scholarly journals Short time bleaching of fluorescein isothiocyanate. A possible parameter for the specific binding of conjugates in immunofluorescence.

1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (9) ◽  
pp. 1029-1031 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Schauenstein ◽  
G Böck ◽  
G Wick
Keyword(s):  
Specific Binding ◽  
Fluorescein Isothiocyanate ◽  
Direct Immunofluorescence ◽  
Homologous Antigen ◽  
Nonspecific Staining ◽  
First Results ◽  
Antibody Conjugates ◽  
Specificity Of Binding ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Kinetics Of

The fluorescence kinetics of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-antibody conjugates during short (0.01 sec) laser excitations were analyzed for possible information about the immunological specificity of binding to antigenic substrates in direct immunofluorescence assays with antigen-coated Sephadex beads. First results of these investigations suggest marked differences in the bleaching characteristics of specifically and nonspecifically bound FITC conjugates: FITC-anti-bovine serum albumin (BSA) and FITC-anti-rabbit immunoglobulin (Ig) were found to fade significantly more slowly when bound to the respective homologous antigen (anti-BSA to BSA, and anti-rabbit Ig to rabbit Ig) as compared to nonspecifically adherent anti-BSA to rabbit Ig, and anti-rabbit Ig to BSA. Possible implications of these data for discrimination of nonspecific staining in immunofluorescence are discussed.

scholarly journals THE PROPERTIES OF SPECIFIC STAINS FOR ELECTRON MICROSCOPY PREPARED BY THE CONJUGATION OF ANTIBODY MOLECULES WITH FERRITIN

1961 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 519-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Singer ◽  
Anita F. Schick
Keyword(s):  
Electron Scattering ◽  
Specific Binding ◽  
Electron Microscopic Examination ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Binding Properties ◽  
Homologous Antigen ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Antibody Conjugates ◽  
Antigen Antibody

In order to take full advantage of recent developments in the electron microscopic examination of cellular ultrastructure and composition, it is necessary to develop specific electron stains capable of identifying and localizing a wide variety of macromolecular components of cells. To this end, antibody conjugates have been prepared by chemically coupling the highly electron-scattering ferritin molecule to antibody. Antigen-antibody precipitations with these ferritin-antibody conjugates have demonstrated that under the appropriate conditions they retain the specific binding properties of the antibody from which they are prepared. An electron microscopic study has been made of aggregates of tobacco mosaic virus and its ferritin-conjugated antibody. The aggregates were prepared in solution and then sprayed onto specimen screens. The electron micrographs reveal that the conjugate specifically attached to, and delineated, the virus rods. The chemistry, structure, and resolving power of the ferritin-antibody conjugates, the specificity of their reactions with homologous antigen, and the nature of the problems to be faced in application of these conjugates to the study of the internal antigens of cells are discussed.

scholarly journals Clinical evaluation of commercial conjugates for direct immunofluorescence of herpes simplex virus

1977 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 574-577
Author(s):  
J G Gittzus ◽  
S J Rubin
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Direct Immunofluorescence ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Background Staining ◽  
Nonspecific Staining ◽  
Antibody Conjugates ◽  
Simplex Virus

Commercially prepared antibody conjugates that are now available allow extensive application of direct immunofluorescence for diagnosing herpetic infections. Five of these conjugates--Microbiological Associates bivalent herpes antiserum (MBA-bivalent), MBA anti-herpes types 1 (MBA-1) and 2 (MBA-2), and Flow Laboratories anti-herpes types 1 (Flow-1) and 2 (Flow-2)--were compared for antibody titer, diagnostic accuracy, and nonspecific background staining on known infected tissue. Four of these were tested simultaneously on 75 clinical specimens. No attempt was made to differentiate between herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 infections. All antisera were comparable in titer and exhibited fluorescence with both herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 antigens. The most significant difference was excessive nonspecific staining consistently seen with the MBA-2 conjugate. Overall, Flow-2 and MBA-bivalent antisera were preferable.

scholarly journals Kinetics of Non-Enzymatic Synthesis of Dipeptide Cbz-Phe-Leu with AOT Reversed Micelles

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1003
Author(s):  
Michiaki Matsumoto ◽  
Tadashi Hano
Keyword(s):  
Enzymatic Synthesis ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Side Reactions ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Operational Conditions ◽  
Ph Dependency ◽  
Optimum Water Content ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Aot Reversed Micelles

The non-enzymatic synthesis of N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-leucine (Cbz-Phe-Leu) from lipophilic N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-phenylalanine (Cbz-Phe) and hydrophilic L-leucine (Leu), by N, N’-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) as a condensing agent, was carried out using a reversed micellar system composed of bis(2-ethylhexyl) sodium sulfosuccinate (AOT) as a surfactant and isooctane. We successfully synthesized Cbz-Phe-Leu in a short time and investigated the effects of its operational conditions, the DCC concentration, w0, and the pH on the kinetic parameters and the maximum yields. For dipeptide synthesis, we had to add an excess of DCC with the substrates because of the side reactions of Cbz-Phe. From the pH dependency of the reactivity, a partially cationic form of Leu was better for a synthesis reaction because of the enrichment of Leu at the interface by anionic AOT. The optimum water content on the dipeptide synthesis was w0 = 28 due to the competition of the peptide synthesis and the side reactions. The maximum yield of Cbz-Phe-Leu was 0.565 at 80 h under optimum experimental conditions.

Short time dissolution kinetics of refractory elements Fe, Al, and Ti in Asian outflow-impacted marine aerosols and implications

2013 ◽  
Vol 79 ◽  
pp. 93-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shih-Chieh Hsu ◽  
Fei-Jan Lin ◽  
Tsun-Hsien Liu ◽  
Shuen-Hsin Lin ◽  
Shuh-Ji Kao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dissolution Kinetics ◽  
Marine Aerosols ◽  
Refractory Elements ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Kinetics Of

Studies of the uptake of macromolecules by cells. I. Uptake of proteins by cells of the Ehrlich–Lettré ascites carcinoma

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (12) ◽  
pp. 1443-1450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. C. Choi ◽  
E. R. M. Kay
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Cell Membrane ◽  
Binding Sites ◽  
Specific Binding ◽  
Protein Uptake ◽  
Specific Binding Sites ◽  
Model Protein ◽  
Uptake Process ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Protein Treatment

The uptake of protein by cells of the Ehrlich–Lettré ascites carcinoma was characterized kinetically by using hemoglobin as a model protein. An attempt was made to show that the process is not an artefact due to nonspecific adsorption of protein to the cell membrane. The kinetics of the uptake process suggested that an interaction exists between the exogenous protein and specific binding sites on the membrane. Acetylation of hemoglobin enhanced the rate of uptake of this protein. Treatment of cells with neuraminidase, phospholipase A, and Pronase resulted in an inhibition of protein uptake. The experimental evidence for the uptake of hemoglobin was supported by evidence that L-serine-U-14C-labelled hemoglobin is transported into the cytoplasm and utilized subsequently, resulting in labelling of the nucleic acid nucleotides.

scholarly journals Isothermal and non-isothermal kinetics of hydrolysis of 1-[2-(2- pentyloxyphenylcarbamoyloxy)-(2-methoxymethyl)-ethyl]- perhydroazepinium chloride (BK 129)

2013 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 43-48
Author(s):  
Stankovičová M. ◽  
Bezáková Ž. ◽  
Beňo P. ◽  
Húšťavová P.
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Alkaline Hydrolysis ◽  
Functional Group ◽  
Isothermal Kinetics ◽  
Basic Part ◽  
Buffer Solutions ◽  
Kinetics Of Hydrolysis ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Abstract The substance BK 129 - 1-[2-(2-pentyloxyphenylcarbamoyloxy)-(2-methoxymethyl)-ethyl]-perhydroazepinium chloride was prepared in terms of influence of the connecting chain between the carbamate functional group and the basic part of molecule on biological activity. Such a structural feature is important with regard to its stability. In this work we determined the rate constants of alkaline hydrolysis of this compound at increased temperature under isothermal and non-isothermal conditions. The hydrolysis was also performed in buffer solutions with the purpose of evaluating its stability. Non-isothermal tests of stability enable to reduce the number of analyses. The necessary data for stability of compound are in this way achieved in a short time.

scholarly journals The marketing-sales organizations as the way of internationalizing of the small and medium enterprises

Management ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 290-306
Author(s):  
Joanna Piorunowska-Kokoszko
Keyword(s):  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Foreign Market ◽  
Foreign Market Entry ◽  
Typical Structure ◽  
Conscious Decision ◽  
Sales Organizations ◽  
First Results ◽  
Expected Benefits ◽  
Medium Enterprises ◽  
Short Time

Summary The internationalization is becoming a part of company’s strategy, requiring some effort for getting its success. The present article is aimed at showing that joining the sale group is one of many ways of internationalizing activity for small and medium enterprises. The article presents the roles of sales group activity, its typical structure and opportunities and threats for its functioning. Based on collected data it was pointed, that companies, especially SME should analyze perspective for joining the sale group in their supply chain or seek for other forms of cooperation supporting their foreign market entry. Cooperation allows in relatively short time to achieve first results. Resignation of cooperation should be a conscious decision of management. Such decision, as every one, can bring expected benefits or be difficult to reconstruct it in the future.

scholarly journals Mechanosensitivity of cell membrane may govern creep-strain recovery, osmotic expansion and lysis.

2009 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr H Pawłowski
Keyword(s):  
Cell Membrane ◽  
Short Time Scale ◽  
Membrane Area ◽  
Membrane Breakdown ◽  
Simple Theoretical Model ◽  
Stressed Cell ◽  
Membrane Stretching ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Small Solute

A simple theoretical model considering cell membrane mechanosensitivity can accurately describe published experimental data on membrane area creeping and recovery, and on osmotic expansion and rupture. The model to data fit reveals real values of membrane tension and elasticity modulus, and the parameters describing membrane organization and kinetics of mechanosensitive membrane traffic, including small solute transport, water permeability, endocytosis, exocytosis, and caveolae formation. This estimation allows for separation and quantitative analysis of the participation of different processes constituting the response of plasmalemma to short time-scale membrane load. The predicted properties of the model were verified for membrane stretching at different osmotic pressures. Finally, a simple hypothesis concerning stressed cell membrane breakdown is postulated.

scholarly journals Single-sided NMR for the measurement of the degree of cross-linking and curing

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norbert Halmen ◽  
Christoph Kugler ◽  
Eduard Kraus ◽  
Benjamin Baudrit ◽  
Thomas Hochrein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relaxation Times ◽  
Curing Kinetics ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
First Results ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Good Agreement

Abstract. The degree of cross-linking and curing is one of the most important values concerning the quality of cross-linked polyethylene (PE-X) and the functionality of adhesives and resin-based components. Up to now, the measurement of this property has mostly been time-consuming and usually destructive. Within the shown work the feasibility of single-sided nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) for the non-destructive determination of the degree of cross-linking and curing as process monitoring was investigated. First results indicate the possibility of distinguishing between PE-X samples with different degrees of cross-linking. The homogeneity of the samples and the curing kinetics of adhesives can also be monitored. The measurements show good agreement with reference tests (wet chemical analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, dielectric analysis). Furthermore, the influence of sample temperature on the characteristic relaxation times can be observed.

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