinal fluid and meninges, is universally and rapidly fatal due to poor detection and no effective treatment. Breast cancers account for a majority of LMs from solid tumors, with triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) having the highest propensity to metastasize to LM. The treatment of LM is challenged by poor drug penetration into CNS and high neurotoxicity. Therefore, there is an urgent need for new modalities and targeted therapies able to overcome the limitations of current treatment options. Quadriga has discovered a novel, brain-permeant chemotherapeutic agent that is currently in development as a potential treatment for glioblastoma (GBM). The compound is active in suppressing the growth of GBM tumor cell lines implanted into the brain. Radiolabel distribution studies have shown significant tumor accumulation in intracranial brain tumors while sparing the adjacent normal brain tissue. Recently, we have demonstrated dose-dependent in vitro and in vivo anti-tumor activity with various breast cancer cell lines including the human TNBC cell line MDA-MB-231. To evaluate the in vivo antitumor activity of the compound on LM, we used the mouse model of LM based on the internal carotid injection of luciferase-expressing MDA-MB-231-BR3 cells. Once the bioluminescence signal intensity from the metastatic spread reached (0.2 - 0.5) x 106 photons/sec, mice were dosed i.p. twice a week with either 4 or 8 mg/kg for nine weeks. Tumor growth was monitored by bioluminescence. The compound was well tolerated and caused a significant delay in metastatic growth resulting in significant extension of survival. Tumors regressed completely in ~ 28 % of treated animals. Given that current treatments for LM are palliative with only few studies reporting a survival benefit, Quadriga’s new agent could be effective as a therapeutic for both primary and metastatic brain tumors such as LM. REF: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/pro6.43

scholarly journals Extracellular Calcium-Sensing Receptor Expression and Its Potential Role in Regulating Parathyroid Hormone-Related Peptide Secretion in Human Breast Cancer Cell Lines*

Endocrinology ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 141 (12) ◽  
pp. 4357-4364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer L. Sanders ◽  
Naibedya Chattopadhyay ◽  
Olga Kifor ◽  
Toru Yamaguchi ◽  
Robert R. Butters ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Cancer Cell ◽  
Breast Cancer Cell ◽  
Human Breast Cancer ◽  
Cancer Cell Lines ◽  
Human Breast Cancer Cell ◽  
Breast Cancer Cell Lines ◽  
Breast Cancers ◽  
Human Breast

Abstract Metastasis of breast cancer to bone occurs with advanced disease and produces substantial morbidity. Secretion of PTH-related peptide (PTHrP) from breast cancer cells is thought to play a key role in osteolytic metastases and is increased by transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ), which is released from resorbed bone. Elevated extracellular calcium (Cao2+) also stimulates PTHrP secretion from various normal and malignant cells, an action that could potentially be mediated by the Cao2+-sensing receptor (CaR) originally cloned from the parathyroid gland. Indeed, we previously showed that both normal breast ductal epithelial cells and primary breast cancers express the CaR. In this study we investigated whether the MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cell lines express the CaR and whether CaR agonists modulate PTHrP secretion. Northern blot analysis and RT-PCR revealed bona fide CaR transcripts, and immunocytochemistry and Western analysis with a specific anti-CaR antiserum demonstrated CaR protein expression in both breast cancer cell lines. Furthermore, elevated Cao2+ and the polycationic CaR agonists, neomycin and spermine, stimulated PTHrP secretion dose dependently, with maximal, 2.1- to 2.3-fold stimulation. In addition, pretreatment of MDA-MB-231 cells overnight with TGFβ1 (0.2, 1, or 5 ng/ml) augmented both basal and high Cao2+-stimulated PTHrP secretion. Thus, in PTHrP-secreting breast cancers metastatic to bone, the CaR could potentially participate in a vicious cycle in which PTHrP-induced bone resorption raises the levels of Cao2+ and TGFβ within the bony microenvironment, which then act in concert to evoke further PTHrP release and worsening osteolysis.

scholarly journals Selective Effects of Thioridazine on Self-Renewal of Basal-Like Breast Cancer Cells

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Tegowski ◽  
Cheng Fan ◽  
Albert S. Baldwin
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Cancer Cell ◽  
Breast Cancer Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Breast Cancer Cell Lines ◽  
Breast Cancers ◽  
Self Renewal ◽  
Basal Like Breast Cancer

AbstractSeveral recent publications demonstrated that DRD2-targeting antipsychotics such as thioridazine induce proliferation arrest and apoptosis in diverse cancer cell types including those derived from brain, lung, colon, and breast. While most studies show that 10–20 µM thioridazine leads to reduced proliferation or increased apoptosis, here we show that lower doses of thioridazine (1–2 µM) target the self-renewal of basal-like breast cancer cells, but not breast cancer cells of other subtypes. We also show that all breast cancer cell lines tested express DRD2 mRNA and protein, regardless of thioridazine sensitivity. Further, DRD2 stimulation with quinpirole, a DRD2 agonist, promotes self-renewal, even in cell lines in which thioridazine does not inhibit self-renewal. This suggests that DRD2 is capable of promoting self-renewal in these cell lines, but that it is not active. Further, we show that dopamine can be detected in human and mouse breast tumor samples. This observation suggests that dopamine receptors may be activated in breast cancers, and is the first time to our knowledge that dopamine has been directly detected in human breast tumors, which could inform future investigation into DRD2 as a therapeutic target for breast cancer.

scholarly journals New generation breast cancer cell lines developed from patient-derived xenografts

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Finlay-Schultz ◽  
Britta M. Jacobsen ◽  
Duncan Riley ◽  
Kiran V. Paul ◽  
Scott Turner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Cancer Cell ◽  
Breast Cancer Cell ◽  
Cancer Cell Lines ◽  
Breast Cancer Cell Lines ◽  
Breast Cancers ◽  
Luminal A ◽  
New Generation

Abstract Background Breast cancer is a highly heterogeneous disease characterized by multiple histologic and molecular subtypes. While a myriad of breast cancer cell lines have been developed over the past 60 years, estrogen receptor alpha (ER)+ disease and some mutations associated with this subtype remain underrepresented. Here we describe six breast cancer cell lines derived from patient-derived xenografts (PDX) and their general characteristics. Methods Established breast cancer PDX were processed into cell suspensions and placed into standard 2D cell culture; six emerged into long-term passageable cell lines. Cell lines were assessed for protein expression of common luminal, basal, and mesenchymal markers, growth assessed in response to estrogens and endocrine therapies, and RNA-seq and oncogenomics testing performed to compare relative transcript levels and identify putative oncogenic drivers. Results Three cell lines express ER and two are also progesterone receptor (PR) positive; PAM50 subtyping identified one line as luminal A. One of the ER+PR+ lines harbors a D538G mutation in the gene for ER (ESR1), providing a natural model that contains this endocrine-resistant genotype. The third ER+PR−/low cell line has mucinous features, a rare histologic type of breast cancer. The three other lines are ER− and represent two basal-like and a mixed ductal/lobular breast cancer. The cell lines show varied responses to tamoxifen and fulvestrant, and three were demonstrated to regrow tumors in vivo. RNA sequencing confirms all cell lines are human and epithelial. Targeted oncogenomics testing confirmed the noted ESR1 mutation in addition to other mutations (i.e., PIK3CA, BRCA2, CCND1, NF1, TP53, MYC) and amplifications (i.e., FGFR1, FGFR3) frequently found in breast cancers. Conclusions These new generation breast cancer cell lines add to the existing repository of breast cancer models, increase the number of ER+ lines, and provide a resource that can be genetically modified for studying several important clinical breast cancer features.

scholarly journals A transcriptional enhancer required for the differential expression of the human estrogen receptor in breast cancers.

1997 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 1274-1280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z Tang ◽  
I Treilleux ◽  
M Brown
Keyword(s):  
Estrogen Receptor ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Protein Complexes ◽  
Proximal Promoter ◽  
Breast Cancer Cell Lines ◽  
Breast Cancers ◽  
Transcriptional Enhancer ◽  
Enhancer Activity ◽  
Cis Acting ◽  
Er Expression

Breast cancers lacking estrogen receptor (ER) expression have an adverse prognosis and fail to respond to endocrine therapy. We have identified a transcriptional enhancer in the human ER gene which is differentially active in ER-positive (ER+) and ER-negative (ER-) human breast cancer cell lines. Enhancer function was mapped to a 35-bp element located from -3778 to -3744 upstream of the major human ER mRNA start site, which we have termed ER-EH0 (for estrogen receptor enhancer). Gel retardation assays with ER+ and ER- cell lines identified multiple DNA-protein complexes which specifically form on this enhancer. One of these complexes could be supershifted by anti-Jun or anti-Fos antibodies, identifying it as an AP-1-containing complex. Methylation interference assays suggest binding of factors to both the AP-1 site and adjacent base pairs. Enhancer activity requires both the AP-1 site and these adjacent sequences. Mutations introduced into ER-EH0 and the recently described proximal promoter element ERF-1 in the context of the full-length promoter confirm ER-EH0 as the dominant cis-acting element involved in differential ER expression.

scholarly journals MiR-195 and Its Target SEMA6D Regulate Chemoresponse in Breast Cancer

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 5979
Author(s):  
Diana E. Baxter ◽  
Lisa M. Allinson ◽  
Waleed S. Al Amri ◽  
James A. Poulter ◽  
Arindam Pramanik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Estrogen Receptor ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Breast Cancer Cell Lines ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Chemotherapy Response ◽  
Breast Cancers ◽  
Microrna Target ◽  
Estrogen Receptor Positive

Background: poor prognosis primary breast cancers are typically treated with cytotoxic chemotherapy. However, recurrences remain relatively common even after this aggressive therapy. Comparison of matched tumours pre- and post-chemotherapy can allow identification of molecular characteristics of therapy resistance and thereby potentially aid discovery of novel predictive markers or targets for chemosensitisation. Through this comparison, we aimed to identify microRNAs associated with chemoresistance, define microRNA target genes, and assess targets as predictors of chemotherapy response. Methods: cancer cells were laser microdissected from matched breast cancer tissues pre- and post-chemotherapy from estrogen receptor positive/HER2 negative breast cancers showing partial responses to epirubicin/cyclophosphamide chemotherapy (n = 5). MicroRNA expression was profiled using qPCR arrays. MicroRNA/mRNA expression was manipulated in estrogen receptor positive/HER2 negative breast cancer cell lines (MCF7 and MDA-MB-175 cells) with mimics, inhibitors or siRNAs, and chemoresponse was assessed using MTT and colony forming survival assays. MicroRNA targets were identified by RNA-sequencing of microRNA mimic pull-downs, and comparison of these with mRNAs containing predicted microRNA binding sites. Survival correlations were tested using the METABRIC expression dataset (n = 1979). Results: miR-195 and miR-26b were consistently up-regulated after therapy, and changes in their expression in cell lines caused significant differences in chemotherapy sensitivity, in accordance with up-regulation driving resistance. SEMA6D was defined and confirmed as a target of the microRNAs. Reduced SEMA6D expression was significantly associated with chemoresistance, in accordance with SEMA6D being a down-stream effector of the microRNAs. Finally, low SEMA6D expression in breast cancers was significantly associated with poor survival after chemotherapy, but not after other therapies. Conclusions: microRNAs and their targets influence chemoresponse, allowing the identification of SEMA6D as a predictive marker for chemotherapy response that could be used to direct therapy or as a target in chemosensitisation strategies.

scholarly journals Deep Whole Genome Sequencing Identifies Recurrent Genomic Alterations in Commonly-Used Breast Cancer Cell Lines and Patient Derived Xenograft Models

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niantao Deng ◽  
Andre Minoche ◽  
Kate Harvey ◽  
Meng Li ◽  
Juliane Winkler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Whole Genome Sequencing ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Cancer Cell ◽  
Genome Sequencing ◽  
Breast Cancer Cell ◽  
Breast Cancer Cell Lines ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Breast Cancers ◽  
Pdx Models

Abstract Background: Breast cancer cell lines (BCCLs) and patient-derived xenografts (PDX) are the most frequently used models in breast cancer research. Despite their widespread usage, genome sequencing of these models is incomplete, with previous studies only focusing on targeted gene panels, whole exome or shallow whole genome sequencing. Deep whole genome sequencing is the most sensitive and accurate method to detect single nucleotide variants and indels, gene copy number and structural events such as gene fusions.Results: Here we describe deep whole genome sequencing (WGS) of commonly used BCCL and PDX models using the Illumina X10 platform with an average ~ 60x coverage. We identify novel genomic alterations, including point mutations and genomic rearrangements at base-pair resolution, compared to previously available sequencing data. Through integrative analysis with publicly available functional screening data, we annotate new genomic features likely to be of biological significance. CSMD1, previously identified as a tumor suppressor gene in various cancer types, including head and neck, lung and breast cancers, has been identified with deletion in 50% of our PDX models, suggesting an important role in aggressive breast cancers. Conclusions: Our WGS data provides a comprehensive genome sequencing resource of these models.

scholarly journals Anticancer Activity of Ω-6 Fatty Acids through Increased 4-HNE in Breast Cancer Cells

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 6377
Author(s):  
Chhanda Bose ◽  
Ashly Hindle ◽  
Jihyun Lee ◽  
Jonathan Kopel ◽  
Sahil Tonk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Breast Cancer Cells ◽  
Breast Cancer Cell Lines ◽  
Targeted Therapeutics ◽  
Breast Cancers ◽  
Breast Cancer Therapy ◽  
Pufa Supplementation ◽  
Mercapturic Acid Pathway ◽  
Acid Pathway

Her2-amplified breast cancers resistant to available Her2-targeted therapeutics continue to be a challenge in breast cancer therapy. Dox is the mainstay of chemotherapy of all types of breast cancer, but its usefulness is limited by cumulative cardiotoxicity. Because oxidative stress caused by dox generates the pro-apoptotic Ω-6 PUFA metabolite 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), we surmised that Ω-6 PUFAs would increase the effectiveness of dox chemotherapy. Since the mercapturic acid pathway enzyme RALBP1 (also known as RLIP76 or Rlip) that limits cellular accumulation of 4-HNE also mediates dox resistance, the combination of Ω-6 PUFAs and Rlip depletion could synergistically improve the efficacy of dox. Thus, we studied the effects of the Ω-6 PUFA arachidonic acid (AA) and Rlip knockdown on the antineoplastic activity of dox towards Her2-amplified breast cancer cell lines SK-BR-3, which is sensitive to Her2 inhibitors, and AU565, which is resistant. AA increased lipid peroxidation, 4-HNE generation, apoptosis, cellular dox concentration and dox cytotoxicity in both cell lines while sparing cultured immortalized cardiomyocyte cells. The known functions of Rlip including clathrin-dependent endocytosis and dox efflux were inhibited by AA. Our results support a model in which 4-HNE generated by AA overwhelms the capacity of Rlip to defend against apoptosis caused by dox or 4-HNE. We propose that Ω-6 PUFA supplementation could improve the efficacy of dox or Rlip inhibitors for treating Her2-amplified breast cancer.

Simultaneous, quantitative detection of multiple biomarkers in human breast cancers using multicolor nanoparticles

2006 ◽  
Vol 24 (18_suppl) ◽  
pp. 619-619
Author(s):  
A. H. Al-Hajj ◽  
M. V. Yezhelyev ◽  
T. Liu ◽  
R. M. O’Regan
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Cancer Cell ◽  
Breast Cancer Cell ◽  
Growth Factor Receptor ◽  
Cancer Cell Lines ◽  
Breast Cancer Cell Lines ◽  
Breast Cancers ◽  
Human Breast

619 Background: Conventional methods of detecting breast cancer biomarkers are hampered by a lack of adequate quantification and/or an inability to detect multiple targets on small quantities of tissue. We have previously demonstrated that estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and HER2/neu (HER2) can be detected and quantified simultaneously using antibodies (Abs) directly conjugated to nanoparticles, called quantum dots (QDs), on single breast cancer sections (ASCO 2005). We have expanded our assay to use multicolored QDs conjugated directly to Abs (QD-Abs) to detect and quantify simultaneously ER, PR, and HER2, along with 3 putative biomarkers, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), mammalian target of Rapamycin (mTOR), and insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGFR), in breast cancer cell lines and human breast cancers. Methods: We used multicolored QDs directly conjugated to primary Abs to detect the 6 proteins in breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7, BT474, MDA-231) and single sections of human breast cancers. The 6 proteins were quantified using spectral separation microscopy, and compared to Western blotting. Results: We detected all 6 proteins simultaneously using QD-Abs in breast cancer cell lines and breast tumors. Using hyper-spectral imaging and wavelength-resolved spectroscopy, we separated all 6 fluorescent signals, and quantified the expression of each protein detected using QD-Abs. Quantification of the biomarkers showed good correlation with Western blotting. Conclusions: These results are proof of principle that 6 proteins can be simultaneously quantified using QD-Abs in single breast cancer sections. The use of multiplex QDs offers a novel method of determining the proteome of an individual breast cancer on single breast cancer sections. With the expanding use of targeted therapies in breast cancer, the ability to detect multiple proteins on small breast cancer specimens using QD-Abs, could allow not only the accurate selection of therapy, but a unique method of determining the activity of specific targeted agents. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

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