Reproducibility of Cephalometric Measurements

1988 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Sandler
Keyword(s):  
Linear Measurements ◽  
Traditional Methods ◽  
Angular Measurements ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Cephalometric Study ◽  
Cephalometric Measurements ◽  
Compare And Contrast ◽  
Methods Of Measurement

This cephalometric study was undertaken to compare and contrast the errors involved in taking linear and angular measurements using three different methods; hand instruments on tracing, digitization of tracings, and direct digitization of the radiographs. Of the three methods direct digitization of the radiographs proved to be the most reproducible particularly with angular measurements, although statistically significant differences were rarely found. Tracings were advantageous only with linear measurements involving constructed points such as Gonion and Articulare. Traditional methods of measurement using a ruler and protractor compared well with computer based methods involving the digitizer.

scholarly journals Reproducibility of measurements in tablet-assisted, PC-aided, and manual cephalometric analysis

2013 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 437-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecilia Goracci ◽  
Marco Ferrari
Keyword(s):  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Occlusal Plane ◽  
Cephalometric Analysis ◽  
Linear Measurements ◽  
High Agreement ◽  
Landmark Identification ◽  
Lateral Cephalograms ◽  
Angular Measurements ◽  
Cephalometric Measurements ◽  
Good Agreement

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the reproducibility of cephalometric measurements performed with software for a tablet, with a program for personal computers (PCs), and manually. Materials and Methods: The pretreatment lateral cephalograms of 20 patients that were acquired using the same digital cephalometer were collected. Tracings were performed with NemoCeph for Windows (Nemotec), with SmileCeph for iPad (Glace Software), and by hand. Landmark identification was carried out with a mouse-driven cursor using NemoCeph and with a stylus pen on the iPad screen using SmileCeph. Hand tracings were performed on printouts of the cephalograms, using a 0.3-mm 2H pencil and a protractor. Cephalometric landmarks and linear and angular measurements were recorded. All the tracings were done by the same investigator. To evaluate reproducibility, for each cephalometric measurement the agreement between the value derived from NemoCeph, that given by SmileCeph and that measured manually was assessed with the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Agreement was rated as low for an ICC ≤0.75, and an ICC > 0.75 was considered indicative of good agreement. Also, differences in measurements between each software and manual tracing were statistically evaluated (P < .05). Results: All the measurements had ICC >0.8, indicative of a high agreement among the tracing methods. Relatively lower ICCs occurred for linear measurements related to the occlusal plane and to N perpendicular to the Frankfurt plane. Differences in measurements between both software programs and hand tracing were not statistically significant for any of the cephalometric parameters. Conclusion: Tablet-assisted, PC-aided, and manual cephalometric tracings showed good agreement.

scholarly journals Assessment of the correlation between cephalometric and facial analysis

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Marcelo Tomás Oliveira ◽  
Amanda Candemil
Keyword(s):  
Orthodontic Treatment ◽  
Statistical Correlation ◽  
Angle Measurement ◽  
Mandibular Angle ◽  
Linear Measurements ◽  
Facial Analysis ◽  
Correlation Test ◽  
Nasolabial Angle ◽  
Angular Measurements ◽  
Cephalometric Measurements

PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the correlation between angular and linear measurements obtained from cephalometric and facial analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighteen patients with indication for orthodontic treatment were selected. Then a trained examiner assessed in lateral cephalographs the following linear measurements proposed by McNamara: Co-A; Co-Gn; A-NPerp; Pog-NPerp; maxillary-mandibular discrepancy. Moreover, angular nasolabial angle, N-A, A-Pog, and Frankfurt Mandibular Angle (FMA) were computed. Likewise, the corresponding facial measurements in lateral photographs were measured, as follows: Co'-A'; Co'-Gn'; A'-NPerp'; Pog'- NPerp'; Maxillary-mandibular discrepancy; nasolabial angle; N-A-Pog; FMA. RESULTS: Pearson’s correlation test was applied to the results. All measurements were compared separately with their corresponding facial and cephalometric measurements. Results: The assessed linear measurements showed no statistical correlation. The nasolabial angle measurement showed a significant correlation, while FMA and NA-Pog measurements showed a low correlation. CONCLUSION: According to the methodology applied, the results of linear, facial and cephalometric measurements showed no correlation. Of the angular measurements, only the nasolabial showed a significant correlation.

scholarly journals Cephalometric Assessment of Effect of Head Rotation toward Focal Spot on Lateral Cephalometric Radiographs

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 202-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
V Naresh ◽  
Naveen Shamnur ◽  
NK Lokesh ◽  
KVV Pratapvarma ◽  
C Srikrishna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Focal Spot ◽  
Head Rotation ◽  
Vertical Axis ◽  
Rotational Axis ◽  
Midsagittal Plane ◽  
Linear Measurements ◽  
Cephalometric Radiograph ◽  
Holding Device ◽  
Angular Measurements ◽  
Cephalometric Measurements

ABSTRACT Introduction The patient's head can be slightly rotated sagittally vertically or transversely with the head holding device. Because of such improper positions due to head rotation, an error can occur in cephalometric measurements. The purpose of this study was to identify the projection errors of lateral cephalometric radiograph due to head rotation in the vertical Z-axis toward the focal spot. Materials and methods Ten human dry skulls with permanent dentition were collected. Each dry skull was rotated from 0° to +20° at 5° intervals. A vertical axis, the Z-axis, was used as a rotational axis to have 50 lateral cephalometric radiographs exposed. Four linear (S-N, Go-Me, N-Me, S-Go) and six angular measurements (SNA, SNB, N-S-Ar, S-Ar-Go, Ar-Go-Me, ABmandibular plane angle) were calculated manually. Results The findings were that: (1) Angular measurements have fewer projection errors than linear measurements. (2) The greater the number of landmarks on the midsagittal plane that are included in angular measurements, the fewer the projection errors occurring. (3) Horizontal linear measurements have more projection errors than vertical linear measurements. Conclusion The angular measurements of lateral cephalometric radiographs are more useful than linear measurements in minimizing the projection errors associated with head rotation on a vertical axis toward the focal spot. How to cite this article Naresh V, Lokesh NK, Pratapvarma KVV, Srikrishna C, Chakravarthy VG, Shamnur N. Cephalometric Assessment of Effect of Head Rotation toward Focal Spot on Lateral Cephalometric Radiographs. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14(2):202-207.

Linear Mandibular Measurements: Comparison between Orthopantomograms and Lateral Cephalograms

2009 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. Ongkosuwito ◽  
M. M. J. Dieleman ◽  
A. M. Kuijpers-Jagtman ◽  
P. G. H. Mulder ◽  
J. W. van Neck
Keyword(s):  
Interobserver Variability ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Kappa Statistics ◽  
Magnification Factor ◽  
Linear Measurements ◽  
Lateral Cephalogram ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Lateral Cephalograms ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Cephalometric Measurements

Objective: To investigate the reliability of length measurements of the mandible by comparing orthopantomograms (OPTs) with lateral cephalograms. Design: Observational study. Setting: OPTs and lateral cephalograms were taken of 20 human dry skulls. Four orthodontists and four maxillofacial surgeons located landmarks on all radiographs using a computer program for cephalometric measurements. Intraobserver and interobserver variability in locating landmarks was assessed, as well as positioning of the skulls prior to radiography between the x-ray assistants. Magnification differences between the left and right side of the mandible on the OPT were determined for five skulls. Kappa statistics were used to calculate the intraclass correlation coefficient for intraobserver and interobserver differences. An F test was used to assess differences between methods and between type of observer. Results: No significant differences were found in the magnification factor of the left and right side of the mandible. Compared with a lateral cephalogram, the OPT had comparable reliability in measuring mandibular distances condylion-gonion, gonion-menton, and condylion-menton. No significant differences were observed between the x-ray assistants in taking the OPTs and lateral cephalograms or in repositioning the skulls. Significant differences were found between orthodontists and maxillofacial surgeons for landmark measurements. Conclusion: An OPT is as reliable as a lateral cephalogram for linear measurements of the mandible (condylion-gonion, gonion-menton, and condylion-menton).

scholarly journals Morphometric measurements for sexual dimorphism in the Campolina horse breed

2021 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisia Castro Krebs ◽  
Marina Monteiro de Moraes Santos ◽  
Maria Claudia Siqueira ◽  
Brennda Paula Gonçalves de Araujo ◽  
Leonardo Gomes Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Sexual Differentiation ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Classification Error ◽  
Horse Breed ◽  
Linear Measurements ◽  
Morphometric Measurements ◽  
Classification Errors ◽  
Angular Measurements

Abstract: The objective of this work was to distinguish the sexual dimorphism of horses of the Campolina breed, by morphometric measurements, and to classify them according to sex, using discriminating functions. Two-hundred and fifteen horses were measured, and 39 morphometric measurements were evaluated. The analysis of covariance and the discriminant analysis were performed. Males were taller and showed a wider chest, a greater scapular-humeral angle, and a larger neck, both in length and circumference. Females had a larger heart girth, wider hips, and a greater opening of the coxal-ground and femorotibial angles. Regarding classification, circumference measurements (85.58%) were more accurate in sexual differentiation than the linear (83.26%) and angular (73.02%) ones. As to classification error, of the total animals measured, 10 to 20% of the females were categorized as males. In addition, 11 to 38% of the males were categorized as females. It can be concluded that of the 39 morphometric measurements evaluated, 22 are responsible for sexual dimorphism in the Campolina horse breed. Circumference and linear measurements provide a more assertive classification to determine sexual dimorphism. Angular measurements show greater classification errors regarding the gender of the horses.

scholarly journals Cephalometric measurements from 3D reconstructed images compared with conventional 2D images

2011 ◽  
Vol 81 (5) ◽  
pp. 856-864 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Zamora ◽  
Jose M. Llamas ◽  
Rosa Cibrián ◽  
Jose L. Gandia ◽  
Vanessa Paredes
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cone Beam ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Linear Measurements ◽  
3D Reconstructions ◽  
Software Packages ◽  
Mandibular Plane ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Cephalometric Measurements ◽  
2D Images

Abstract Objective: To assess whether the values of different measurements taken on three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions from cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) are comparable with those taken on two-dimensional (2D) images from conventional lateral cephalometric radiographs (LCRs) and to examine if there are differences between the different types of CBCT software when taking those measurements. Material and Methods: Eight patients were selected who had both an LRC and a CBCT. The 3D reconstructions of each patient in the CBCT were evaluated using two different software packages, NemoCeph 3D and InVivo5. An observer took 10 angular and 3 linear measurements on each of the three types of record on two different occasions. Results: Intraobserver reliability was high except for the mandibular plane and facial cone (from the LCR), the Na-Ans distance (using NemoCeph 3D), and facial cone and the Ans-Me distance (using InVivo5). No statistically significant differences were found for the angular and linear measurements between the LCRs and the CBCTs for any measurement, and the correlation levels were high for all measurements. Conclusion: No statistically significant differences were found between the angular and linear measurements taken with the LCR and those taken with the CBCT. Neither were there any statistically significant differences between the angular or linear measurements using the two CBCT software packages.

The practicalities of blood pressure measurement in children

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-17
Author(s):  
Eileen Brennan
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Pressure Measurement ◽  
Blood Pressure Measurement ◽  
Traditional Methods ◽  
Diagnosis And Management ◽  
Hypertension In Children ◽  
Diagnosis Of Hypertension ◽  
Methods Of Measurement

The accurate measurement of children's blood pressure is essential to guide the diagnosis and management of hypertension and other blood pressure-related risks. However, the traditional methods of measurement using a sphygmomanometer and stethoscope have largely been superseded by the use of electronic monitor; however, their use in the diagnosis of hypertension in children is not recommended for children

CEPHALOMETRIC STUDY FOR SEX DETERMINATION USING MAXILLARY SINUS VOLUMES ON COMPUTARIZED TOMOGRAPHY IN SOKOTO NIGERIA

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdulhameed A ◽  
Zagga AD ◽  
Ma'aji SM ◽  
Bello SS ◽  
Usman JD ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Maxillary Sinus ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Helical Ct ◽  
University Teaching ◽  
Radiology Department ◽  
Slice Thickness ◽  
Linear Measurements ◽  
Maxillary Sinus Volume ◽  
Cephalometric Study

Background:Objectives:Methods: Identification of human remain requires a comparison between ante-mortem and post-mortem evidences, as such, the use of bones that are often easily recovered intact like the maxilla, becomes necessary although the skull and other bones may be badly disfigured. To determine the precision with which the maxillary sinus volumes identifies sex. 130 subjects (79 males and 51 females), between 20 - 80 years, with normal maxillary sinus CT anatomy, from head CT scans carried out at the Radiology Department of the Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital (UDUTH) Sokoto from 2008 to 2012 were involved in this study. The volume of each sinus was determined by the product of three linear measurements (craniocaudal (height), anteroposterior (dept) and transverse (width) diameters), using Neusoft Dual Slide Helical CT machine and the slice thickness. These measurements were performed on three-dimensional reconstructed images using V-works 3.0 program. The discriminant analysis showed that the accuracy with which the maxillary sinus volume could identify sex was 50.6% in males, and 60.8% in females. Computerized Tomography estimation of maxillary sinus volume may be of value to support sex determination in forensic anthropology. Sex Determination, Maxillary Sinus, Volume.Results:Conclusion:Keywords:

scholarly journals Dental-skeletal dimensions in growing individuals with variations in the lower facial height

2004 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla Enoki ◽  
Carlos de Souza Telles ◽  
Mírian Aiko Nakane Matsumoto
Keyword(s):  
Class I ◽  
Plane Angle ◽  
Linear Measurements ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Face Height ◽  
Facial Height ◽  
Mandibular Plane ◽  
Skeletal Pattern ◽  
Angular Measurements ◽  
Facial Proportions

The dental and skeletal dimensions of individuals with Class I skeletal pattern in puberty were compared. Eighty patients with Class I malocclusion were selected, independent of the vertical relations (overbite) of the incisors. The sample was divided into 3 groups: normal, short and excessive lower anterior face height, based on facial proportions. The dental and skeletal measurements of the 3 groups were compared among themselves. In the angular measurements, the results showed no correlation in the mandibular plane angle. In the linear measurements, the mandibular length was significantly greater in the group of patients with short lower anterior face height, with a positive correlation among the three groups. The dentoalveolar heights of the incisors had a positive correlation among the three groups in relation to the lower anterior face height, showing that they are responsible for its variation.

Panoramic radiographic findings of the mandibular growth from deciduous dentition to early permanent dentition

2002 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hung-Huey Tsai
Keyword(s):  
Permanent Dentition ◽  
Coronoid Process ◽  
Deciduous Dentition ◽  
Linear Measurements ◽  
Normal Children ◽  
Radiographic Findings ◽  
Mandibular Growth ◽  
Panoramic Radiographs ◽  
Angular Measurements ◽  
Observation Period

The outlines of mandibular rami, condyles, coronoid process, and corpus in panoramic radiographs of normal children from deciduous to early permanent dentition were traced and digitized. Nine linear and four angular measurements were measured. During the observation period, the lengths for all the linear measurements increased, however, the angles for all the angular measurements decreased. The shape of condyle and gonion significantly correlated with the growth of ramus and corpus.

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