scholarly journals Abdominal Adiposity Measured by Sonography as a Tool for Determining Disease Risk

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 253-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Nicole Stigall ◽  
Kevin D. Evans ◽  
Rachel Tatarski ◽  
Rachel L. Pargeon ◽  
Colleen Spees
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Abdominal Adiposity ◽  
Percentage Body Fat ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Body Composition Measure ◽  
Strength Of Association ◽  
Total Maximum

A preexperimental cohort study was conducted with 67 overweight cancer survivors. This cohort of participants was screened for baseline body composition and anthropometrics based on a variety of techniques, including body mass index (BMI), dual X-ray absorptiometry–percentage body fat (DXA-android %BF), diagnostic medical sonography (DMS), and waist circumference (WC). The combination of subcutaneous fat layer at the xyphoid and umbilicus compared with BMI, WC, and DXA-android %BF. These variables demonstrated moderately positive association and were statistically significant. A total maximum mean score of DMS measures of subcutaneous and visceral fat was also compared with BMI, WC, and DXA-android %BF. The aforementioned comparison had a moderately positive association and was statistically significant. The sonographic measure of mesentery fat was compared with WC and demonstrated a strongly positive strength of association and was statistically significant. Sonography may be an inexpensive, noninvasive, portable, and valid body composition measure for overweight patients.

Body Composition, Dietary Intake, and Iron Status of Female Collegiate Swimmers and Divers

2006 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heidi L. Petersen ◽  
C. Ted Peterson ◽  
Manju B. Reddy ◽  
Kathy B. Hanson ◽  
James H. Swain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Lean Mass ◽  
Iron Status ◽  
Dietary Quality ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Percentage Body Fat ◽  
X Ray

This study determined the effect of training on body composition, dietary intake, and iron status of eumenorrheic female collegiate swimmers (n = 18) and divers (n = 6) preseason and after 16 wk of training. Athletes trained on dryland (resistance, strength, fexibility) 3 d/wk, 1.5 h/d and in-water 6 d/wk, nine, 2-h sessions per week (6400 to 10,000 kJ/d). Body-mass index (kg/m2; P = 0.05), waist and hip circumferences (P ≤ 0.0001), whole body fat mass (P = 0.0002), and percentage body fat (P ≤ 0.0001) decreased, whereas lean mass increased (P = 0.028). Using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, we found no change in regional lean mass, but fat decreased at the waist (P = 0.0002), hip (P = 0.0002), and thigh (P = 0.002). Energy intake (10,061 ± 3617 kJ/d) did not change, but dietary quality improved with training, as refected by increased intakes of fber (P = 0.036), iron (P = 0.015), vitamin C (P = 0.029), vitamin B-6 (P = 0.032), and fruit (P = 0.003). Iron status improved as refected by slight increases in hemoglobin (P = 0.046) and hematocrit (P = 0.014) and decreases in serum transferrin receptor (P ≤ 0.0001). Studies are needed to further evaluate body composition and iron status in relation to dietary intake in female swimmers.

scholarly journals Identification of and Associations among Low, Middle, and High Body Composition Trajectories from Age 5- to 17-Years

Children ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 192
Author(s):  
Teresa A. Marshall ◽  
Alexandra M. Curtis ◽  
Joseph E. Cavanaugh ◽  
John J. Warren ◽  
Steven M. Levy
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Dual Energy ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
Fat Mass Index ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Body Composition Measure ◽  
Dxa Scans

Our objective was to identify sex-specific age 5- to 17-year body composition (body mass index (BMI), % body fat, fat mass index, fat-free mass index) trajectories, compare trajectories assigned using age 5 (AGE5) data to those assigned using all available (ALL) data, and compare BMI assignments to other body composition assignments. Cluster analysis was used to identify low, medium, and high trajectories from body composition measures obtained from dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans at 5, 9, 11, 13, 15, and 17 years in a birth cohort followed longitudinally (n = 469). Moderate agreement was observed for comparisons between AGE5 data and ALL data cluster assignments for each body composition measure. Agreement between cluster assignments for BMI and other body composition measures was stronger using ALL data than using AGE5 data. Our results suggest that BMI, % body fat, fat mass index, and fat free mass index trajectories are established during early childhood, and that BMI is a reasonable predictor of body composition appropriate to track obesity in public health and clinical settings.

scholarly journals Comparison of body fat estimation using waist:height ratio using different ‘waist’ measurements in Australian adults

2008 ◽  
Vol 100 (5) ◽  
pp. 1135-1141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masaharu Kagawa ◽  
Nuala M. Byrne ◽  
Andrew P. Hills
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Iliac Crest ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Percentage Body Fat ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Regional Adiposity ◽  
Measurement Location ◽  
Lower Correlation ◽  
Better Than

The objective of the present study was to determine differences in predicting total and regional adiposity using the waist:height ratio (WHtR) calculated using different ‘waist’ measurements. Body composition of ninety-five males and 121 female Australian adults (aged 20 years and above) was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The WHtR was calculated using: (1) the narrowest point between the lower costal border and the top of the iliac crest (WHtR-W), and (2) at the level of the umbilicus (WHtR-A). Relationships between calculated WHtR and measured body composition, such as percentage body fat (%BF) and percentage trunk fat (%TF) were determined. Values obtained from WHtR-A were significantly greater than WHtR-W in both groups (P < 0·05). While no correlation differences between WHtR-W and WHtR-A in relation to body composition variables were observed, females showed significantly lower correlation with lean mass compared with BMI. Regression analyses showed that neither WHtR had an age influence on %TF estimation. Estimated %BF and %TF were comparable for both WHtR and also with estimated values using a BMI of 25 kg/m2. Sensitivity of excess %BF and %TF increased by using WHtR-A, particularly in females. In conclusion, the umbilicus measurement may be better than using the narrowest site in the WHtR calculation, particularly in females. To improve the screening ability of the WHtR and make comparisons between studies easier there may be a need to standardise the measurement location. Further studies are recommended to confirm the findings across different ethnic groups.

scholarly journals Measuring growth and obesity across childhood and adolescence

2014 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 210-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. David McCarthy
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
International Diabetes Federation ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Cardiometabolic Disease ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Trunk Length ◽  
Percentage Body Fat ◽  
Dramatic Rise ◽  
Abdominal Fatness

The dramatic rise in childhood obesity has driven the demand for tools better able to assess and define obesity and risk for related co-morbidities. In addition, the early life origins of non-communicable diseases including type 2 diabetes are associated with subtle alterations in growth and body composition, including total and regional body fatness, limb/trunk length and skeletal muscle mass (SMM). Consequently improved tools based on national reference data, which capture these body components must be developed as the limitations of BMI as a measure of overweight and obesity and associated cardiometabolic risk are now recognised. Furthermore, waist circumference as a measure of abdominal fatness in children is now endorsed by the International Diabetes Federation and National Institute for Clinical and Health Excellence for diagnostic and monitoring purposes. The present paper aims to review the research on growth-related variations in body composition and proportions, together with how national references for percentage body fat, SMM and leg/trunk length have been developed. Where collection of these measures is not possible, alternative proxy measures including thigh and hip circumferences are suggested. Finally, body ratios including the waist:height and muscle:fat ratios are highlighted as potential measures of cardiometabolic disease risk. In conclusion, a collection of national references for individual body measures have been produced against which children and youths can be assessed. Collectively, they have the capacity to build a better picture of an individual's phenotype, which represents their risk for cardiometabolic disease beyond that of the capability of BMI.

scholarly journals Validity and reliability of body composition analysers in children and adults

2008 ◽  
Vol 100 (4) ◽  
pp. 859-865 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole E. Jensky-Squires ◽  
Christina M. Dieli-Conwright ◽  
Amerigo Rossuello ◽  
David N. Erceg ◽  
Scott McCauley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Dual Energy ◽  
Moderate Correlation ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Percentage Body Fat ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Differences

We tested the validity and reliability of the BioSpace InBody 320, Omron and Bod-eComm body composition devices in men and women (n 254; 21–80 years) and boys and girls (n 117; 10–17 years). We analysed percentage body fat (%BF) and compared the results with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) in adults and compared the results of the InBody with underwater weighing (UW) in children. All body composition devices were correlated (r 0·54–0·97; P ≤ 0·010) to DEXA except the Bod-eComm in women aged 71–80 years (r 0·54; P = 0·106). In girls, the InBody %BF was correlated with UW (r 0·79; P ≤ 0·010); however, a more moderate correlation (r 0·69; P ≤ 0·010) existed in boys. Bland–Altman plots indicated that all body composition devices underestimated %BF in adults (1·0–4·8 %) and overestimated %BF in children (0·3–2·3 %). Lastly, independent t tests revealed that the mean %BF assessed by the Bod-eComm in women (aged 51–60 and 71–80 years) and in the Omron (age 18–35 years) were significantly different compared with DEXA (P ≤ 0·010). In men, the Omron (aged 18–35 years), and the InBody (aged 36–50 years) were significantly different compared with DEXA (P = 0·025; P = 0·040 respectively). In addition, independent t tests indicated that the InBody mean %BF in girls aged 10–17 years was significantly different from UW (P = 0·001). Pearson's correlation analyses demonstrated that the Bod-eComm (men and women) and Omron (women) had significant mean differences compared with the reference criterion; therefore, the %BF output from these two devices should be interpreted with caution. The repeatability of each body composition device was supported by small CV ( < 3·0 %).

Impact of body composition on very-low-density lipoprotein-triglycerides kinetics

2009 ◽  
Vol 296 (1) ◽  
pp. E165-E173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars C. Gormsen ◽  
Birgitte Nellemann ◽  
Lars P. Sørensen ◽  
Michael D. Jensen ◽  
Jens S. Christiansen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Very Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Low Density ◽  
The Impact

Upper body obese (UBO) subjects have greater cardiovascular disease risk than lower body obese (LBO) or lean subjects. Obesity is also associated with hypertriglyceridemia that may involve greater production and impaired removal of very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)-triglycerides (TG). In these studies, we assessed the impact of body composition on basal VLDL-TG production, VLDL-TG oxidation, and VLDL-TG storage. VLDL-TG kinetics were assessed in 10 UBO, 10 LBO, and 10 lean women using a bolus injection of [1-14C]VLDL-TG. VLDL-TG oxidation was measured by 14CO2 production (hyamine trapping) and VLDL-TG adipose tissue storage by fat biopsies. Insulin sensititvity was assessed by the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp technique and body composition by dual X-ray absorptiometry in combination with computed tomography. Hepatic VLDL-TG production was significantly greater in UBO than in lean women [(μmol/min) UBO: 64.8 (SD 40.0) vs. LBO: 42.5 (SD 25.6) vs. lean: 31.8 (SD 13.3), P = 0.04], whereas VLDL-TG oxidation was similar in the three groups and averaged 20% of resting energy expenditure [(μmol/min) UBO: 38.3 (SD 26.5) vs. LBO: 23.5 (SD 13.5) vs. lean: 21.1 (SD 9.7), P = 0.09]. In UBO women, more VLDL-TG was deposited in upper body subcutaneous fat [VLDL-TG redeposition in abdominal adipose tissue (μmol/min): UBO: 5.0 (SD 2.9) vs. LBO: 4.0 (SD 3.2) vs. lean: 1.3 (SD 1.0), ANOVA P = 0.01]; in LBO women, more VLDL-TG was deposited in femoral fat [VLDL-TG redeposition in femoral adipose tissue (μmol/min): UBO: 5.1 (SD 3.1) vs. LBO: 5.8 (SD 4.3) vs. lean: 2.3 (SD 1.5), ANOVA P = 0.04]. Only a small proportion of VLDL-TG (8–16%) was partitioned into redeposition in either group. We found that elevated VLDL-TG production without concomitant increased clearance via oxidation and adipose tissue redeposition contributes to hypertriglyceridemia in UBO women.

scholarly journals Dietary energy density is positively associated with body composition of adults in Southwest China

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 1827-1834 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Yin ◽  
Hong-mei Xue ◽  
Yuan-yuan Chen ◽  
Xiao Zhang ◽  
Li-ming Quan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Energy Density ◽  
Southwest China ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Unit Weight ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Chinese Adults ◽  
Percentage Body Fat ◽  
Dietary Energy Density

AbstractObjectiveDietary energy density (ED) might have influences on body composition. We therefore examined whether ED is associated with body composition among Chinese adults.DesignWe collected dietary data through validated two-day 24 h recalls. ED, defined as the amount of energy per unit weight of food consumed, was calculated based on five methods. Multiple linear regression analyses were performed to explore the associations between ED and body composition parameters, including BMI, fat mass index (FMI), fat-free mass index (FFMI), percentage body fat (%BF) and waist circumference (WC).SettingSouthwest China.SubjectsChinese adults (n 1933) in 2013.ResultsAfter adjusting the covariates, all ED definitions were positively associated with BMI, FMI, FFMI, %BF and WC among women (P<0·01). In men, however, ED with foods only was positively associated with BMI, FMI, FFMI and %BF (P<0·05), but not with WC (P=0·07); we also found null associations between ED with foods and all beverages and body composition among men. Additionally, ED contributed to higher increases of body composition in women than in men (P<0·01).ConclusionsThe present study supports the positive association between ED and body composition among adults in Southwest China, in which beverages may play an important role.

Sympathetic neural regulation in endurance-trained humans: fitness vs. fatness

2005 ◽  
Vol 98 (2) ◽  
pp. 498-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guy E. Alvarez ◽  
John R. Halliwill ◽  
Tasha P. Ballard ◽  
Stacy D. Beske ◽  
Kevin P. Davy
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Waist Circumference ◽  
Sympathetic Nerve Activity ◽  
Muscle Sympathetic Nerve Activity ◽  
Dual Energy ◽  
Abdominal Adiposity ◽  
Nerve Activity ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Total Body

We tested the hypothesis that muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) would be higher in endurance-trained (ET) compared with sedentary (Sed) men with similar levels of total body and abdominal adiposity. We further hypothesized that sympathetic baroreflex gain would be augmented in ET compared with Sed men independent of the level of adiposity. To address this, we measured MSNA (via microneurography), sympathetic and vagal baroreflex responses (the modified Oxford technique), body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), and waist circumference (Gulick tape) in Sed ( n = 22) and ET men ( n = 8). The ET men were also compared with a subgroup of Sed men ( n = 6) with similar levels of total body and abdominal adiposity. Basal MSNA was greater in the ET compared with Sed men with similar levels of total body and abdominal adiposity (28 ± 2.0 vs. 21 ± 2.0 bursts/min; P < 0.05) but similar to the larger group of Sed men ( n = 22) with higher total body and abdominal adiposity (vs. 26 ± 3 bursts/min; P > 0.05). In contrast to our hypothesis, sympathetic baroreflex gain was lower in the ET compared with Sed men (−6.4 ± 0.8 vs. −8.4 ± 0.4 arbitrary integrative units·beat−1·mmHg−1; P < 0.05) regardless of the level of adiposity. Taken together, the results of the present study suggest that MSNA is higher in ET compared with Sed men with similar levels of total body and abdominal adiposity. In addition, sympathetic baroreflex gain is lower in ET compared with Sed men. That sympathetic baroreflex gain was lower in ET compared with Sed men regardless of the level of adiposity suggests an influence of the ET state per se.

scholarly journals Body composition assessment in lean and normal-weight young women

1996 ◽  
Vol 75 (6) ◽  
pp. 793-802 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Mikael Fogelholm ◽  
T. Katriina Kukkonen-Harjula ◽  
Harri T. Sievänen ◽  
Pekka Oja ◽  
Ilkka M. Vuori
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Body Density ◽  
Body Composition Assessment ◽  
Percentage Body Fat ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Bone Mineral Mass ◽  
3C Model ◽  
Large Standard Error

Using percentage body fat (BF%) from a three-compartment (3C) model (body density from underwater weighing (UWW) and bone-mineral mass from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)) as a criterion, we studied the accuracy of UWW, DXA, two skinfold equations, and two bioimpedance (BIA) equations. Thirty-four women (aged 16–20 years) with BF% 13·5–31·1 volunteered. UWW underestimated BF% by −0·5 BF% (95 % CI: −1·0; −0·02), whereas DXA overestimated it by 7·3 BF% (95% CI5.8;8·8). Skinfolds underestimated and BIA overpredicted BF%. The differences between 3C and UWW, skinfolds (Durnin & Womersley, 1974) and BIA (Deurenberg et al. 1990) were dependent (range of r values: −0.63 to −0.79; P < 0·0001) on BF%, causing an overestimation of lean subjects' (UWW, BIA) or an underestimation of normal-weight subjects' (UWW, skinfolds) BF%. The 3C model and UWW gave comparable body-composition results for healthy young women with BF% of approximately 20–25. Based on a significant mean difference from the 3C model, and a large standard error of the estimate, we do not regard DXA as superior to skinfolds or BIA to assess BF%.

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